the middle ages: 500-1300
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The Middle Ages
c. 500-1300
The Middle Ages Dates and Places: • 5th century • British Isles • Migration period People: • Germanic Angles
and Saxons invade British Isles (fuse with British tribes already in place)
• Franks invade Gaul (France) Map of the Early Christian World and
Barbarian Invasions, c. 500
Early Medieval: Anglo-Saxon
Dates and Places: • 5th century • British Isles • Migration period People: • Germanic Angles and
Saxons invade British Isles (fuse with British tribes already in place)
• Franks invade Gaul (France) Sutton Hoo purse cover, from East Anglia,
England, c. 630. Gold with garnets and cloisonné originally on ivory or bone (since lost),
8” long. British Museum, London.
Early Medieval: Anglo-Saxon Example: • Discovered in 1939 in Sutton
Hoo cemetery overlooking water
• Burial ships (buried in earthen mound)
• Wealthy and important member of Anglo-Saxon tribe
• Migration art (small portable objects)
• Art demonstrates mix of celtic, Roman and Germanic styles
• Excel in metal work • design echoes Early Christian
interlace patterns and certain Ancient Near Eastern iconography and themes
• Symmetrical design
Sutton Hoo purse cover, from East Anglia, England, c. 630. Gold with garnets and
cloisonné originally on ivory or bone (since lost), 8” long. British Museum, London.
Early Medieval: Viking Era People: • Scandinavian warriors inhabited
Norway, Sweden, and Denmark • Known for paganism, vicious raids,
and violent nature • Extensive travel related to
developments in boating • Christianized late 8th-12th centuries Artwork: • Elegant stylization • Compact monumentality • Part of objects found in burial ship • Stylized animal bodies coupled with
interlacing patterns
Animal headpost, Oseburg, Norway, c. 825. Hardwood (probably limewood);
approx. 23 5/8” high. Museum of Cultural History, University of Oslo,
Norway.
Early Medieval: Hiberno-Saxon
Dates and Places: • 7th-9th century • British Isles
People: • Christians • In monasteries • Working in scriptoria • Living in isolation
Tunc Crucifixerant XPI, from the Book of Kells, fol. 124r, late 8th or early 9th century.
Illuminated manuscript on vellum; 9.5” x 13.” Trinity College Library, Dublin
Early Medieval: Hiberno-Saxon
Themes: • Gospel books • Symbolic images
Forms: • Interlace inherited
from warrior lords • Stylized human and
animal forms • Illuminated Chi-rho-iota page, Book of Kells, late 8th or
early 9th century. Illuminated manuscript on vellum; 9.5” x 13.” Trinity College Library,
Dublin
Early Medieval: Hiberno-Saxon Example: • Early example of medieval manuscript
illumination • May have originated in Ireland, from
there permeated into England and western Europe
• Illuminated manuscript author page before gospel text
• Design-driven optical illusions created in interlace
• Design seems independent of humanistic taste of Greco-Roman tradition
• No narrative • Stylization of animal • Color patterns repeated in border
decoration Lion Symbol of Saint John, from the Book
of Durrow, fol. 191v, c. 650-700. Illuminated manuscript on vellum; 9 2/3” x
5 ¾.” Trinity College, Dublin.
Early Medieval: Hiberno-Saxon
Example: • Illuminated manuscript • Carpet page before gospel
text • Interlace with zoomorphic
forms • No narrative • Generally regarded as the
finest example of the kingdom's unique style of religious art, a style that combined Anglo-Saxon and Celtic themes
Carpet page, Lindisfarne Gospels, ca. 698–721. British Library, London.
Early Medieval: Carolingian Example: • Central plan inspired by Ravenna • Byzantine style • Renewal of architecture of Christian
Rome • Charlemagne’s palace chapel • Availability of ruler royal tradition
dating to Egypt and equates ruler with the sun
• Architecture reinforces Charlemagne’s claim to Holy Roman Empire
Plan of the Palatine Chapel, Odo of Metz, Aachen, France, 792–805.
Early Medieval: Carolingian
Dates and Places: • 800-900 • France People: • Charlemagne, Emperor
Holy Roman Empire • Education important aspect
of Charlemagne’s Roman revival
• Manuscripts assist in revival • Some maintenance of
Hellenistic traditions Four Evangelists, from the “Treasury
Gospels,” a Carolingian Gospel book, palace chapel school, Aachen, France ca. 800–810.
Aachen Cathedral Treasury, Aachen, Germany.
Early Medieval: Carolingian Example: • Marriage of new interest in
naturalism and the persistence of medieval style
• Architectural niche (Greco-Roman influence)
• Drapery stylized with indication of organic form
• Shading defines body • Footstool evidence of
artist’s effort to reconcile the early medieval traditions with Greco-Roman tradition
Saint John, from the Coronation Gospels, fol. 178v, late 8th century. Parchment, 12 ¾” x 10.”
British Library, London.
Early Medieval: Ottonian
Dates and Places: • 900-1000 • Territories included Germany
and northern Italy
People: • Heirs of Carolingians • Holy Roman Emperors • Revived the disintegrated
Holy Roman Empire • Inspired by Rome
Otto Enthroned, Aachen Gospels, 966. Aachen Cathedral Treasury, Aachen,
Germany.
Early Medieval: Ottonian Themes: • Biblical themes • Church
Forms: • Stylized and
conceptual figures • Expressive
exaggeration • Basilica
Section and plan Saint Michael’s, Hildesheim, 1001–1031.
Early Medieval: Ottonian
Example: • Ottonian Renaissance
(951-1024) • Basilica • Towers at both ends • Alternate-support system • Modular plan based on
crossing • Two transepts • Architecture bridges gap
between Carolingian and the superficial simplicity of the Romanesque
Saint Michael’s, restored abbey church, Hildesheim. 1001–1031. The building had
been destroyed during WWI.
Early Medieval: Ottonian
Example: • Impact of Roman influence on
Bernward and Otto • Patron is Bishop Bernward • Inspired by Early Christian doors • First large-scale work cast in
one piece since antiquity
Bronze doors Saint Michael’s abbey church, Hildesheim, 1015. Doors with relief panels. Bronze, 16’6” high.
Dom-Museum, Hildesheim.
Early Medieval: Ottonian Example: • Commissioned by Bishop
Bernward • Story of Original Sin and
redemption • Prefiguration, emphasis on
typology in left-right pairing of Old and New Testament scenes
• Relatively high relief • Expressive exaggeration • Figures maintain tradition of
Byzantine and Carolingian styles and foretells Romanesque aesthetic
• New drama combined with linear, fluid rhythm
Adam and Eve reproached by God, detail from the bronze doors, Saint Michael’s abbey church, Hildesheim; completed 1015. Doors with relief panels. Bronze, 16’6” high. Dom-Museum,
Hildesheim.
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