the review of economics and statistics, november 2012, 94(4): 1143–1156

ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND THE BUSINESS CYCLE

Philipp D. Koellinger and A. Roy Thurik

presented by Gulzat Elvung

The Review of Economics and Statistics, November 2012, 94(4): 1143–1156

Little empirical evidence on macroeconomics models of BC abstracting from entrepreneurship

A link between BC and entrepreneurship Cross-country panel of 22 OECD countries

for the period 1972 to 2007 (annual)

Introduction

Aggregate level: Do global trends in entrepreneurial activity

exist? How they relate to the cycles of the world

economy? National level: What is the average relationship between

entrepreneurship and the business cycle at the national level?

Aggregate and national levels

Bernanke and Gertler (1989): Potential share of entrepreneurs in the

economy is independent of BC fluctuations. The fraction of entrepreneurs who get

funding and produce is procyclical. Rampini (2004): The risk associated with entrepreneurial

activity implies that the amount of such activity should be procyclical.

Agents are risk averse.

Related literature

Time series: GDP, Unemployment, Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurial activity -the share of business owners in the total labor force.

Business cycle – a series of deviations from long-term trends in GDP data (using the Hodrick-Prescott filter with λ=6.25)

Data

Aggregate level analysis

Aggregate level analysis

Aggregate level analysis1 2 3 4

A vector autoregressive model with two lags, VAR(2), including deviations from trends in terms of:

business ownershipreal GDPunemployment

The model is estimated with least squares.

Aggregate level analysis: Methodology

Aggregate level analysis: Model

Aggregate level analysis: Estimates

Aggregate level analysis: Estimates

Aggregate level analysis: Granger causality

Aggregate level analysis: Granger causality

1. Global fluctuations in entrepreneurship are an early indicator of the world business cycle: they Granger-cause increases in GDP.

2. GDP and unemployment cycles do not predict the entrepreneurial cycle.

Findings: aggregate level

National level analysis:Replicating VAR model for each country

National level analysis:Replicating VAR model for each country

National level analysis

National level analysis

3. The impact of entrepreneurship on the cycle seems to be weaker than at the aggregate level.

4. An upswing in the unemployment cycle leads to a subsequent upswing in the entrepreneurship cycle.

Findings: national level

(1) Not all entrepreneurs are equal in their performance and motivation.

(2) Business cycles across countries are only weakly correlated.

(3) Thus, aggregating cyclical fluctuations of GDP, unemployment, and entrepreneurship across countries has a dual effect:It filters out national policy shocks on GDP and

unemployment.It focuses on the subset of entrepreneurs who identify

technologies and business opportunities that are globally important

Differences between aggregate and national levels

The data reject the null hypothesis that the share of entrepreneurs in the population is independent of the cycle.

The results on the link between the entrepreneurship and the business cycle correspond to the two faces of entrepreneurship:

Entrepreneurs are agents of change and economic development, in a Schumpeterian sense

Many business owners perform only marginal activities The prevalence of the former effect at the level of the

world economy suggests an important and much overlooked function of entrepreneurship in the recovery from recessions.

Conclusion

Interesting, easy to follow and very well exlpained method

Good methodological paper on econometrics of time series

EU level? Nordic countires? Micro level studies? Based on GDP correlation between

countries - geographical location or some other factors on aggregation?

About the paper