the histotry of novel
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SUBJECT : LiteratureLECTURE : Miss RaniLeader : Ani IstianaMembers : 1. Pipih Yanti
2. Romy Mardian 3. Warsono
THE HISTORY OF THE NOVEL
INTRODUCTORY
The definition of a novel
NOVEL The main element in the
novel
The history of the novel
The development of the novel
The emergence of
the novel
A novel is a long prose narrative that describes fictional characters and events, usually in the form of a sequential story, written by a novelist. The genre has historical roots in antiquity and the fields of medieval and early modern romance and in the tradition of the novella. The latter, an Italian word used to describe short stories, supplied the present generic English term in the 18th century.
THE DEFINITION OF A NOVEL
The present English (and Spanish) word derives from the Italian novella for "new", "news", or "short story of something new", itself from the Latin novella, a singular noun use of the neuter plural of novellus, diminutive of novus, meaning "new". Most European languages have preserved the term "romance" (as in French, Russian, Croatian, Romanian, Danish, Swedish and Norwegian "roman"; German "Roman"; Portuguese "romance" and Italian "romanzo") for extended narratives.
Then, prose itself means a form of language which applies ordinary grammatical structure and natural flow of speech rather than rhythmic stucture (as in traditional poetry). While there are critical debates on the construction of prose, its simplicity and loosely defined structure has led to its adoption for the majority of spoken dialogue, factual discourse as well as topical and fictional writing. It is commonly used, for example, in literature, newspapers, magazines, encyclopedias, broadcasting, film , history, philosophy ,law and many other forms of communication.
There are six kinds of novel. They are: adventure, psychological, detective, sociological, political, and collective novels. 1. Adventure novel
An adventure novel tells about an exiting and dangerous journey. And also, it talks about experiences and is full with many events. In adventure novel, the most dominant role is man because the content of this story involves man’s problem. If women are mentioned in this novel, they are only minor characters in the story.
2. Psychological novelThis novel emphasizes on the description of the character’s
psychological development. In this novel, the author gives attention to the psychological changes of the characters.
3. RomanceThe romance novel is a literary genre developed in Western culture,
mainly in English-speaking countries. Novels in this genre place their primary focus on the relationship and romantic love between two people, and must have an "emotionally satisfying and optimistic ending." Through the late 20th and early 21st centuries, these novels are commercially in two main varieties: category romances, which are shorter books with a one-month shelf-life, and single-title romances, which are generally longer with a longer shelf-life. For example: Romeo and Juliet by Shakespeare.
4. Detective novelThis novel tells about mysteries, secrets, and crimes. The author always
tries to create a good technique by raising suspense to guess the follow up of the story in order that the readers are more interested to read it.
5. Sociological novelSociological novel emphasizes on the influence of social and
economic condition on the characters and events.
6. Political novelIn this novel, the problems are not observed from people’s problem
point of view as individual but it is observed from the group’s problem point of view in the society, and from the reaction of each group to the problem that arises and the character is just used as the proponent of plot.
7. Collective novelThis novel focuses on social problems. In this novel, there is a mix
between anthropology and sociology.The novel investigated in this study belongs to the adventure novel because it tells about exciting and dangerous journeys which are full with conflicts. Besides, the most dominant role is a man and women are only minor characters in the story.
Historic of Novel English literature ?The English novel is an important part of English literature. This article
focuses on novels, written in English, by novelists who were born or have spent a significant part of their lives in England, or Scotland, or Wales, or Northern Ireland (or Ireland before 1922)]. However, given the nature of the subject, this guideline has been applied with common sense, and reference is made to novels in other languages or novelists who are not primarily British where appropriate.
The historical novel rose to prominence in Europe in the early 19th century as part of the Romantic reaction to the Englightenment. Despite the fact that Jane Porter’s 1803 novel Thaddeus of Warsaw is one of the earliest examples of the historical novel and went through at least 84 editions, including translation into French and German, critics in the later Victorian period saw Sir Walter Scott, whose works were immensely popular throughout Europe, as the creator of the genre in English.
THE EMERGENCE OF THE NOVEL
In the 20th-century Gyorgy Lukacs argued that Scott was the first fiction writer who saw history not just as a convenient frame in which to stage a contemporary narrative, but rather as a distinct social and cultural setting. Scott's Scottish novels such as Waverley (1814) and Rob Roy (1817) focused upon a middling character who sits at the intersection of various social groups in order to explore the development of society through conflict. Ivanhoe (1820) gained credit for renewing interest in the Middle Ages. Victor Hugo's The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1831) furnished another 19th-century example of the romantic-historical novel as does Leo Tolstoy's War and Peace. In the United States, James Fenimore Cooper was a prominent author of historical novels. In French literature, the most prominent inheritor of Scott's style of the historical novel was Balzac.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOVEL
English novel came into existence in the beginning of 18th century with the emergence of new middle class. During this time, public interest in human characters grew and this led to the popularity of autobiographies, biographies, journals, diaries and memoirs. Novelists showed interest in the newly emerged complex middle-class characters who were struggling with their morality and social issues. Tom Jones, a foundling was written by Henry Fielding during this time and focused on the social structure that prevailed in England during that time.
The first half of the 19th century was influenced by romanticism and the focus was on nature and imagination. Gothic (horror) and romantic novels were written during this time. Jane Austen wrote highly polished novels about the life of the landed gentry and social issues like marriage and property from women’s perspective.
By looking at the history or genesis of novel in England above, we realise that author’s of different eras have provided the readers with a glimpse, if not a complete picture of a society, economic trends, cultural and religious beliefs of the time they wrote in.
With change in time and situation of the world, the focus area of the novelist kept on moving. They covered varied subjects in their work starting from romances to naturalism, marriage and property, middle-class and landed gentry and so on.
In the period between 1837 to 1901, the Victorian novelists became popular. They portrayed middle-class, virtuous heroes responding to harsh society. Stories of working class poor people were directed to incite sympathy. The development of the middle-class and the manners and expectations of this class, as opposed to the aristocrat forms were the focus of the novelists of this period. Charles Dickens emerged as a literary figure and wrote about London life and struggles of the poor in Oliver Twist.
In the early twentieth century, Rudyard Kipling wrote highly versatile novels, short stories and poems, often based on his experience in British India. E.M.Forster also wrote A Passage to India which reflected challenges to imperialism. Novels from this era reflected great world events such as The Great Depression, World War II, Hiroshima, The Cold War and Communism. Crime, political and military confrontations were the areas of novelists and readers interest.
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