the prehistoric aegean terminology & chronology. archaeological vs. political near east anatolia...
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The Prehistoric Aegean
Terminology & Chronology
archaeological vs. political
• Near East
• Anatolia
• Mesopotamia
• Levant
• Middle East
• Turkey
• Iraq & Eastern Syria
• Israel, Jordan, (Palestine) Syria & Lebanon
Middle/Near East
Stone Age
• Old Palaeolithic 25,000-8,300bc• Middle Mesolithic 8,300-
6,500bc• NewNeolithic 6,500-3,100bc
Bronze Age
Arthur Evans, Knossos, 1921-1935Tripartite division of Bronze AgeEarly Bronze Age EBAMiddle Bronze Age MBALate Bronze Age LBA
• Cp. Old, Middle, New Kingdom in Egypt
Greece
Regional Bronze Age Nomenclature
Crete Minoan (Minos - mythical king) Cyclades Cycladic (Aegean island chain) Mainland Helladic (Hellas = Greece)
• Early EBA EM EC EH (3100-2000)• Middle MBA MM MC MH (2000-1650)• LateLBA LM LC LH (1600-1050)
Alternative Minoan Chronology (Palaces of
Knossos, Phaistos, Mallia & Zakro)
• Pre-palatial EM I - MM IA (ca. 3100/3000-1925/1900 B.C.)
• Protopalatial (Old Palace) MM IB - MM IIB (ca. 1925/1900-1750/1720 B.C.)
• Neopalatial (New Palace) MM IIIA - LM IB (ca. 1750/1720-1490/1470 B.C.)
• Post-palatial LM IIIA-C (ca. 1490/1470-1075/1050 B.C.)
Greece
Prehistory vs. history
• Palaeolithic• Mesolithic• Neolithic• Bronze Age• Dark/Iron Age
• Archaic• Classical• Hellenistic• Roman• Byzantine
The Peoples
• Greeks, Mycenaeans, Danaans, Argives, Achaeans
• Trojans, Dardans• Trojan Allies: Zeleians, Paeonians,
Ciconians, Thracians, Phrygians, Mysians, Maeonians, Carians, Lycians, Pelasgians, Paphlagonians
Hittite Empire
• Cuneiform script & Luwian Hieroglyphics adapted for Hittite language
• Wilusa, Ilios, Ilium• Taruisa,Tarwiza, Troy• Ahhiya(wa), Achaea
Hittite Evidence…
• Troy, Ilium, & Achaea real places!• Homeric World gains credibility
• So what do we know about Greek Prehistory from Archaeological Evidence?
Beginning of Bronze Age in Greece
• Agricultural population• Metal-working from Anatolia?• Fast-spinning potter’s wheel
Early Helladic Sites: Lerna & Tsoungiza
Tsoungiza: House A
• Wall 1.1m thick• Why so thick?• Room 0.9m wide• Why so wide?
House A Reconstruction
• 1 Room 0.9m wide
Corridor Houses of EHII
• House of Tiles Distribution
• Same dimensions, different sizes
• Shared Culture?
• Organized Relationships?
• EHII Architecture• Common Design• Megaron style
EH Agriculture
• EHII figurine• Domestic animals
Complex Culture: fine pottery & quality
metalwork
EHII Sealings from Lerna’s House of Tiles
• Personal Property• Social Hierarchy• Trade
• Massive fortification walls at EHII Lerna,
• Jutting Towers
• Approaches force exposure of weapon side - conscious of serious threat?
Lerna Fortifications
Invasion?
• EHII destructions widespread, coupled with major cultural changes
• Switch from orthogonal corridor houses to mostly apsidal houses in EHIII
• Disappearance of popular EHII pottery shapes
• Collapse of complex society• Depopulation of surrounding areas
EHIII Apsidal House
EHII Sauceboats disappear
New Pottery Types:Pattern-painted,
heavy dark-burnished
????????
• Who are these people?• Where do they come from?
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