the other ride of paul revere: brokerage role in the making of the american revolution
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The Other Ride of Paul Revere:Brokerage Role
in the Making of the American Revolution
Shin-Kap Han
The Other Ride of Paul Revere:Brokerage Role
in the Making of the American Revolution
1. Question2. Issues – Historical and
Sociological3. Data – Membership
Networks4. Findings5. Summary and Conclusion
Folklore vs. History
Midnight Ride of Paul Revere (1931) by Grant WoodMetropolitan Museum of Art, New York
Folklore vs. History
(???)
“an uncanny genius for being at the center of events”
(Fischer 1994)
Sociological Framing
Sociological Framing
The Black Box
A Historiographical Blind Spot?A Sociological Black Box?
What was his real importance?
What was the nature of the role he played?
The Other Ride
• Revere’s role in the mobilization process of the Revolutionary movement from a social structural perspective
The Other Ride
• Revere’s role in the mobilization process of the Revolutionary movement from a social structural perspective
• Spanned various social chasms and connected disparate organizational elements– A bridge par excellence across the
“structural holes”
The Mechanism
Issues:Brokerage
• A process “by which intermediary actors facilitate transactions between other actors lacking access to or trust in one another” (Marsden 1982)
Issues: Incentives in Brokerage
• “Commissions” (Marsden)
• “Tertius Gaudens” (Burt)
• “Tariff” (Boissevain)
His was pro bono.
Issues: Incentives in Brokerage
• “Commissions” (Marsden)
• “Tertius Gaudens” (Burt)
• “Tariff” (Boissevain)
His was pro bono.
• Interest in keeping the holes from being closed up
He filled the holes.
Issues: Incentives in Brokerage
• “Commissions” (Marsden)
• “Tertius Gaudens” (Burt)
• “Tariff” (Boissevain)
His was pro bono.
• Interest in keeping the holes from being closed up
He filled the holes.
Competitive Setting
Non-Competitive Setting
Issues:Brokerage and Mobilization
• A process “by which intermediary actors facilitate transactions between other actors lacking access to or trust in one another” (Marsden 1982)
– “bridge-and-cluster” structure– “weakly coupled” structure
Network Configuration
Effi
cacy
or
Pot
entia
l of
Col
lect
ive
Act
ion
High
Low
Fragmentedstructure deficient
in bridging ties
Denselyconnectedstructure
Network Configuration
Effi
cacy
or
Pot
entia
l of
Col
lect
ive
Act
ion
High
Low
Cluster-and-bridge
structure
Fragmentedstructure deficient
in bridging ties
Denselyconnectedstructure
Issues: Brokerage and Mobilization
• Structural problems inherent in any large-scale mobilization process ― Mobilizing “men of all orders”
– Levels – “multiorganizational fields” (i.e., networks of organizations)
– Multiplexity – overlaps and intersections
Issues: Brokerage and Mobilization
• Structural problems inherent in any large-scale mobilization process ― Mobilizing “men of all orders”
– Levels – “multiorganizational fields” (i.e., networks of organizations)
– Multiplexity – overlaps and intersections
Issues: Brokerage and Mobilization
• Structural problems inherent in any large-scale mobilization process ― Mobilizing “men of all orders”
– Levels – “multiorganizational fields” (i.e., networks of organizations)
– Multiplexity – overlaps and intersections
Issues:Late 18th Century British American
Colonies
• Fault lines– “Tories, true blue, and the timid”– “The better sort and the lower sort”– Militia and crowd
• Organizational infrastructure: Diffuse alliances
In the middle of it all was Revere, as a communicator, coordinator, and organizer.
Issues:Late 18th Century British American
Colonies
• Fault lines– “Tories, true blue, and the timid”– “The better sort and the lower sort”– Militia and crowd
• Organizational infrastructure: Diffuse alliances
In the middle of it all was Revere, as a communicator, coordinator, and organizer.
Issues:Late 18th Century British American
Colonies
• Fault lines– “Tories, true blue, and the timid”– “The better sort and the lower sort”– Militia and crowd
• Organizational infrastructure: Diffuse alliances
In the middle of it all was Revere, as a communicator, coordinator, and organizer.
