the skeletal system
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The Skeletal SystemChapter 5
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Objectives:
•List and describe the major functions of the skeletal system.•Describe the types of various bone tissues, their locations, and functions.•List, describe and give specific examples of the types of bones.•List and describe the two major divisions of the skeletal system and the bones which compose each.•Describe the process of bone formation.•List and describe the various types of joints.•List and describe various disorders and diseases of the skeletal system.
The Skeletal System
Click on the trunk's lid and then use the red knob to pull the object from the trunk.
What would you look like if you did not have any bones? Take a minute a make a sketch of what you think you might look like. Could you stand up? Could you walk? Without bones you would be just a puddle of skin and organs on the floor.
The human skeleton contains
206 bones!
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Functions of the Skeletal System
•Support of the body•Protection of soft organs•Movement due to attached skeletal muscles•Storage of minerals and fats•Blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)
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·The skeleton has 206 bones·Two basic types of bone tissue·Compact bone·Homogeneous·Located on the outside surface·Spongy bone·Small needle-like ·pieces of bone (trabeculae)·Many open spaces
Where marrow is located
Types of Bone TissueDiagram on p. 118
Compact Bone Spongy Bone- hard bone- surrounds spongy bone- made of osteon systems that contain blood vessels- made of osteocytes
(living bone cells)
- less dense bone- contains many holes and spaces
spongy
compact
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Classification of Bones by Shape
•Long bones –Typically longer than wide –Have a shaft (long, central cylinder) with heads at both ends –Contain mostly compact bone
•Examples: Femur, humerus•Short bones
–Generally cube-shape –Contain mostly spongy bone
•Examples: Carpals, tarsals
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•Flat bones –Thin and flattened –Usually curved –Thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone
•Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum•Irregular bones
–Irregular shape –Usually with projections (processes) or openings (foramen) –Do not fit into other bone classification categories
•Example: Vertebrae and pelvic bones
Classification of Bones by Shape
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Classification of Bones by Shape
Diagram on p. 117
Color in the types of bonesbased on the correct classifications.
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Microscopic Bone Anatomy
Diagram on p. 120
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Microscopic Bone Anatomy•Osteon (Haversian System)–A unit of bone•Central (Haversian) canal–Opening in the center of an osteon–Carries blood vessels and nerves•Perforating (Volkman’s) canal–Canal perpendicular to the central canal–Carries blood vessels and nerves
Diagram on p. 120
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Microscopic Bone Anatomy
•Lacunae–Cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes)–Arranged in concentric rings•Lamellae–Rings around the central canal–Sites of lacunae•Canaliculi –Tiny canals–Radiate from the central canal to lacunae–Form a transport system between cells
Diagram on p. 120
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Bone Cell Types
•Osteocytes–Mature bone cells surrounded by matrix•Osteoblasts–Bone-forming cells produce new matrix•Osteoclasts–Bone-destroying cells–Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium•Bone remodeling is a process by both osteoblasts and osteoclasts. –During your life span the your skeleton is broken down and rebuilt completely on the average of seven times!
Sharpey's fibersPeriosteum
LacunaeLamella
Osteocytes Haversian/central canalVolkmann's canal Spongy boneCompact bone
Blood vesselOsteon
Canaliculi Lamella
Review! Bone ClassificationsLong Bones Flat Bones
Irregular Bones Short Bones
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Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone•Diaphysis–Shaft–Composed of compact bone•Epiphysis –Ends of the bone–Composed mostly of spongy bone–Contains red marrow•Medullary cavity–Cavity of the shaft–Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults•Articular cartilage–Covers the external surface of the epiphyses–Made of hyaline cartilage–Decreases friction at joint surfaces
Diagram on p. 118
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Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone•Periosteum–Outside covering of the diaphysis–Fibrous connective tissue membrane•Sharpey’s fibers–Secure periosteum to underlying bone •Endosteum - Inner lining of the medullary cavity•Arteries, veins, nerves–Found in the Haversian and Volkman canal systems within the compact bone.
