the hydrology of pakistan - lead.org.pk · hydrology | history along the indus river, pakistan, the...

E-mail: sohail@pmd.gov.pk

Sohail Babar Cheema

Meteorologist

THE HYDROLOGY

OF PAKISTAN

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hydro.logy

The term hydrology is from Greek: hydōr, "water"; and, logos,

"study".

noun

the science dealing with the occurrence, circulation, distributio

n, and properties of the waters of the earth and its atmosphere.

HYDROLOGY | Definition

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HYDROLOGY | History

Along the Indus

River, Pakistan, the

Tigris and Euphrates

in Mesopotamia,

Hwang Ho in China,

and the Nile in Egypt

that the first hydraulic

engineers created

canals, levees, dams,

subsurface water

conduits, and wells

The Romans constructed

numerous aqueducts to bring

water from distant sources

into their cities and towns.

Waste water was removed by

complex sewage systems and

released into nearby bodies

of water. Some aqueducts

also provided water for

mining, processing,

manufacturing, and

agriculture.

Leonardo da Vinci

and Bernard Palissy

independently

reached an accurate

representation of the

hydrologic cycle

Perault

Linked rainfall to

flow of the river

Seine

Marriotte

Combined velocity

and river cross

section to obtain

discharge of the

river Seine

Pitot

Bernoulli

Euler

Chezy

Dalton

Made progress in

applications of

mathematics, fluid

mechanics,

and hydraulics

Darcy

Worked on

groundwater

hydrology

Poiseuille

Stokes

Manning

Reynolds

Mead

Meyer

Hazen

Gumbel

Hurst

Meinzer

Hubbert

Prandtl

Chow

Thornthwaite

Penman

Horton

4000 BC 200 AD 1500 1800 19001850

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HYDROLOGY | Branches

Study of

chemical

characteristics

of water

Study of

interactions

of living

organisms

and the

hydrologic

cycle

Hydrogeology HydrometeorologySurface

Hydrology

Drainage Basin

Management

Water Quality

Study of the

distribution

and movement

of groundwater

in the soils and

rocks of the

Earth’s crust

Study of the

transfer of water

and energy

between land

and water body

surfaces and the

lower

atmosphere

Study of

hydrologic

processes

that operate

at or

near Earth's

surface

Covers water-

storage, in the

form of

reservoirs,

and flood-

protection

Chemistry of

water in

rivers and

lakes, both of

pollutants

and natural

solutes

Eco

Hydrology

Chemical

Hydrology

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HYDROLOGY | ApplicationsDetermining the

water balance

for a region

Determining

agricultural

water balance

Designing buffers

Predicting

floods

Designing

irrigation

schemesDesigning

drainage

systems Designing

Urban

drinking

water and

sewer

systemsAssessing

export of

sediment &

nutrients

from fields

to water

systems

Assessing impacts

of natural and

human induced

environmental

change on water

resources

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1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Evaporation

Transpiration

Infiltration

Condensation

Runoff

Precipitation

Subsurface flow

HYDROLOGY | the hydrologic cycle

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BASICS OF HYDROLOGY

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HYDROLOGY | distribution of earth’s water

https://www.e-education.psu.edu/earth103/node/701

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WATER DISTRIBUTION

• Oceans 97.5%

• fresh water 2.45%

– Ice Caps and Glaciers 1.92%

• Distribution of water availability for Pakistan– Glacier-melt Runoff 65%

– Rainfall (Liquid Portion) 35 %

• Monsoon Season 65%

• Winter Season 25%

• Mean Annual rainfall

– Lower Indus Plain < 100 mm

– Upper Indus Plain > 750 mm

• Pakistan divided in three hydrological units:

– Indus basin, covering an area of over 566,000 km2

– Kharan desert in west Balochistan with its inland drainage

– The arid Makran coast along the Arabian Sea in the south. The total watershed area of the Indus basin, or the region that drains into the river, as well as the river system itself, is 944,000 km2, 60% of which lies in Pakistan.

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11

MAJOR WATER RESOURCES

So

urc

es o

f W

ate

r Rainfall

Snowfall

Snow/Ice melt

Reservoirs

Plants

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Westerly Wave

(Mid Latitude Weather Systems)

Tracks of Monsoon & Winter Weather Systems

Monsoon

Monsoonal

Zone

Rainfall Pattern 0ver Pakistan

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MEAN ANNUAL & SEASONAL RAINFALL

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PAKISTAN’S CRYOSPHERIC RESERVOIRSNumber of

Glaciers

Area of Glaciers

(km2)

Volume of Ice

(km3)

