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The Situational Language Teaching
Chapter Five
ContentsContents
1. General Ideas1. General Ideas2. 2. Background
3. Theoretical Basis4. Basic principles5. Summary and Comments6. Discussion
QuestionsQuestions
1.What is the Direct Method?2. How did it come into being?4. What are its main features, objectives,
classroom teaching procedures and techniques, and its theoretical basis?
5. What are your comments on this method?
The Oral Approach and Situational Language
Teaching is a language teaching method
derived from the Direct Method and developed
by British applied linguists between 1930s and
1960s. The Method is no longer in fashion, but
some techniques from the Method can still be
found in language teaching activities and
especially in many textbooks.
The Oral Approach / Situational Language
Teaching means an approach to language
teaching developed by British applied linguists
from the 1930s to the 1960s.
General IdeasGeneral Ideas
It is a grammar-based method in which
principles of grammatical and lexical gradation
(词类分级) are used and new teaching
points presented and practiced through
meaningful situation-based activities.
General IdeasGeneral Ideas
Although no longer in fashion, techniques
derived from this approach have shaped the
design of many widely used EFL/ESL
textbooks.
It is of significance to understand the practices
and principles of this approach.
BackgroundBackground
1) This approach originated in Britain in the
1920s.
2) Harold Palmer and A. S. Hornby were the
most important and influential figures.
BackgroundBackground
3) They were dissatisfied with the Direct Method.
4) Another objective was to develop principles of vocabulary control.
5) Frequency counts ( 频 度 统 计 ) showed that a core of 2000 words occurred frequently in daily use and written texts.
BackgroundBackground
6) Organization of the grammar content of a language course should be based on the principle of gradation.
7) Their view of grammar was very different from that of the Grammar-Translation Method.
8) Students acquire a little information at a time and learn to make meaningful statements.
9) Sentence patterns are used to have oral practice.
Theoretical Basis
Theory of languageTheory of language
1) It can be characterized as a type of British
“structuralism”.
2) Language as speech. Language was identified
with speech, and speech ability was approached
through oral practice of structure.
3) Language as rule-governed. British linguists
believe that elements in a language were rule-
governed and lower level systems of word classes
(nouns, adjectives, and so on) led to higher level
systems of phrases and sentences.
Theory of languageTheory of language
4) Emphasis on the close relationship between
the structure, context and situation.
5) Primary importance attached to meaning,
context and situation.
Theory of learningTheory of learning
1) Behaviourist habit formation. Foreign language
learning was considered basically a process of
habit formation.
Theory of learningTheory of learning
2) The habit formation of real life and language
learning in the classroom: the acquisition of
spoken language and the foreign language speech
patterns
3) Naturalistic principles for classroom teaching
4) Direct and spontaneous (自然的) uses of the
target language
Basic principles
Main featuresMain features
1) Language teaching begins with the spoken
language
2) The target language is the language of instruction.
3) New language is introduced and practiced in
situations.
4) Speech habit is formed in the initial period of a
language course.
Main featuresMain features
5) Accuracy is maintained.
6) Common core words are covered.
7) Simple forms of grammar are taught before
complex ones, and inductively.
8) Reading and writing are introduced later.
Teachers’ roleTeachers’ role
Deciding on the content of learning
Setting the pace
Setting up situations
Model in the presentation stage
Error detector in the practice stage & grammar.
ObjectivesObjectives
to get a practical command of the four basic
skills of a language;
to obtain accuracy in pronunciation
The objectives of language teaching are to help the students:
TechniquesTechniques
1) New sentence patterns presented in situations
2) Drill-based practice
3) Guided repetition
4) Substitution (替换) activities
5) Dictation
6) Controlled reading and writing tasks
ProceduresProcedures
Procedures usually move from controlled to freer practice of structures and from oral use of sentence patterns to their automatic use in speech, reading and writing.
1) Revision
2) Presentation of new structure or vocabulary
3) Oral practice (Choral imitation, then individual imitation)
4) Reading of material on the new structure, or written exercises.
Summary and Comments
AdvantagesAdvantages
Suitable for introduction to the language.
Oral production without risk.
Values practical grammar and vocabulary.
An accessible method for teachers...if they
have good curriculum.
Inexpensive to use.
DisadvantagesDisadvantages
Boring
Inauthentic
Ineffective
Teacher-controlled
Conflicts with natural acquisition
DiscussionDiscussion
1) What is the goal of teachers who use the Oral
Approach?
2) What are some of the characteristics of this
approach that make it so distinctive from the
Direct Method?
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