Diagram on p. 118
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Bone Development and Growth•During development, cartilage is replaced by bone (ossification)•Cartilage remains in isolated areas–Bridge of the nose–Parts of ribs–Joints •Bones are remodeled and lengthened until growth stops–Bones change shape somewhat–Bones grow in width
Diagram on p. 121
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Bone Development and Growth
•Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of long bone during childhood–New cartilage is continuously formed–Older cartilage becomes ossified•Cartilage is broken down•Bone replaces cartilage
Diaphysis
Sharpey's fibers
Bone marrow
Spongy bone
Compact boneEpiphyseal lineCartilage
EpiphysisEpiphysisSpongy bone
Compact bonePeriosteumBlood vessels
Medullary Cavity CartilageCompact bonePeriosteum
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Divisions of the Skeleton•The Skeleton is divided into two major regions:
a. Axial Skeleton b. Appendicular Skeleton
•Axial Skeleton - longitudinal part of the body
–Divided into three parts •Skull •Vertebral column •Bony thorax
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•Appendicular skeleton - appendages and joints –Limbs (appendages) –Pectoral girdle (shoulder, scapula, and clavicle) –Pelvic girdle (pelvis)
Divisions of the Skeleton
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Divisions of the Skeleton
Diagram p. 125
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Label Mr. Bones!
FibulaPatella
Cranium
Mandible
Metatarsals
Clavicle
Vertebra
Metacarpals
Radius
Scapula
Femur
Ulna
Sacrum
Humerus
Pelvic
Sternum
Ribs
Tibia
skullclavicle
scapula
costals
humerus
radius
ulna
metacarpals
femur
patella
tibia
fibula
metatarsals
vertebra
pelvis
Boneyard Bill'sBody Parts
Can you drag all the bones to their correct locations?
C L A V I C L E
FE
MU
R
VERTEB
AR
LN
A
RANIUM
IB
UL
A
HUMERUS
J W B O N E
P AT E L LA
PELVIS
P
AL
ANGES
H
AD
IU
S
I B S
L AS C U PA
SPINE
S T E R N U M
IBIA
LN
A
AB
C D
E
F
G
A
E
H
Y
T
JM
N
S
Y
S
O
O
P
E
P
L L
ES C H O O L
T
A
T
T
K
DC
T AB
E
E
E
E
ML
NN
TTS
S
B
DRAGO
N
O G
T
U
RT
L
ES
ZX
V
M
RWR
A
A
A
AAS
S
E
E
A
OO
O
S
S SA
A
A
H
M
T
N
K
I
T
EB O A
T
AB
CD
F
N
M L
O
How fast can your class find the words?
SPINE
ULNA
FIBULAFEMUR
PATELLA
CLAVICLE
RADIUS
STERNUM
TIBIAPELVISPHALANGES
JAWBONE
CRANIUM
RIBSHUMERUS
VERTEBRASCAPULA
BONES, BONES, BONESAs you find the bones, identify them on Steve!
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Axial Skeleton: The Skull
•Two sets of bones –Cranium –Facial bones
•Bones are joined by sutures (fixed, non-movable joints)
•Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint
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Axial Skeleton: The Skull
Diagram p. 126
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Axial Skeleton: The SkullDiagram p. 129
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Axial Skeleton: The SkullDiagram p. 127
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Axial Skeleton: The Skull•Paranasal sinuses: Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity –Functions •Lighten the skull •Give resonance and amplification to voice
Diagram p. 128
Parietal bone
Temporal bone Occipital bone
Frontal bone
MandibleSphenoid bone
Lacrimal boneEthmoid boneNasal bone
Zygomatic bone
Maxilla Suture
Suture Suture
Auditory meatus
Styloid process
Mastoid process
Mandibular ramusMental foramen
Suture
Frontal bone
Parietal boneTemporal bone
Sphenoid bone
Nasal bone
MaxillaMandible VomerLacrimal bone Ethmoid bone
Zygomatic boneInferior nasal concha
Alveolar margins
Optic canalMiddle nasal concha
Practice Makes Perfect!
