thermal modeling and design on smartphones with heat pipe...
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1/262017 International Conference on Computer Aided Design
Thermal Modeling and Design on Smartphones
with Heat Pipe Cooling Technique
Hong-Wen Chiou, Yu-Min Lee, Hsuan-Hsuan Hsiao, Liang-Chia Cheng
National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan
Industrial Technology Research Institute, Taiwan
2/26
Outline
• Introduction
• Thermal modeling on smartphone with heat pipe
• Automatic heat pipe routing on smartphone
• Experimental results
• Conclusions
3/26
Motivation (1/2)
• The sales of smartphones and tablets(handheld devices) have surpassedthat of PCs in 2011
• Relative high power consumption onsmall-form factor
• Why consider thermal issues on smartphones– Higher performance on application processors (AP) (Apple
A4~A10, Samsung Exynos 4~9 Series, and Qualcomm Snapdragon
200~800 Series)
– Cooling techniques
• PC: Active cooling (Fans, forced convection)
• Smartphone: Passive cooling (Free air, free convection)
[1]
4/26
Motivation (2/2)
• Targets that should be considered in thermal constraints
– AP, which contains CPU and GPU
– Skin/screen, which is usually touched by hands
• Thermal solutions for passive cooling
– Graphite sheet (with high planner heat transfer ability)
– Heat pipe (with higher heat transfer ability)
www.alibaba.com Heat pipe [2, 2016]
5/26
Pros of Heat Pipe on Handheld Devices
• Heat pipe ─ Superconductors in thermal
– High-speed cooling (higher heat transfer ability)
• Thermal conductivity is up to 4000 W/m2K while copper is
only 400 W/m2K
– Transferring heat for specific chips (such as AP) to
cold region
Cool Mater Co., Ltd. Dutch knowledge center
6/26
Principle of Heat Pipe Heat Transfer
Dutch knowledge center
Three main sections: evaporator, adiabatic section, and condenser
1) The heat from chip is transferred to liquid water on evaporator
2) Liquid water is vaporized into hot water vapor
3) Hot water vapor flows to condenser (temperature gradient)
4) Hot water vapor condenses to liquid water and flow into wick structure
5) Liquid water flow to evaporator due to capillarity
6) Repeating above procedures
Chip Cold region
Copper
Wick structure (liquid water)
Water vapor
7/26
Smartphones with Heat Pipes
Brand name Processor Price Date Heat pipe
NEC
Medias X
Samsung
Exynos 5 OctaNA 2014 Yes, first one
Sony
Xperia Z5
Qualcomm
Snapdragon 810$750 2015.10 Yes
Microsoft
Lumia 950 XL
Qualcomm
Snapdragon 808$550 2016.04 Yes
Samsung
Galaxy S7
Samsung
Exynos 8890$500 2016.04 Yes
Samsung
Galaxy S8
Samsung
Exynos 8895$600 2017.05 Yes
LG
G6
Qualcomm
Snapdragon 821$800 2017.03 Yes
Nokia
8
Qualcomm
Snapdragon 835$550 2017.08 Yes
8/26
Heat Pipe on Smartphones (1/2)
Samsung Galaxy S7 [2, 2016]
Sony Xperia Z2 [3, 2015]
Liquid heat-pipe cooling
9/26
Heat Pipe on Smartphones (2/2)
Nokia 8 [5, 2017]
10/26
Why Need Heat Pipe
Compact Modeling and Routing Design?
