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Section 1, Chapter 18
1
WORLD HISTORYChapter 18
The Muslim world expands
2
The Muslim World Expands,1300–1700
Three great Muslim
powers—the Ottoman,
Safavid, and Mughal
empires—emerge
between 1300 and
1600. By 1700 all three
were in decline.
Section 1, Chapter 18 3
Section 1, Chapter 184
SECTION 1
SECTION 2
SECTION 3
The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire
CASE STUDY: Cultural Blending
The Mughal Empire in India
The Muslim World Expands,1300–1700
5
Section 1, Chapter 18 6
The Ottomans Build aVast Empire
The Ottomans establish a Muslim empire
that combine many cultures and lasted for
more than 600 years.
Section 1, Chapter 18
Section 1, Chapter 18 7
Turks Move into Byzantium
Turkish Warriors
• Many Turks live in Anatolia, on edge of
Byzantine Empire
• Many see themselves as ghazis—
warriors who fight for Islam
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8
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Turks Move into Byzantium
Osman Establishes a State
• From 1300 to 1326, Osman, successful ghazi, builds
state in Anatolia
• Europeans call him Othman and followers Ottomans
• Ottomans win battles because they use muskets and
cannons
• Successors expand state through alliances and land
buying
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10
Osman Establishes a State
• Orkhan, Osman’s son, declares
himself sultan—overlord
• In 1361, Turks conquer Adrianople
• Ottomans rule fairly over conquered
peoples
Turks Move into Byzantium
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Turks Move into Byzantium
Timur the Lame Halts Expansion
• Timur the Lame—Tamerlane—
rises to power in Central Asia
• Timur defeats Ottomans in 1402,
burning Baghdad
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Section 1, Chapter 18 12
Powerful Sultans Spur
Dramatic Expansion
Murad II
• Murad II begins expansion
Mehmed II Conquers Constantinople
• Murad’s son, Mehmed II, conquers
Constantinople in 1453
• Opens city to Jews, Christians, and
Muslims and rebuilds
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13
Section 1, Chapter 18 14
Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic Expansion
Ottomans Take Islam’s Holy Cities
• In 1512, Selim the Grim, Mehmed’s
grandson, comes to power
• He defeats Persian Safavids and
pushes into North Africa
• Conquers Mecca, Medina, and Cairo:
important Muslim cities
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Section 1, Chapter 18 15
Suleyman the Lawgiver
A Great Ruler
• Suleyman the Lawgiver,
Selim’s son, rules from 1520
to 1566
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Suleyman the Lawgiver
The Empire Reaches Its Limits
• Suleyman conquers Belgrade (1521) and
Rhodes (1522)
• Ottomans control eastern Mediterranean
• Turks take North African coastline, control
inland trade routes
• Suleyman’s forces advance to Vienna
• By 1526, Ottoman Empire is the largest in
the world
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18
Highly Structured Social Organization
• Suleyman creates law code, reduces
bureaucracy, simplifies taxation
• Army uses devshirme—drafts boys from
conquered lands
• Trains 30,000 elite soldiers—janissaries—
loyal only to the sultan
• Jews and Christians allowed to practice own
religion
Suleyman the Lawgiver
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Suleyman the Lawgiver
Cultural Flowering
• Suleyman’s broad interests lead to
flourishing of arts, learning
• Sinan, brilliant architect, designs
magnificent Mosque of Suleyman
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21
The Empire Declines Slowly Gradual Fall
• Suleyman kills one son and exiles
another
• Third son inherits throne but rules
weakly
• Later sultans kill their brothers and
leave their sons uneducated
• Long line of weak sultans leads to
empire’s eventual fall
Section 1, Chapter 18
Section 2, Chapter 18 22
Cultural Blending
Section 2, Chapter 18
Section 2, Chapter 18 23
The Safavid Empire produce a
rich and complex blended
culture in Persia.