(1994. Oxford University Press)
Data
Membership List of Five Whig Groups
2-Mode (Affiliation) Network Data
Matrix OperationsA (P-by-G)AT (G-by-P)
A(AT) = P-by-PAT(A) = G-by-G
Findings, I
Linkages Between Organizations and Their Members
1762
1763
1764
1765
1766
1767
1768
1769
1770
1771
1772
1773
1774
48 2
2 3
3
5
45
10
10
6
6 2
2
2
2
2
St. Andrews Lodge (N = 53)
Long Room Club (N = 17)
North End Caucus (N = 60)
Loyal Nine (N =10)
Boston Committee of Correspondence (N = 21)
J. Warren
P. Revere
S. Adams,B. Church
1762
1763
1764
1765
1766
1767
1768
1769
1770
1771
1772
1773
1774
48 2
2 3
3
5
45
10
10
6
6 2
2
2
2
2
St. Andrews Lodge (N = 53)
Long Room Club (N = 17)
North End Caucus (N = 60)
Loyal Nine (N =10)
Boston Committee of Correspondence (N = 21)
J. Warren
P. Revere
S. Adams,B. Church
Findings, II
Revere’s Place
Distribution of Centrality Scores
1137
0
5
10
15
20
25
1137
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
(a) Betweenness Centrality (b) Closeness Centrality
J. Warren
P. Revere
T. Urann
S. Adams,B. Church
Network Structure of the Revolutionary Movement in Boston: All (Density
= .725)
Revere
Warren
1
2
3
5
4
Urann
Network Structure of the Revolutionary Movement in Boston: All (Density
= .725)
Revere
Warren
1
2
3
5
4
Urann
Network Structure of the Revolutionary Movement in Boston: W/O 2 (D = .500)
Changes (%) in Average Path Distance
Findings, III
Linkages Across Social Divides
Titles in Fischer —————————————————— Harvard Maier’s Number of Militia Merchant College Index Memberships N (%) N (%) N (%) Mean Mean St. Andrew’s Lodge (N = 53) 17 (32.1) 6 (11.3) 1 (1.9) .62 1.15 Loyal Nine (N = 10) 1 (10.0) 6 (60.0) 1 (10.0) 1.30 1.50 North End Caucus (N = 60) 4 (6.7) 17 (28.3) 7 (11.7) 1.73 1.33 Long Room Club (N = 17) 1 (5.9) 6 (35.3) 10 (58.8) 6.24 1.71 Boston Committee of (N = 21) 0 (0.0) 12 (57.1) 5 (23.8) 4.57 1.71 Correspondence Total/Average 23 (16.8) 47 (34.3) 24 (17.5) 2.19 1.37 L2 22.05 21.26 29.85 . . F-ratio . . . 4.11 3.88 d.f 4 4 4 4 4 p .000 .000 .000 .003 .005 τ-b –.308 .254 .314 . . Linearity . . . 11.69 12.69 p .000 .000 .000 .001 .000
Membership Characteristics
Titles in Fischer —————————————————— Harvard Maier’s Number of Militia Merchant College Index Memberships N (%) N (%) N (%) Mean Mean St. Andrew’s Lodge (N = 53) 17 (32.1) 6 (11.3) 1 (1.9) .62 1.15 Loyal Nine (N = 10) 1 (10.0) 6 (60.0) 1 (10.0) 1.30 1.50 North End Caucus (N = 60) 4 (6.7) 17 (28.3) 7 (11.7) 1.73 1.33 Long Room Club (N = 17) 1 (5.9) 6 (35.3) 10 (58.8) 6.24 1.71 Boston Committee of (N = 21) 0 (0.0) 12 (57.1) 5 (23.8) 4.57 1.71 Correspondence Total/Average 23 (16.8) 47 (34.3) 24 (17.5) 2.19 1.37 L2 22.05 21.26 29.85 . . F-ratio . . . 4.11 3.88 d.f 4 4 4 4 4 p .000 .000 .000 .003 .005 τ-b –.308 .254 .314 . . Linearity . . . 11.69 12.69 p .000 .000 .000 .001 .000
Membership Characteristics
Titles in Fischer —————————————————— Harvard Maier’s Number of Militia Merchant College Index Memberships N (%) N (%) N (%) Mean Mean St. Andrew’s Lodge (N = 53) 17 (32.1) 6 (11.3) 1 (1.9) .62 1.15 Loyal Nine (N = 10) 1 (10.0) 6 (60.0) 1 (10.0) 1.30 1.50 North End Caucus (N = 60) 4 (6.7) 17 (28.3) 7 (11.7) 1.73 1.33 Long Room Club (N = 17) 1 (5.9) 6 (35.3) 10 (58.8) 6.24 1.71 Boston Committee of (N = 21) 0 (0.0) 12 (57.1) 5 (23.8) 4.57 1.71 Correspondence Total/Average 23 (16.8) 47 (34.3) 24 (17.5) 2.19 1.37 L2 22.05 21.26 29.85 . . F-ratio . . . 4.11 3.88 d.f 4 4 4 4 4 p .000 .000 .000 .003 .005 τ-b –.308 .254 .314 . . Linearity . . . 11.69 12.69 p .000 .000 .000 .001 .000
Membership Characteristics