• Thermal conductivity of vapor in heat pipe, with
complicated properties such as two-phase heat
transfer on the boundary, leads to commercial
tools such as ANSYS Fluent be inefficient (more
accurate but time consuming)
• The heat pipes on smartphones are manually
designed. Automatic heat pipe design may be
more efficient (better quality on design time and
heat dissipating) than manual heat pipe design
11/26
Contributions
• The temperature error of concerned area (AP, skin,
screen) between our thermal simulator and
ANSYS Fluent is less than 7.1% with speedup
over 1000 times
• The proposed optimization algorithm for heat pipe
design can reduce temperature 7℃ than the
smartphone with no heat pipe
12/26
Thermal Simulation Flow of Smartphones
with Bended Heat Pipe
Effective thermal conductivity
for vapor in heat pipe
Accurate thermal map on dies,
skin, and screen
Build resistor network
13/26
Thermal Simulation on
Smartphone with Heat Pipe
• Part I: Bended heat pipe thermal model
• Part II: Compact thermal model for solid structure
14/26
Part I: Bended Heat Pipe Thermal Model
Vapor effective thermal conductivity
→ 𝑔 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 = 𝑝 and 𝑔 =𝑘𝐴
𝐿
→ 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 = ∆𝑇 = 2.5℃ [6]
→ 𝑝 = design power around heat pipe
→ Efficiency decreasing rate = 20% [7]
→ 𝑘𝑒𝑓𝑓 =𝐿𝑝
∆𝑇𝐴∗ ሺ1 − Efficiency decreasing
Heat source
Wall
Wicked material
Fluid (water vapor)
𝐿1
𝐿2
15/26
Part II: Compact Model for
Solid Structure and Vapor of Heat Pipe
• Integrate the thermal conductivity of vapor in the heat pipe (P.14) into compact
model
• By using finite difference method, the heat transfer governing equation 𝑮𝑻 = 𝑷in matrix form
• By LU factorization technique on 𝑮, the temperature 𝑻 can be solved by forward
and backward substitution
Voltage (𝑽) Temperature (𝑻)
Current (𝑰) Power (𝑷)
Circuit simulation Thermal simulation
MNA
16/26
Heat Pipe Routing Design Flow
Part I:
Weight function building
Part II:
Inconsistent maze routing
procedures
17/26
Part I: Weight Function Building
• Thermal simulations w/ and w/o heat pipe from 𝑛𝑏 (number of bends) = 0~5– In each situation, it considers 40 routing patterns
• Initial weighted function
𝑇𝑟𝑗,𝑛𝑏 = 𝑇𝑟𝑗 ⋅ 𝑒−𝛼𝑛𝑏⋅𝑑𝑟𝑗+𝛽𝑛𝑏
Here, 𝑇𝑟𝑗,𝑛𝑏 is the rising temperature of 𝑟𝑗, and 𝑑𝑟𝑗 is the
distance between 𝑟𝑗 and the routing source grid (hot spot point)
𝛼𝑛𝑏 and 𝛽𝑛𝑏 are fitting constants
– The function will be fit by using Matlab with maximum error less than 15%
• Inconsistent weight function𝐷𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑊𝑟𝑗,𝑛𝑏 = 𝑇𝑟𝑗,𝑛𝑏
18/26
Part II: Inconsistent Maze Routing
Assign weights on all routing grids
Inconsistent maze routing with dynamic weight
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡𝐴𝑐𝑐 = 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡𝐴𝑐𝑐 + 𝐷𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑊𝑟𝑗,𝑛𝑏
Note: 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡𝐴𝑐𝑐 is the accumulated heat from source
grid to this grid
Find maximum 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡𝐴𝑐𝑐
19/26
Example of Inconsistent Maze Routing
Wave Propagation
No
pipe
Zero
bend
Zero
bend
One
bend
20/26
Experimental Setup
The heat pipe is with grooved wick structure.
