the future of energy and energy for the future

Ashok KhoslaDevelopment Alternatives

and IUCN, Club of Rome, ZERI

The Future of Energyand

Energy for the Future

IAEA, Vienna15 September 2009

Development Alternatives

Living Together …

Energy Justice – Energy Security for All

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Energy Security

Development Alternatives

Development Alternatives… Shelterless in the Village

Development Alternatives

Development AlternativesEvery Drop

Counts !

Development Alternatives– No Clean Drinking Water

> 1,300 million people

Development AlternativesDevelopment Alternatives

ïIn a Permanent Trap

ïPoverty

ïResource Destruction

ïNo Income ïNo Markets

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1,500,000 !

Development AlternativesDevelopment Alternativesï(Source World Bank)

Each figure represents 10 million persons living on $1 a day or less at 1985 prices.

900 million people in Asia-Pacific are poor and it is 70% of the worlds poor people.

Poverty Poverty –– 3 Billion3 Billion

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Footprint

Bio-Capacity

The Ecological Footprint of an Industrialized

Country

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2010

World

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Living Together ?

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Energy for the Future

Energy is ONE Part of a VERY LARGE Global EcoSystem

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The Energy Problematique

Ø Energy for What ?Ø Energy for Whom ?Ø Energy from Where ?

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The Immediate Convergence

Water

Climate Change

Biodiversity How Sustainable Is Our Energy Economy?

Food

Financial System

Peak Oil

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National Development

. . . for whom?

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Energy SourcesØ ConventionalØ Fossil Fuels – Oil, Gas, Coal, etcØ NuclearØ Large Hydro

Ø FutureØ SolarØWindØ Geothermal, OceanØ Small Hydro

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Energy Efficiencies - Conservation

• Rated Efficiencies • First Law – Saving, HK

• Potential Efficiencies• Second Law – Appropriate Use

• Latent Efficiencies• Different technologies

• Systemic Efficiencies• Different Lifestyles

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Energy Applications

Ø Power GenerationØ TransportØ ConstructionØ Lighting, Cooking, Heating

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Energy and Other Resources

ØWaterØ EcosystemsØ Climate ChangeØ Pollution

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People, Economics,Resources

and the Environment

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Oil and gas peaksOil production peaks before 2020

Source: Defeyes, 2001: Hubbert’s Peak

Econ. growth (%) 0 2,8 5

Year of depletion 2260 2075 2055

Gas

Source: Meadows et al. 2004: Limits to Growth - The 30-Year Update

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Ecological Rucksacks

Raw Material

Rucksack

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Deserts Growing by50 Thousand Sq Km per

year

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Richest fifth

Poorest fifth

85%

8%

3.5%

2%

1.5%

Each horizontal band represents an equal fifthof the “World’s people

People Income

Our Income Distribution

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Causes

Ø Consumption PatternsØ Production SystemsØ Mindsets and TechnologiesØ Short Time Horizons ØExpectations of High Financial Returns

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Energy Costs of Food – von Weizsaecker

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Richest fifth

Poorest fifth

85%

8%

3.5%

2%

1.5%

Each horizontal band represents an equal fifthof the “World’s people

People Income

Our Income Distribution

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0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Population Growth – The Three Scenarios

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The First World

Some 2 Billion People Mining the Landscape of its

Treasures, Productive Capacity and Health

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The Fundamental Choices: North

BAU ?or

Fine-Tuning ?or

Systemic Change ?

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The Third World

Some 3 to 4 Billion People Surviving on a Landscape of

Poverty, Inequity, Vulnerability and Environmental Degradation

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The Fundamental Choices: South

to Copy-cat?or

to Piggy-back ?or

to Leap-frog?

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The Pursuit of Global Competitiveness

Automatically Promotes Copy-Cat

Strategies

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Development AlternativesEfficiency in Agriculture

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Big Engineering Works

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Mining the Earth

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High Pressure on the Environment

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Choice and Production of Food on Ecological Costs

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Richest fifth

Poorest fifth

90%

8%

3.5%

2%

0.5%

Each horizontal band represents an equal fifthof India’s people

People Income

Resulting Income Distribution

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The Copy-Cat Outcomes

Ø Increased Income DisparitiesØ Massive Degradation of EnvironmentØ Large Footprint, External

DependenceØ Loss of Cultural and Social CapitalØ More Exclusion, Alienation, ViolenceØ Overshoot and Collapse

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Footprint

Bio-Capacity

The Ecological Footprint of a

Highly Industrial Economy

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The Likely Results of a Copy-Cat Approach

Qua

lity

of L

ife

Years

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0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Population Growth – The Three Scenarios

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The Pursuit of Creating National Wealth