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Axial Skeleton: Hyoid Bone
·The only bone that does not articulate with another bone·Serves as a moveable base for the tongue
Figure 5.12
Diagram p. 130
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Axial Skeleton: Vertebral Column
·Vertebrae are separated by intervertebral discs composed of fibrocartilage·The spine has a normal curvature·Each vertebrae is given a name according to its location
Diagram p. 131
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Axial Skeleton: Vertebral Column
Diagram p. 133
Cervical vertebrae
Thoracic vertebrae
Lumbar vertebrae
Sacrum Coccyx C1 Atlas
C2 Axis
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Appendicular Skeleton: Pectoral Girdle
•Composed of two bones –Clavicle – collarbone –Scapula – shoulder blade•These bones allow the upper limb to have
exceptionally free movement
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Appendicular Skeleton: Pectoral Girdle (Shoulder)
Diagram p. 139
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Appendicular Skeleton: Brachium Region
·The arm is formed by a single bone·Humerus
Diagram p. 140
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Appendicular Skeleton: Antebrachium Region
•The forearm has two bones •Ulna (side adjacent to little finger) •Radius (side adjacent to thumb)
Diagram p. 140
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Appendicular Skeleton: Carpus, Manus, and Digits Region
·The hand ·Carpals – wrist
·Metacarpals – palm ·Phalanges – fingers
Diagram p. 141
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Appendicular Skeleton: Pelvic Girdle
•Hip bones•Composed of three pair of fused bones
–Ilium –Ischium –Pubic bone•The total weight of the upper body rests on the
pelvis•Protects several organs
–Reproductive organs –Urinary bladder –Part of the large intestine
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Appendicular Skeleton: Pelvic Girdle
The sacrum and coccyx are part of the axial skeleton not appendicular skeleton.
Diagram p. 142
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Appendicular Skeleton: Pelvic GirdleCoxal Bone Structure
Diagram p. 142
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Appendicular Skeleton: Pelvic GirdleMale and Female Pelvis Comparison
Diagram p. 142
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Appendicular Skeleton: Femoral Region
·The thigh has one bone·Femur – thigh bone
Diagram p. 144
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Appendicular Skeleton: Patellar and Crural Regions
·The leg has two bones·Tibia·Fibula
Diagram p. 144
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Appendicular Skeleton: Tarsal, Pes, and Digits Regions
·The foot·Tarsus – ankle·Metatarsals – sole·Phalanges – toes
Diagram p. 145
Word Sort! Arrange the words into categories!
Compact
Spongy
Lacunae
Lamella Osteoclast
Osteoblast
Central canal
Volkmann's canal
Diaphysis
Epiphysis
MarrowHumerus
Cartilage Ossification
Femur
Phalanges
Costals
Scapula
Vertebra
Pelvis
CarpalsSternum
Patella
Cranium
Mandible
Suture
Nasal bone
Zygomatic bone
Ethmoid boneMaxilla
Parietal bone
Occipital bone
Sphenoid bone
Temporal bone
Frontal bone
Lumbar
Cervical
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Articulations: Joints•A joint is a location where two or more bones
meet.•Functions of joints
–Hold bones together –Allow for mobility
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Types of Joints
•Ways joints are classified structurally: –Fibrous joints •Generally immovable (sutures of skull) –Cartilaginous joints •Immovable or slightly moveable (vertebral disc) –Synovial joints •Freely moveable (shoulder, pelvis, knee, elbow, digits) •Articulating bones are separated by a joint cavity •Synovial fluid is found in the joint cavity
•Ways joints are classified functionally: •Synarthroses – immovable
•Amphiarthroses – slightly moveable •Diarthroses – freely moveable
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Anatomy of Synovial Joints
•Articular cartilage – (hyaline) covers ends of bones•Fibrous articular capsule – enclose joint surfaces; lined with synovial membrane •Joint cavity – cavity between bones of a joint containing a lubricating fluid called synovial fluid•Ligaments – reinforce the joint
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Structure of a Synovial Joint
Figure 5.28
Diagram p. 149
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Type of Synovial Joints
Diagram p. 151
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Types of Synovial Joints
Diagram p. 151
HingePivotGliding
Identify the type of joint in the diagrams.
Ball and Socket
Ball and Socket
Gliding
Hinge & Pivot
What joint(s) is she using?
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Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal System
•A fracture is a break in a bone•Types of bone fractures
–Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not penetrate the skin –Open (compound) fracture – broken bone penetrates through the skin•Bone fractures are treated by reduction and
immobilization –Realignment of the bone
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•Open reduction – surgery is needed to secure the bones together with pins or wires. •Closed reduction – bone ends coaxed back into position by physician
Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal System
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Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal System Diagram p. 123
ComminutedFracture radius
CompoundFracture tibia and fibula
SimpleSpiral fibula
SimpleGreenstick
radius
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Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal System: Fractures
Identify the fractures.
X - Ray NQ
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Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal System
•Osteoporosis: afflicts both men and women but most common in post menopausal women–Bone tissue becomes brittle and breaks easily with little applied stress–Cause - loss of calcium from bone matrix
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