GS4: Samsung Galaxy 4 [6]
N5: Google Nexus 5 [7]
MDP: Qualcomm Mobile Development Platform [6]
Figure 1: Samsung Galaxy 4 GS4 - Snapdragon 600 [6]
Figure 3: Qualcomm Mobile Development Platform - MSM 8660 [6]
Figure 2: Google Nexus 5 GS4 - Snapdragon 800 [7]
21/26
Test Case Fluent The Proposed Thermal Simulator
NameBends of
Heat Pipe
Time
(sec)
Time
(sec)
𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 (%) 𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑔 (%) Speedup
(×)Chips SK SC Chips SK SC
MDP-C1
4
1650.00 1.34 3.22 4.75 6.73 2.03 3.57 5.68 1231.34
MDP-C2 1663.00 1.38 2.20 6.58 6.39 1.17 5.20 5.58 1205.07
MDP-C3 1654.00 1.27 1.78 5.16 4.97 1.12 3.59 3.67 1302.36
MDP-C4 1665.00 1.36 1.88 6.99 5.70 1.15 5.39 4.84 1224.26
MDP-C5 1669.00 1.28 2.96 6.58 6.13 1.65 6.01 5.06 1303.91
GS4-C1
4
1658.00 1.27 2.52 4.88 6.10 1.70 4.02 5.22 1305.51
GS4-C2 1670.00 1.30 2.41 4.01 6.74 1.64 3.08 5.83 1284.62
GS4-C3 1660.00 1.27 3.58 4.77 6.08 2.13 3.67 5.04 1307.09
GS4-C4 1659.00 1.41 2.12 6.05 6.38 1.12 5.11 5.35 1176.60
GS4-C5 1663.00 1.43 2.75 6.82 6.80 1.67 5.77 5.85 1162.94
N5-C1
3
1667.00 1.30 2.24 4.97 6.53 1.83 4.27 5.49 1282.31
N5-C2 1670.00 1.40 2.04 4.31 7.10 1.73 3.41 6.30 1192.86
N5-C3 1670.00 1.28 3.35 4.43 6.72 2.98 4.15 5.62 1304.69
N5-C4 1657.00 1.42 1.92 6.70 5.94 1.60 5.62 5.97 1166.90
N5-C5 1651.00 1.45 2.55 6.81 6.36 1.68 6.39 5.96 1138.62
MDP: Qualcomm Mobile Development Platform; GS4: Samsung Galaxy 4
The results are with the max./avg. temperature of application processor (AP), skin, and screen.
Maximum error: 3.58%, 6.99%, and 7.10% (AP, skin, screen)
Speedup is with three order of magnitude (1000×)
Accuracy & Efficiency of Our Thermal Simulator
22/26
Thermal Map by Our Thermal Simulator
ANSYS
Our Thermal
Simulator
Nexus 5Galaxy S4
23/26
Temperature Reduction with
Heat Pipe Designs
NHP
Heat Pipe Design
SP-MR I-MR Exhausted Method SP-MR I-MR Exhausted Method
Test
Case
Max Temperature
(℃ )Max Temperature (℃) Max Temperature Reduction (℃)
AP SK SC AP SK SC AP SK SC AP SK SC AP SK SC AP SK SC AP SK SC
MDP-C1 58.40 38.66 37.95 52.55 36.53 32.40 48.56 34.84 31.51 48.34 34.52 31.20 5.84 2.13 5.55 9.84 3.82 6.44 10.06 4.14 6.76
MDP-C2 58.01 38.69 37.21 54.62 36.22 35.40 50.40 34.01 33.84 50.16 33.74 33.53 3.39 2.47 1.81 7.61 4.68 3.38 7.85 4.95 3.68
MDP-C3 44.73 33.98 36.65 40.51 33.57 34.59 37.56 31.36 31.28 37.30 31.13 30.94 4.21 0.41 2.06 7.17 2.62 5.37 7.43 2.85 5.71
MDP-C4 42.24 32.15 31.89 38.31 31.49 31.12 34.99 29.43 28.66 34.67 29.18 28.30 3.92 0.67 0.77 7.24 2.73 3.24 7.57 2.97 3.60
MDP-C5 38.95 30.50 30.46 37.62 29.50 30.01 33.14 27.80 28.24 32.91 27.48 28.02 1.33 1.00 0.45 5.82 2.70 2.22 6.04 3.02 2.44
GS4-C1 73.44 42.96 42.90 71.71 39.69 39.32 68.18 37.90 37.07 67.96 37.55 36.87 1.72 3.27 3.57 5.26 5.06 5.82 5.48 5.41 6.03
GS4-C2 71.25 42.91 42.19 67.78 39.22 39.11 63.00 38.04 36.05 62.63 37.72 35.83 3.47 3.69 3.07 8.25 4.87 6.14 8.62 5.20 6.36