Ranges

7259 11780 2066 Himalaya

Karakoram

Hindukush

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Karkoram

Himalaya

Hindukush

Astor

Jhelum

IndusShingo

Pakistan

Sub basins of Himalaya

Glaciated Region of Pakistan

Major regions

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GLACIERS OF HKH REGION

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SNOW RESIDENCY

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

100000

Jan Feb Jan Feb Jan Feb Jan Feb Jan Feb Jan Feb Jan Feb Jan Feb Jan Feb Jan Feb Jan Feb Jan Feb Jan Feb

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

km

2

Feb

Jan

• Decreasing Trend of Snow Cover

• Snow Accumulation Maxima Shifting Toward February

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NUMBER OF GLACIERS IN TEN RIVER

SUB-BASINSSub-Basin Number of Glacier Area (km2) Ice Reserves (km3)

Astor 373 242.9 17.2

Shingo 197 1468.5 171.7

Shyok 978 3013.2 730.6

Shigar 437 2372.8 601.8

Hunza 1359 2736.8 415.7

Gilgit 967 938.2 71.3

Chitral 909 1468.5 171.7

Swat 327 127.3 5.2

Indus 1344 720.3 45.3

Jhelum 368 123.3 5.1

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KEY WATER INFORMATION

No. of major rivers 5 (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab,

Ravi and Satluj)

No. of major reservoirs 3

No. of barrages / HW / Syphons 23

No. of main canal system 45

No. of interlink canals 12

Length of canals 60800 Km

Length of watercourses 1.6 Million Km

Average canal water diversion 104.7 MAF

Groundwater abstraction 41.6 MAF

No. of tubewells >550,000

Irrigated area 36 Million Acres

Average escapade to the sea 39.4 MAF

Jhelum

Sutlej

Ravi

Major River in Pakistan

Indus

INDIA 21

Dams and Barrages on Indus River

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LINK CANAL OF PAKISTAN

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TARBELA DAM at INDUS

MANGALA DAM at JHELUM

Live Capacity = 9.69 MAF

Live Capacity = 5.34 MAF

Live Capacity = 6.73 MAF

Live Capacity = 4.54 MAF

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SURFACE AND GROUND WATER

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ESTIMATED GROUND WATER RESOURCES

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SURFACE WATER ACCOUNT

Average annual volume of water

from rainfall and snow melt

154.00

From Western Rivers 144.91

From Eastern Rivers 9.14

Diversion for irrigation 104.73

Flow to sea 39.40

System losses 9.90

MAF

Source: GISC, Islamabad, Pakistan

DETAILS OF SURFACE WATER AVAILABILITY

River Average

annual flow

(1922-61)

Average

annual flow

(1985-95)

Average

annual flow

(2001-02)

Indus 93 62.7 48.0

Jhelum 23 26.6 11.85

Chenab 26 27.5 12.38

Ravi 7 5.0 1.47

Sutlej 14 3.6 0.02

Kabul 26 23.4 18.9

Total 189 148.8 92.62

MAF

Source: IRSA.gov.pk

SURFACE WATER SUPPLIES AND

CONSUMPTIONS

Source: IJAZ -UL-HASSAN KASHIF SMALL DAMS ORGANIZATIONISLAMABAD

GROUND WATER

Total Groundwater Potential = 55 MAF

Groundwater Abstraction = 41.5 MAF

Punjab (81 % abstraction) 80 % Fresh water, 20 % Saline

Sind (12 % abstraction)

23 % Fresh water & 77 % Saline

NWFP (5 % Abstraction)

Balochistan (1.2 % Abstraction)

GROWTH IN USE OF TUBEWELLS

GROWING ROLE OF

GROUNWATER IRRIGATION

Source: Steenburgen and Gohar 2005, quoted in Pakistan's

Water Economy: Running Dry, Report, The World Bank,

November 8, 2005, pg 60

WATER CRISIS an OVERVIEW for PAST,

PRESENT AND FUTURE

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WATER SECURITY-MAJOR CONCERNS

Highly Variable inflows due to increased variability of monsoon and winter precipitation.

Increased Frequency of droughts and floods

Higher irrigation demand and less water available.

Shrinking Glaciers have serious implications for sustainable water supply.