Cultural Blending
CASE STUDY: The Safavid Empire
Section 2, Chapter 18
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Section 2, Chapter 18
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Cultural Blending
Cultural Blending in Persia
• Between16th and 18th centuries a
Shi’ite Muslim dynasty ruled Persia
• Safavid Empire—Shi’ite Muslim
dynasty from 16th to18th centuries
The Safavid Empire
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Section 2, Chapter 18 26
Cultural Blending
Causes of Cultural Blending
• Changes occur through
migration, conquest, trade, or
religion
CASE STUDY:The Safavid Empire
Section 2, Chapter 18
Section 2, Chapter 18 27
Cultural Blending
Results of Cultural Blending
• Changes in language, religion,
government, use of technology
• Racial and ethnic blending,
intermarriage
• Cultural styles adapted into arts and
architecture
CASE STUDY:The Safavid Empire
Section 2, Chapter 18
28
The Safavids Build an Empire
Safavid Origins
• Begins as religious order named
for founder
• Safavids concentrate on building
powerful military
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The Safavids Build an Empire
Isma’il Conquers Persia
• Fourteen-year-old Isma’il
conquers Iran by 1451
• Takes title of shah—king
• Makes Shi’a Islam official religion;
kills Sunnis
• Son, Tahmasp, greatly expands
empire
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Section 2, Chapter 18 30
A Safavid Golden Age
Abbas the Great
• Shah Abbas—Abbas the
Great—takes throne in 1587
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A Safavid Golden Age Abbas the Great
• Shah Abbas—Abbas the Great—
takes throne in 1587
Reforms
• Helps create a thriving Safavid
culture
• Reforms military and government;
brings in Christian trade
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32Section 2, Chapter 18
33
A Safavid Golden Age
A New Capital
• Esfahan—new capital—is one of
world’s most beautiful cities
Art Works
• Chinese artisans blend Chinese and
Persian styles
Carpets
• Carpet weaving becomes national
industry
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34Section 2, Chapter 18
The Dynasty Declines Quickly
The Safavid Empire Weakens
• Abbas kills and blinds his ablest sons
• Safi, Abbas’s incompetent grandson,
leads to empire’s decline
• By 1722, the empire is losing land to
the Ottomans and Afghans
• Nadir Shah Afshar expands the empire,
but it falls apart in 1747 35
Section 2, Chapter 18
Section 2, Chapter 18
Section 3, Chapter 18 36
The Mughal Empire in
India
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Section 3, Chapter 18 37
The Mughal Empire in India
The Mughal Empire brings
Turks, Persians, and
Indians together in a vast
empire.
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38
Early History of the Mughals
The Mughal Empire in India
Mongol Invaders
• Mughals, or Mongols, invade
northwestern IndiaConflict
• Muslims and Hindus fight for almost
300 years
• In 1000, loose empire of Turkish
warlords—Delhi Sultanate—formsSection 3, Chapter 18
39
Section 3, Chapter 18
Early History of the Mughals
The Mughal Empire in India
Delhi Sultanate
• Sultans rule from Delhi
between 13th and 16th centuries
• Timur the Lame destroys Delhi in
1398 Section 3, Chapter 18
40
Section 3, Chapter 18
Early History of the Mughals Babur Founds an Empire
• Babur becomes king of small land in
Central Asia at age 11
• Is dethroned and driven south into India
• Army conquers much of northern India,
forming Mughal Empire
• Son Humayun loses most of the territory
Babur conquered
• Babur’s grandson succeeds Humayan 41
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Akbar’s Golden Age
Babur’s Grandson
•Akbar—“Greatest One”— rules
India from 1556 to 1605
A Military Conqueror
•Akbar uses cannons; names
native Indians as officers
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42Section 3, Chapter 18
43
Akbar’s Golden Age
A Liberal Ruler
• Akbar allows religious freedom and
abolishes tax on non-Muslims
• Akbar allows all people a chance to
serve in high government office
• Hindu finance minister develops better
tax plan; income grows
• Akbar gives land to his officials, then
reclaims it when they die
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44Section 3, Chapter 18
A Flowering of Culture
• Many cultures blend, mixing art,
education, politics, and language
• New languages like Hindi and
Urdu emerge
Akbar’s Golden Age
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45
Akbar’s Golden Age
The Arts and Literature
• Book illustrations, called miniatures,
flourish
• Hindu literature reemerges during
Akbar’s ruleArchitecture
• New architectural style named for
Akbar develops
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46
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Akbar’s Successors Jahangir and Nur Jahan
• Akbar’s son, Jahangir, allows wife Nur
Jahan to control government
• Nur Jahan appoints her father prime
minister
• Nur Jahan favors son Khusrau over other
sons
• Khusrau rebels, supported by Sikhs,
nonviolent religious group
• Sikhs become targets of Mughal hatred
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Section 3, Chapter 18 48
Shah Jahan
• Shah Jahan—Jahangir’s son and
successor, marries Persian
princess
• Assassinates all competitors for
throne
• His wife dies while giving birth to
her 14th child in 1631
Akbar’s Successors
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Section 3, Chapter 18 49
Shah Jahan
• Taj Mahal—huge marble tomb
Shah Jahan builds for his wife
• Taj Mahal is one of the most
beautiful buildings in the world
Akbar’s Successors
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The People Suffer
• People suffer paying for wars
and monuments
• Shah Jahan’s third son—
Aurangzeb—imprisons
father and takes over
Akbar’s Successors
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Akbar’s Successors
Aurangzeb’s Reign
• Rules between 1658 and 1707;
expands empire to its largest
• Strictly enforces Islamic law and
attempts to get rid of Hindus
• Hindus rebel and Sikhs become militant
• Levies oppressive taxes on Hindus,
causing more rebellion
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The Empire’s Decline and Decay
The Mughal Empire Crumbles
• Over 2 million people die of famine
while Aurangzeb wages war
• Emperor becomes a figurehead;
empire breaks into separate states
• Meanwhile, traders arrive from
England, Holland, France, Portugal
• European traders gain key ports
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Section 3, Chapter 18 54
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