Titles in Fischer —————————————————— Harvard Maier’s Number of Militia Merchant College Index Memberships N (%) N (%) N (%) Mean Mean St. Andrew’s Lodge (N = 53) 17 (32.1) 6 (11.3) 1 (1.9) .62 1.15 Loyal Nine (N = 10) 1 (10.0) 6 (60.0) 1 (10.0) 1.30 1.50 North End Caucus (N = 60) 4 (6.7) 17 (28.3) 7 (11.7) 1.73 1.33 Long Room Club (N = 17) 1 (5.9) 6 (35.3) 10 (58.8) 6.24 1.71 Boston Committee of (N = 21) 0 (0.0) 12 (57.1) 5 (23.8) 4.57 1.71 Correspondence Total/Average 23 (16.8) 47 (34.3) 24 (17.5) 2.19 1.37 L2 22.05 21.26 29.85 . . F-ratio . . . 4.11 3.88 d.f 4 4 4 4 4 p .000 .000 .000 .003 .005 τ-b –.308 .254 .314 . . Linearity . . . 11.69 12.69 p .000 .000 .000 .001 .000
Membership Characteristics
Titles in Fischer —————————————————— Harvard Maier’s Number of Militia Merchant College Index Memberships N (%) N (%) N (%) Mean Mean St. Andrew’s Lodge (N = 53) 17 (32.1) 6 (11.3) 1 (1.9) .62 1.15 Loyal Nine (N = 10) 1 (10.0) 6 (60.0) 1 (10.0) 1.30 1.50 North End Caucus (N = 60) 4 (6.7) 17 (28.3) 7 (11.7) 1.73 1.33 Long Room Club (N = 17) 1 (5.9) 6 (35.3) 10 (58.8) 6.24 1.71 Boston Committee of (N = 21) 0 (0.0) 12 (57.1) 5 (23.8) 4.57 1.71 Correspondence Total/Average 23 (16.8) 47 (34.3) 24 (17.5) 2.19 1.37 L2 22.05 21.26 29.85 . . F-ratio . . . 4.11 3.88 d.f 4 4 4 4 4 p .000 .000 .000 .003 .005 τ-b –.308 .254 .314 . . Linearity . . . 11.69 12.69 p .000 .000 .000 .001 .000
Membership Characteristics
Titles in Fischer —————————————————— Harvard Maier’s Number of Militia Merchant College Index Memberships N (%) N (%) N (%) Mean Mean St. Andrew’s Lodge (N = 53) 17 (32.1) 6 (11.3) 1 (1.9) .62 1.15 Loyal Nine (N = 10) 1 (10.0) 6 (60.0) 1 (10.0) 1.30 1.50 North End Caucus (N = 60) 4 (6.7) 17 (28.3) 7 (11.7) 1.73 1.33 Long Room Club (N = 17) 1 (5.9) 6 (35.3) 10 (58.8) 6.24 1.71 Boston Committee of (N = 21) 0 (0.0) 12 (57.1) 5 (23.8) 4.57 1.71 Correspondence Total/Average 23 (16.8) 47 (34.3) 24 (17.5) 2.19 1.37 L2 22.05 21.26 29.85 . . F-ratio . . . 4.11 3.88 d.f 4 4 4 4 4 p .000 .000 .000 .003 .005 τ-b –.308 .254 .314 . . Linearity . . . 11.69 12.69 p .000 .000 .000 .001 .000
Membership Characteristics
Changing of the Guards
6
4
2
0
-2
1762 177417701766
Period 1(1762, 1766, 1771)
Period 2(1766, 1771, 1773)
Period 3(1771, 1773, 1774)
Thomas Crafts,Henry Welles
ThomasUrann
Joseph Warren
Paul Revere
Henry Bass,Thomas Chase,Benjamin Edes
Bet
wee
nn
ess
Cen
tral
ity
(Sta
nd
ard
ized
)
Old LeadersFading Out
6
4
2
0
-2
1762 177417701766
Period 1(1762, 1766, 1771)
Period 2(1766, 1771, 1773)
Period 3(1771, 1773, 1774)
James Otis,Josiah Quincy
Thomas Young,Nathaniel Appleton,
William Dennie,Joseph Greenleaf,Nathaniel Barber,William Molineux
John Adams
Samuel Adams,Benjamin Church
Bet
wee
nn
ess
Cen
tral
ity
(Sta
nd
ard
ized
)
New LeadersEmerging
Summary and Conclusion
• Revere’s importance was in his being an extraordinarily effective bridge, chiefly due to its high multiplexity and the unique ways in which it was embedded in the social and organizational setting of the 18th-century New England.
Where to go from here?
Where to go from here?
To Harness an Outbreak:A Microstructural Account of
Mobilizationfor the March First Movement
• On March 1, 1919, the tenth year of Japanese occupation of Korea, the largest mass movement in Korean history began: For a period of two months, more than two million Koreans directly participated in more than 1,500 separate gatherings all across the country, shouting “Long Live Korean Independence!”
To Harness an Outbreak:A Microstructural Account of
Mobilizationfor the March First Movement
• “Under the harsh colonial rule of imperial Japan the nationalistic spirit of resistance had grown and spread to all segments of Korean society and had almost reached the point of explosion.”
An “inevitable” outbreak?
The Other Ride of Paul Revere:Brokerage Role
in the Making of the American Revolution
1. Question2. Issues – Historical and
Sociological3. Data – Membership
Networks4. Findings5. Summary and Conclusion
The Other Ride of Paul Revere:Brokerage Role
in the Making of the American Revolution
Shin-Kap Han
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