GS4-C3 67.35 39.19 39.72 65.28 36.00 35.12 60.68 33.93 32.81 60.28 33.66 32.60 2.08 3.19 4.60 6.68 5.26 6.91 7.07 5.53 7.12
GS4-C4 65.50 39.04 37.96 62.86 36.36 34.90 59.72 33.27 32.98 59.48 32.91 32.70 2.64 2.68 3.06 5.78 5.77 4.98 6.02 6.13 5.26
GS4-C5 66.74 40.16 38.55 63.55 35.72 34.88 59.05 33.48 32.76 58.73 33.26 32.38 3.19 4.44 3.67 7.69 6.68 5.79 8.01 6.90 6.17
N5-C1 75.96 45.60 46.09 74.72 43.05 42.07 70.42 41.35 40.44 70.17 40.96 40.16 1.24 2.56 4.02 5.54 4.25 5.65 5.79 4.64 5.93
N5-C2 73.57 45.77 44.59 70.13 41.79 41.33 65.70 40.66 39.37 65.34 40.33 39.01 3.44 3.98 3.26 7.87 5.10 5.22 8.23 5.44 5.58
N5-C3 70.28 42.57 42.34 67.91 38.16 37.62 63.07 36.09 35.90 62.71 35.80 35.65 2.37 4.41 4.72 7.20 6.48 6.44 7.58 6.77 6.69
N5-C4 68.25 41.53 41.52 66.27 38.36 37.54 62.03 36.28 35.76 61.64 35.97 35.55 1.98 3.17 3.98 6.22 5.26 5.76 6.61 5.56 5.97
N5-C5 69.73 43.28 40.63 66.49 39.32 38.35 62.14 36.45 35.04 61.75 36.25 34.64 3.23 3.97 2.28 7.59 6.83 5.59 7.98 7.03 5.99
Avg. 2.94 2.80 3.12 7.02 4.81 5.26 7.36 5.10 5.55
The grid with lowest temperature in “no heat pipe (NHP)” result is set as sink grid in
shortest path maze routing (SPMR)
SPMR cases can reduce 3 oC in average more than NHP
Proposed heat pipe routing method can reduce 7 oC in average more than NHP cases
24/26
Thermal Map & Heat Pipe Routing Path
No heat pipe
Shortest path maze routing
Inconsistent maze routing w/
dynamic thermal weight
Exhausted searching method
Galaxy S4 Nexus 5
25/26
Conclusion
• The experimental results have verified that the
proposed thermal simulator can accurately (less
than 7.1%) and efficiently (1000×) estimate the
temperatures of smartphones
• This work also developed an inconsistent thermal-
driven maze routing flow for routing the heat pipe
to reduce the operating temperature (up to 7℃ on
AP) of a smartphone
26/26
Thank you for listening
Q & A
27/26
Reference
[1]http://www.pocket-lint.com/news/120309-best-smartphones-2017-the-best-
hones-available-to-buy-today
[2]http://mashable.com/2016/03/09/samsung-galaxy-s7-torn-down/
[3]http://www.youmobile.org/blogs/entry/Sony-Xperia-Z2-to-include-liquid-
cooling-Technology-Inside
[4]https://www.gsmarena.com/lg_g6_disassembly_video_reveals_advanced_heat_
pipe_sealedin_lipo_battery-news-23635.php
[5]http://nokiamob.net/2017/09/01/video-inside-the-nokia-8-and-the-passive-
ooling-system-btekt-ifa2017/
[6] Q. Xie, M. J. Dousti, and P. M, “Therminator: a thermal simulator
forsmartphones producing accurate chip and skin temperature maps,” in Int. Symp.
Low Power Electron. Des., pp. 117–22, 2014.
[7] M. J. Dousti, M. Ghasemi-Gol, M. Nazemi, and M. Pedram, “Thermtap: An
online power analyzer and thermal simulator for android devices,” International
Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 341–6, 2015.
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