the french revolution. napoleon. france 1788/89 ruler: louis xvi. state bankruptcy intervention by...
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France 1788/89
• Ruler: Louis XVI.• State bankruptcy• Intervention by elites, esp.
Nobility, enforce calling of Etats Generales
• Social crisis: rising bread prices, interacts with financial crisis of state
• Etats Generales: clergy, nobility, commoners
• Commoners leave Etats Generales, form „National Assembly“ (June 1789), create constitution
The Revolution
• „National Assembly“
• 14.7.1789 storm on Bastille
• Creation of revolutionary army
• Louis XVI. accepts constitutional monarchy
• New constitution: abolition of privileges, „liberté, fraternité, egalité“
• Rights of Man and the Citizen
The Constitutional
Monarchy
• Fear of restoration of old regime
• Notion of counter-revolutionary conspiracy by foreign powers
• 1791 King tries to escape from France, captured
• After end of Russian-Turkish war 1792 increasing foreign interest in French affairs
Reactions of the
Revolutionaries
• Increasing republican movement
• Execution of the King 1793
• 1792 declaration of war on Austria, later on Britain, Dutch Rep., Spain
• Coalition Wars (until 1815)
• Jacobin Terror, revolution loses legitimacy
Military Dictatorship
• Ongoing warfare: defeats of Dutch, Prussia, Spain, invasion to Italy 1796, Egypt 1798
• Propaganda: export values of revolution
• Militarization of French society, strengthens authority of army
• 1799: coup d‘état by General Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoleon
• 1799 Consule, 1802 Consul for life, 1804 Emperor
• Efficient government: reorganisation of French administration, Code Civil
• Defeats Austria, Britain (1801/03), loses naval war (Trafalgar 1805), defeats Prussia 1806 (end of HRE), Russia 1807
• Treaty of Tilsit 1807: French hegemony accepted
Napoleon‘s Decline
• Overstretching French potential by invading Russia 1812
• French defeat against coalition of Austria, Britain, Prussia, Russia
• October 1813: Battle of the Nations at Leipzig, allied „Liberation Wars“
• 1814 invasion of Paris, Napoleon exiled to Elba
• 1815 returns for 100 days, defeated at Waterloo
• Exiled to St. Helena, dies 1821
• 1815: Congress of Vienna
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