the platinum value chain
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The platinum value chainThe platinum value chain
Northam mine
Participants to dateParticipants to date
UCT (Dave Reid et al.)UCT (Dave Reid et al.)
GFZ (Bob Trumbill)GFZ (Bob Trumbill)
UFS (Marian Tredoux, Chris Gauert, Thelma Lekgetho et al.)UFS (Marian Tredoux, Chris Gauert, Thelma Lekgetho et al.)
BGR (Thomas Oberthüer)BGR (Thomas Oberthüer)
Mintek (Desh Chetty et al.)Mintek (Desh Chetty et al.)
U. Bonn (Chris Ballhaus, Hassan Helmy)U. Bonn (Chris Ballhaus, Hassan Helmy)
Between the mining for
these ultra-trace elements
and getting them out of a
bottle, a lot of processes
need to be understood and
managed.
PGE geochemistry
are the fundementals OK?
Ore formaltion
Ore extraction Environmental impact
Processes to be consideredProcesses to be considered
Beneficiation ditto
Purification ditto
Use ditto
Disposal/reuse ditto
Aspects to be investigatedAspects to be investigated
�� PGE in the mantle (where from, and how?)PGE in the mantle (where from, and how?)
�� PGE during generation of magmaPGE during generation of magma
�� PGE during fractional crystallization and PGE during fractional crystallization and
magmatic ore forming processesmagmatic ore forming processes
Hydrothermal influence on PGE oresHydrothermal influence on PGE ores�� Hydrothermal influence on PGE oresHydrothermal influence on PGE ores
�� PGE in the weathering cyclePGE in the weathering cycle
�� Beneficiation of PGE ores Beneficiation of PGE ores –– metallurgy metallurgy
superimposed on geochemistrysuperimposed on geochemistry
�� Industrial uses of the PGEIndustrial uses of the PGE
�� Modern environmental impacts of the PGEModern environmental impacts of the PGE
PGE in the rock cyclePGE in the rock cycle
�� Information from meteoritesInformation from meteorites
�� Best chondrite values (for normalization)Best chondrite values (for normalization)
�� SideroSidero--, chalco, chalco-- ? Even litho? Even litho-- ??
�� CoreCore--mantlemantle--crust exchangecrust exchange
�� Bon Accord, BarbertonBon Accord, Barberton
�� Josephine Creek, USAJosephine Creek, USA
XX--ray tomographyray tomography
Magnification
x100
PGE during magmatic PGE during magmatic processesprocesses
�� What are the PGE phases in a mafic What are the PGE phases in a mafic magma?magma?
�� ions? complexes? (metallic) clusters?ions? complexes? (metallic) clusters?
�� PGE partition coefficients?PGE partition coefficients?�� PGE partition coefficients?PGE partition coefficients?
�� silicate/sulphide, slicate/metal, sulphide/metalsilicate/sulphide, slicate/metal, sulphide/metal
�� Magmatic PGE oresMagmatic PGE ores
�� Bushveld (MR, UG2, Platreef, IRAPs, MGs Bushveld (MR, UG2, Platreef, IRAPs, MGs
other)other)
�� placersplacers
HighHigh-- and lowand low--T fluid related T fluid related processesprocesses
�� Bushveld (significant ore formation Bushveld (significant ore formation model?)model?)model?)model?)
�� Naboomspruit/Mookopong/WaterbergNaboomspruit/Mookopong/Waterberg
�� Dissolution and reprecipitionDissolution and reprecipition
�� KTB studies: PGE at redoxclines (Wits?)KTB studies: PGE at redoxclines (Wits?)
BeneficiationBeneficiation
�� Mineralogical issuesMineralogical issues
�� what are the PGE phases and associations?what are the PGE phases and associations?
�� how accessible are they?how accessible are they?
�� The PGEThe PGE--BMS associationBMS association
�� main driver in conventional flotation monitoringmain driver in conventional flotation monitoring
�� Processing/beneficiation of nonProcessing/beneficiation of non--BIC type BIC type oresores
�� Optimal practice?Optimal practice?
Thelma Lekgetho at the MLAThelma Lekgetho at the MLAat Mintekat Mintek
High grade
cleaners
Low grade
cleaners
Primary mill Secondary millCrushed ore
Primary
roughers
Secondary
roughers
*
* * * * * * * * * *
*
High rate
thickening
Conventional
thickening Tailings damSmelter
Flotation processes are Flotation processes are optimized for BMS optimized for BMS recovery recovery –– is this is this
adequate for the PGE?adequate for the PGE?
PGM occurrence in PRF (147)
3%
7%
11%
17%
7%
55%
L
SL
SG
AG
SAG
G
Industrial applicationsIndustrial applications
�� Catalysts (auto, industrial)Catalysts (auto, industrial)
Industrial applicationsIndustrial applications
�� Catalysts (auto, industrial)Catalysts (auto, industrial)
�� Novel PGE alloys and their applications Novel PGE alloys and their applications �� Novel PGE alloys and their applications Novel PGE alloys and their applications (especially Ru, Ir and Os)(especially Ru, Ir and Os)
�� ReprocessingReprocessing
Environmental impactEnvironmental impact
�� Liberation from catalytic applications, Liberation from catalytic applications, especially autoespecially auto--catalystscatalysts
�� Other industrial contributions, especially Other industrial contributions, especially the release of Os (the release of Os (±±Ru) during matte Ru) during matte the release of Os (the release of Os (±±Ru) during matte Ru) during matte processingprocessing
�� LowLow--T PGE geochemistry/hydrochemistryT PGE geochemistry/hydrochemistry
�� HOW BIOAVAILABLE ARE THE PGE?HOW BIOAVAILABLE ARE THE PGE?
Thank you!Thank you!
Concentrators
wet
concentrate
Flash dries
dry
concentrate
Anglo platinum
converter (ACP)
ACP matte
Acid plant
furnace
offgas
converter
offgas
AD
Slag
Cleaning
furnace
Electric
furnaces
molten
furnace matteMatte
granulation
granulated
matte
Slow cooling
Crushing
BMR plant
granulated
ACP slag
PMR plant
B
C
Slag milling
& flotation
slag
E
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