the neuromuscular junction and muscle stimulation

The Neuromuscular JunctionAnd Muscle Stimulation

Skeletal Muscle Fibers

• A muscle fiber is a multinucleated muscle cell that attaches to connective tissue.

• Sarcolemma is the muscle cell membrane.• Sarcoplasm is the cytoplasm containing nuclei,

mitochondria, and myofibrils.• Myofibrils are composed of protein filaments,

predominantly myosin and actin.

Motor neuron axons join the skeletal muscle at the neuromuscular junction.

• Motor end plate is a specialized region of the sarcolemma at the neuromuscular junction.

A motor unit consists of the motor neuron and the muscle fibers it controls.

Synaptic cleft is a space between the neuron and the motor end plate.

Neurotransmitters are chemicals stored in vesicles of the motor neuron axon. Acetylcholine (ACh) controls skeletal

muscle contraction.

Intracellular Structure of Muscle• Sarcoplasmic reticulum: network of membranous

sacs surrounding myofibrils. (Contains Calcium)• Transverse tubules (T-tubules) extend deep into the

sarcoplasm and contain extracellular fluid. These transverse tubules allow a multinucleated muscle fiber to be stimulated simultaneously.

• Cisternae: enlarged portions of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. (Contains Calcium)

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)• SR is an elaborate, smooth endoplasmic reticulum – runs longitudinally and surrounds each myofibril– Form chambers called terminal cisternae on either side

of the T-tubules• A single T-tubule and the 2 terminal cisternae form

a triad• SR stores Ca++ when muscle not contracting– When stimulated, calcium released into sarcoplasm– SR membrane has Ca++ pumps that function to pump

Ca++ out of the sarcoplasm back into the SR after contraction

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)

Putting it together:Events of Muscle

Contraction

Muscle Contraction Summary• Nerve impulse reaches neuromuscular

junction• Acetylcholine is released from motor neuron• Ach binds with receptors in the muscle

membrane to generate signal in the sarcolemma

Muscle Contraction (Cont’d)

• Activation signal travels down T tubule• Sarcoplamic reticulum releases calcium• Calcium binds with troponin to move the

troponin, tropomyosin complex• Binding sites in the actin filament are

exposed

Muscle Contraction (cont’d)

• Myosin head attach to binding sites and create a power stroke

• ATP detaches myosin heads and energizes them for another contraction

• When activation signals cease the muscle stops contracting

Events of Muscle Relaxation

• Acetylcholine is degraded by the enzyme acetylcholine-esterase (AChE) and the muscle is no longer stimulated.

• Calcium ions are actively transported back into the SR.

• Actin-myosin linkages break.• Troponin and tropomyosin cross-bridges

reform.• Troponin and tropomyosin interaction inhibits

the interaction between myosin and actin.

ENERGY AND

METABOLISM

Energy Sources• ATP, generated by cellular respiration, is enough for

a brief contraction.• In the mitochondria, excess energy is stored as

creatine phosphate. • Creatine Phosphate has a high energy phosphate

bond that can regenerate ATP from ADP(ADP + P --> ATP). Creatinine is excreted in the urine.

It is generated by phosphokinase when there is excess ATP.

• Muscles store excess glucose, needed for cellular respiration, in the form of glycogen in muscle tissue and liver.

Heat Production

• Heat is a by-product of cellular respiration.• Only ~25% of ATP energy used for work.• ~75% is lost as heat.

Oxygen and Cellular Respiration• Initially, oxygen is transported bound to blood

hemoglobin inside RBC in the lung. • In muscle tissue, it is transferred to myoglobin,

an oxygen binding protein found in muscle.• Glycolysis: early phase of metabolism that

partially breaks down glucose and does not require oxygen (anaerobic phase).

• Citric acid cycle: complete breakdown of glucose which requires oxygen (aerobic phase).

Oxygen Debt

• During strenuous exercise there may not be enough oxygen to maintain aerobic metabolism.

• Anaerobic metabolism maintains ATP levels while lactic acid=lactate levels increase.

• This causes muscle cramps.• Liver cells convert lactic acid to glucose using ATP

energy.• Definition oxygen debt: It is the amount of

oxygen needed for the liver to convert the accumulated lactic acid into glucose.

Muscle Fatigue• Fatigue occurs when a muscle is exercised for a prolonged

period and loses its ability to contract.

• Cramps can occur with fatigue: decreased electrolyte concentrations trigger uncontrolled stimulation.

• Physically fit people make less lactic acid due to better circulation and increased oxygen carrying capacity.

END

Exercise!

Mrwwaa No Want

Study!

Muscle Hypertrophy• Hypertrophy=increasing muscle size.

What causes this?

Muscle Hypertrophy• Hypertrophy=increasing muscle size. • Caused by:– Increase in cross-sectional area of the muscle

(more myofibrils) – Increase in length of the muscle

(more sarcomeres per myofibril).

• Does the number of muscle fibers increase (hyperplasia)?

HYPERTROPHY HYPERPLASIA

VS.

Hyperplasia?

40

Atrophy and Hypertrophy• Atrophy– wasting away of muscles– caused by disuse (disuse atrophy) or severing of the

nerve supply (denervation atrophy)– the transition to connective tissue can not be reversed

• Hypertrophy– increase in the diameter of muscle fibers – resulting from very forceful, repetitive muscular

activity and an increase in myofibrils, SR & mitochondria

Atro

phy

Hypertrophy

Muscle Anatomy and TrainingWhat are the stimuli for hypertrophy?

1. Nutritional (energy balance, protein)

2. Hormonal (testosterone, insulin, growth hormone)

3. Stress (active training, passive stretch)

There is huge individual variation in hypertrophy response to training.

Metabolic “cost” of muscle

• Muscle tissue consumes a lot of energy!

• Basal metabolic rate (energy required for basic life function) is directly proportional to muscle mass!

• By age 40:– Myoglobin– ATP– Creatine phosphate. – Begin to decline and ultimately, this

will lead to atrophy of muscle tissue.• By age 80: half of the muscle of

young adulthood has atrophied.• Exercise can combat and delay

these events.

Life-Span Changes

Have you seen this pic on the internet?

Did you wonder if it was real or not?

Myostatin Mutants

END