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PER CAPITA STORAGE CAPACITY

in DIFFERENT COUNTRIES

Source: World Bank

PER CAPITA WATER-AVAILABILITY in SELECTED

COUNTRIES (M3 )

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0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

20000

China Mexico Philippines Iraq USA Pakistan

1955 4597 11396 13507 18441 14934 2490

1990 2427 4226 5173 6029 9913 1672

2025 1818 2597 3072 2356 7695 837

Wa

ter

Av

ail

ibil

ity

(m

3)

1955

1990

2025

Source: Population Action International, 2003

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1990 2000 2025

Wheat

Cotton

Rice

S Cane

Others

Total

168.32 MAF188.28 MAF

261.14 MAF

WHEAT

WHEAT

WHEAT

COTTON

RICE

S C

ANE

OTHERS

TOTALCOTTON

COTTON

RICE

RICE

S C

ANE

S C

ANE

OTHERS

OTHERS

TOTAL

TOTAL

Agricultural Water Demands (MAF)

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Year 1990 2000 2025

Population (Million)

110 140 210

Water Demand (MAF)

4 5.2 9.7

Water Demand for Domestic Use

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FUTURE WATER REQUIREMENT

DETAILSYEAR 2025

(MAF)

Water Availability 237

Water Requirement 271

Shortage 3439

Source:ADB,Report

WATER AVAILABILITY

In early 1950s per Capita Water Availability in Pakistan was 5000 m³per capita which has dwindled to 1200 m³ per capita.

- Storage Capacity of the three Reservoirs has dropped from 15.75 MAF to11.54 MAF showing a decline of almost 40% due to siltation.

Irrigation consumes 94% of the available water while the rest goes todomestic and industrial consumption.

25% of GNP, is attributed to agriculture and 50% of the rural workforce is engaged in it and it contributes 60% the total exports.

Irrigated agriculture accounts for 80% the total agricultural output.40

WATER SECURITY

WATER SCARCE AREAS OF THE WORLD

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Source: International Water Management Institute

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WATER DEMAND SCENARIO

Source: DEVELOPMENT ADVOCATE PAKISTAN, Water Security in Pakistan: Issues and Challenges NDP, Volume 3, Issue 4

0

2

4

6

8

10T

ons/h

a

Pakistan India Egypt China USA

Wheat Rice Cotton

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LAND PRODUCTIVITY VERY

POOR COMPARISON OF MAJOR

CROPS YIELDS

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

tons/ cub. m

Pakistan India California Argentina

Wheat Maize

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WATER PRODUCTIVITY

EXTREMELY POOR COMPARISON

WITH OTHER COUNTRIES

Source: World Water Productivity: Current Situation and

Future Options Ximing Cai and Mark W. Rosegrant

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WATER POTENTIAL & REQUIREMENTS Water Availability (Avg 1976-2009) 138.70 MAF

Water Requirement for the Country with reference to Accord 1991 (117 MAF)

ProvinceWater Accord Allocation

Water Availability or used

{Avg (1976 -2009)}

Shortage /

Excess

Kharif Rabi Total Kharif Rabi Total Value %age

Punjab 37.07 18.87 55.94 34.16 18.66 52.82 -3.12 -5.6

Sindh 33.94 14.82 48.76 28.95 13.84 42.79 -5.97 -12.2

Khyber

Pakhtunkhwa

3.48

+1.80

5.28

2.30

+ 1.20

3.50

5.78

+3.00 (Civil Canal)

8.78

4.09 2.51

6.60

- 3.00

3.60

-2.18 -24.8

Balochistan 2.85 1.02 3.87 1.23 0.80 2.03 -1.84 -47.5

Total 77.34 37.01 117.35 68.42 35.81 104.23 -13.12 -11.18

Average Water Availability 2000 – 2010 105 MAF(Currently Pakistan is suffering from water shortage cycle)

POPULATION VS WATER

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Source: Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources

WATER QUALITY

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Pakistan is historically prone to Extreme Weather Events/Disasters,

such as;

GLOF/Snow-melt Flooding

Heavy Rains/River Flooding

Torrential Rain/Flash Flooding

Cyclones/Coastal Flooding

Urban Flooding

Extreme Heat in May/June

Extreme Rainfall (Monsoon)

Extreme Rainfall (Monsoon)

Extreme Rainfall (Monsoon)

Tropical Cyclones (Pre & Post Monsoon)

Droughts Deficient Rainfall (Winter & Monsoon)

In Pakistan, more than 70% High Impact Weathers (Extreme Weather

Events) are associated with Monsoon Season. Flash Floods, Floods &

Urban Floods are frequent High Impact Weathers in Pakistan

Pakistan’s Hydrology Related Disaster

Fog Dry and Extreme Winters (Nov-Dec)

Federal

WAPDA Act 1958

Water Accord 1991

IRSA ACT 1992

Environment Act 1992

Council of Common

Interests(Constitutional

body)

National Water Policy

Provincial

Irrigation and Drainage Act

1873

Balochistan Water

Ordinannce 1980

Punjab Soil Reclamation

Act 1952

PIDAs Atc 1997

Water Users Association

Act 1982

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LAWS AND REGULATIONS

• NO Hydrology Society

• Implementation of legislation regarding

rivers/river law

• Collaboration among organization

• Data Bank for Researchers

• Lack of Technology

GAP IN PAKISTAN’S HYDROLOGY SYSTEM

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The Schematic of Hydrological Cycle

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