theatrical design and production chapter 15: projections © 2006 mcgraw-hill. all right reserved....
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Theatrical Design and Production
Chapter 15: Projections
© 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved.
Projections – Universal panacea or design tool for the present?
Projections in performance…
Enhance visual design…
Gain a seemingly unlimited sense of depthAdd an aura of surrealism
Replace design elements…
Complement design elements…
Theatrical Design and Production
Chapter 15: Projections
© 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved.
2 Basic Systems of Projection in Theatre
Lensless
Lens
Theatrical Design and Production
Chapter 15: Projections
© 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved.
Lensless Projectors
Same theory as making shadow pictures –
Opaque object + Light source = Lensless projection
Theatrical Design and Production
Chapter 15: Projections
© 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved.
Lensless Projectors
Factors to consider:
Size of projection source
Large-scale projections – 500- / 750- / 1000-watt, 120 volt, tungsten-halogen lamp in ellipsoidal reflector spotlight
Small-scale projections – (under 6 ft. wide) – single-filament, 12-volt lamp (Requires being run at 15 volts – see diagram for transformer)
Distance between slide & projection source (closer to screen – sharper image)
Theatrical Design and Production
Chapter 15: Projections
© 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved.
Lensless Projectors
Solutions to distance…
This projector can provide a relatively sharp image while placing the image away from the light source
Theatrical Design and Production
Chapter 15: Projections
© 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved.
Lensless Projectors
Solutions to distance…This projector is a multiplane projector which is geared to take advantage of aerial perspective…
Problem of slide size – to get large image requires large slide!
Aerial Perspective: An optical phenomenon in
which objects that are farther away appear less sharply in focus and less
fully saturated in color.
Theatrical Design and Production
Chapter 15: Projections
© 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved.
Lensless Projectors
Linnebach Projector
Basis for all lensless projection in the theatre
Developed by Adolphe Linnebach
Often shops build ‘home’ versions for productions…
Theatrical Design and Production
Chapter 15: Projections
© 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved.
Lensless Projectors
Shop-built Linnebach projector
Theatrical Design and Production
Chapter 15: Projections
© 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved.
Lensless Projectors
Curved-image Linnebach projector for use with curved cycs…
Theatrical Design and Production
Chapter 15: Projections
© 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved.
Other Lensless Projectors
For a makeshift version, remove the lens from Fresnel or Plano-convex spotlights and insert a slide in the instrument’s color-frame holder.
Only good for small-scale, soft projection!
Theatrical Design and Production
Chapter 15: Projections
© 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved.
Lens Projectors
These projectors use a lens to control the focus and size of the image on the projection screen.
3 Primary Types
The Scenic Projector
The Slide Projector
The Digital Projector
Theatrical Design and Production
Chapter 15: Projections
© 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved.
Scenic Projector
3 Basic Parts:
Lamp Housing
The Optical Train
The Slide
Optical train
Theatrical Design and Production
Chapter 15: Projections
© 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved.
Scenic Projector
Lamp Housing
Requires high intensity lamps
Incandescent lamps – 1000 to 2000 wattXenon or HMI
Produces substantial amounts of heat – usually have some sort of blower or fan – noise issues
Theatrical Design and Production
Chapter 15: Projections
© 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved.
Scenic Projector
Hot mirror: A glass dichroic filter that reflects the infrared spectrum while allowing visible light to pass
Condensing lens: A device that condenses the direct and refracted light from a source and concentrates it on the slide-plane aperture of a projector
Slide-plane aperture: The point in a projection system where a slide or other effect is placed
Objective lens: A device to focus a projected image on a screen or other surface
Front condenser
Collecting condensing lens
Reflector
Lamp
The Optical Train
Theatrical Design and Production
Chapter 15: Projections
© 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved.
Scenic Projector
Slides
Glass is most common medium
Image can be painted or a photographic transparency
Dichroic mirror increases longevity of slide
Moving effects can be created with effects heads…
Effects head: A motor-driven unit capable of producing crude moving images with a scenic projector
Theatrical Design and Production
Chapter 15: Projections
© 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved.
Scenic Projector
Theatrical Design and Production
Chapter 15: Projections
© 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved.
Slide Projector
Projector adapted for adequate light output for stage use
Theatrical Design and Production
Chapter 15: Projections
© 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved.
Slide Projector
Durable and versatile projectors
Problem with light source brightness – initial design for audiovisual not performance purposes!
Things to look for:
Dependable and versatile slide-feeding capabilities
Adequate light output
Interchangeable lenses
Theatrical Design and Production
Chapter 15: Projections
© 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved.
Digital Projector
a.k.a. Computer Projections
Becoming standard for stage…
Technology continually changing – slowly replacing older methods
Adds video projection
Trap – Limitless capacity – can upstage performers – BAD!!!
Projection must enhance not steal focus…
Theatrical Design and Production
Chapter 15: Projections
© 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved.
Projection Screens
2 Basic types:
FrontRear
Additional surfaces have included actors’ bodies, painted scenery, dust motes, smoke, and fog…
Projection works best on elements specifically designed for projection!
Theatrical Design and Production
Chapter 15: Projections
© 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved.
Front-Screen Projection
Surfaces designed to reflect light
White & highly reflective works best (slide/movie screens)
Smooth, white, painted surface = low cost alternative
Sharpness and brightness of image directly related to the hue, value, and texture of the projection surface
Surfaces with low saturation, high value, and little texture = best!
Theatrical Design and Production
Chapter 15: Projections
© 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved.
Rear-Screen Projection
Positives –
Avoids actor shadowProvides a clean image
Drawbacks –
Hot spotsExpenseNeed for distance behind set
See chapter for low cost alternatives…
Hot Spot:
An intense circle of light created when a projector lens is seen through a rear screen
Theatrical Design and Production
Chapter 15: Projections
© 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved.
Slide Preparation
For Linnebachs…1/8 inch clear Plexiglass
For curved Linnebachs…0.020 thickness acetate
For scenic projectors…Photographic and painted slides
For slide projectors…Use glass or plastic mounts due to heat
Theatrical Design and Production
Chapter 15: Projections
© 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved.
Other Projectors
Overhead Projector
Opaque Projector
Both of these can be used in production but are more often helpful in various shops
Theatrical Design and Production
Chapter 15: Projections
© 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved.
General Projection Techniques & Hints
To prevent the projected images from being washed out, keep ambient light off the screen. Acting areas should be lit from angles that minimize their effect on the projection surface.
To reduce ambient light and to keep actors from blocking view, place screen so bottom image is no lower than 5 to 7 feet above the stage floor.
To maximize brightness of the image (with slide projector)
Keep projection size small
Use lens with a low f-stop (3.5 or less)
Use a short-focal-length lens and place the projector close to the screen
Whenever possible, use rear-screen projection.
Know your equipment and troubleshoot.
Prep slides early to allow for reshoot if needed.
Theatrical Design and Production
Chapter 15: Projections
© 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved.
Keystoning
If a projector is not placed on a perpendicular axis to the screen, distortion occurs a.k.a. keystoning… (A) / (B)
Correction –
Place the screen at a perpendicular angle to the projector (C)
-or-
Introduce distortion to the slide itself during photographing (D)
Many digital projectors have features to compensate for this
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