Largely NeedsPiggy-Back Strategies

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Factor 4

Potential Efficiency

ØTechnical HK or FTØMainly Energy SavingØFiscal IncentivesØBasic Caring

Development AlternativesFactor 4 –

von Weizsaecker

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Automobiles

Energy and Material Efficiency

Development AlternativesEnergy Efficiency

Light Bulbs

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Richest fifth

Poorest fifth

85%

8%

3.5%

2%

1.5%

Each horizontal band represents an equal fifthof the “World’s people

People Income

Resulting Income Distribution

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Footprint

Bio-Capacity

The Ecological Footprint of a Steady State Economy

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Likely Results of a Piggy-Back Approach

Qua

lity

of L

ife

Years

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0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Population Growth – The Three Scenarios

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The Pursuit of Gross National Happiness

Necessarily Depends On Leap-Frog

Strategies

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Latent Productivity

Clean TechnologiesMainly Material SavingInnovation Incentives

Wide AwarenessRegulation

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Development Alternatives HQ

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Designed for Carbon Neutrality

Ø Zero CFCs

Ø Low Carbon

Emissions

Ø No Pollution

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TARA

WOODSTOVES

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Development Alternatives Rs 250 per Sq Ft

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Vertical Shaft Brick Kiln:50% CO2 Reduction

Development AlternativesDevelopment Alternatives

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Development Alternatives DESI PowerDESI Power

Development AlternativesCheck DamsCheck Dams

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Richest fifth

Poorest fifth

Each horizontal band represents an equal fifth of the world’s people

People Income

Sustainable Distribution of Global Income

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Footprint

Bio-Capacity

The Ecological Footprint of a Sustainable Economy

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Expected Results of a Leap-Frog Approach

Qua

lity

of L

ife

Years

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0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Population of India – The Three Scenarios

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The Next Wave: Factor 50

Systemic Impact

Breakthrough TechnologiesZero Emission

Demand Side ManagementCatastrophe Driven

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After Factor 10:Horse Jump ?

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DISRUPTIVETECHNOLOGY

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Transport Systems

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Energy Use in Transportation(Operational)

Ener

gy p

er p

ax-k

m (n

ot to

sca

le)

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Energy Use in Transportation(Operational + Infrastructure)

Ener

gy p

er p

ax-k

m (n

ot to

sca

le)

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Energy Use in Transportation(Operational + Infrastructure

+ Rucksacks)En

ergy

per

pax

-km

(not

to s

cale

)

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The Five Kingdoms of Nature

*• Animals

• Plants

• Fungi

• Algae

• Bacteria*

ZERI

Development AlternativesDevelopment Alternatives

Water Supplyfor New York City

circa 1997

Development AlternativesDevelopment AlternativesWater Treatment Plant

Development AlternativesDevelopment AlternativesWater Treatment Plant?

Development AlternativesDevelopment Alternatives

6.5 Billion Dollars + 300 Million Every Year

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700 Million Dollars -One Time Investment

Development AlternativesDevelopment Alternatives

New York City: Value of Waterworks

Catskills: US $ 0.7 BillionEngineered: US $ 6.5 Billlion

(Plus US$ 0.3 Billion/year)Saving: US $ 6 Billion

Date: 1997Estimated by: City of New York

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SavannahTropical

Forest

Biodiversity

SustainableCommunities

Drinking Water

Carbon Sink

Biodiesel

Development AlternativesInnovation Conference Boston 20 May 2008

Introduction

Innovation Today

Case StudiesFlame RetardantAnti-bactericidePacemakerPropeller DesignWater EfficiencyWhite color

Solutionsfrom Nature

Development Alternatives

how can we have waterwithout any pumps?

Welwitschia mirabilis in the Namib Desert

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Anti-friction and Anti-abrasion without Ball Bearings or Lubricants(Outperforms Steel !)

Technical University of Berlin

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ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDING

Warne, Nyquist, Pearce, Arup, etc.

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Cambridge Biostability

Vaccines without Refrigeration

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AUTOMOBILES

Daimler

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Ways Forward&Research Agenda

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NR resources: 6 tons(incl. rucksacks)

CO2 emission: 2 tons

Ecological footprint: 1.8 Ha

ENERGY USE 2 kW ?

By 2050: Limits per Capita per Year

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Human Fertility and Energy Use

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000

P e r C a p i t a E n e r g y U s e ( K g O i l E q u i v p e r Y e a r )

Low Medium Good High

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HDI and Population Growth

02468

10121416

2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

Year

Billi

on P

eopl

e in

3rd

Wor

ld

Current HDI Medium HDI Good HDI High HDI

2.0%1.5%

1.0%0.7%

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3rd World in the Year 2050

If Low HDI (br = 2.0%) Continues: 13.5 BillionWith rise to Medium HDI (br = 1.5%) 10.5 BillionWith rise to Good HDI (br = 1.0%) 8.2 BillionWith transition to High HDI (br = 0.7%) 7.0 Billion

Several Billion Extra People

BAU

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Otherwise, We Will Need 2 Additional Worlds by 2030