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111
7 REFERENCES
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Canakci, M. and Mustafa (2007). "The potential of restaurant waste lipids as biodiesel feedstocks." Bioresource Technology 98(1): 183-190. Canakci, M. and Van Gerpen, J. (1999). Biodiesel production via acid catalysis. St. Joseph, MI, ETATS-UNIS, American Society of Agricultural Engineers. Canakci, M. and Van Gerpen, J. (2001). "Biodiesel production from oils and fats with high free fatty acids." Transactions of the ASABE 44(6): 1429-1436. Canakci, M. and Van Gerpen, J. (2003). A pilot plant to produce biodiesel from high free fatty acid feedstocks. St. Joseph, MI, ETATS-UNIS, American Society of Agricultural Engineers. Carberry, J. J. (2001). Chemical and catalytic reaction engineering, Dover Publications. castoroil.in. (2007). "Castor oil as biodiesel & biofuel." Retrieved 23 March 2011, 2011, Retrieve from http://www.castoroil.in/uses/fuel/castor_oil_fuel.html. Cheng, S. F., Choo, Y. M., Yung, C. L., Ma, A. N. and Yusof, B. (2005) "Palm biodiesel: Gearing towards malaysian biodiesel standards." Cícero, S. M. and Marcos, J. "Rubber tree seed production." 12 Conceição, M. M., Candeia, R. A., Silva, F. C., Bezerra, A. F., Fernandes, J. V. J. and Souza, A. G. (2007). "Thermoanalytical characterization of castor oil biodiesel." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 11(5): 964-975. Coulson, J. M. and Richardson, J. F. (1999). Coulson & richardson's chemical engineering: Fluid flow, heat transfer and mass transfer, Butterworth-Heinemann. Dasari, M. A., Kiatsimkul, P.-P., Sutterlin, W. R. and Suppes, G. J. (2005). "Low-pressure hydrogenolysis of glycerol to propylene glycol." Applied Catalysis A: General 281(1-2): 225-231. Demirbas, A. (2005). "Biodiesel production from vegetable oils via catalytic and non-catalytic supercritical methanol transesterification methods." Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 31(5-6): 466-487. Dizge, N., Aydiner, C., Imer, D. Y., Bayramoglu, M., Tanriseven, A. and Keskinler, B. (2009). "Biodiesel production from sunflower, soybean, and waste cooking oils by transesterification using lipase immobilized onto a novel microporous polymer." Bioresource Technology 100(6): 1983-1991. Donough, C. R., Witt, C., Fairhurst, T., Griffiths, W. and Kerstan, A. G. (2006). "Proceedings of 5th international planters conference 2006." Incorporated Society of Planters.
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Eevera, T., Rajendran, K. and Saradha, S. (2009). "Biodiesel production process optimization and characterization to assess the suitability of the product for varied environmental conditions." Renewable Energy 34(3): 762-765. Ellis, N., Guan, F., Chen, T. and Poon, C. (2008). "Monitoring biodiesel production (transesterification) using in situ viscometer." Chemical Engineering Journal 138(1-3): 200-206. Felizardo, P., Neiva Correia, M. J., Raposo, I., Mendes, J. o. F., Berkemeier, R. and Bordado, J. o. M. (2006). "Production of biodiesel from waste frying oils." Waste Management 26(5): 487-494. Fitzgerald, M. (2006, December 27, 2006). "India's big plans for biodiesel." Technology Review Retrieved 24 August 2010, 2010, Retrieve from http://www.technologyreview.com/energy/17940/page2/. Freedman, B., Pryde, E. H. and Mounts, T. L. (1984). "Variables affecting the yields of fatty esters from transesterified vegetable oils." J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 61(10): 1638-1643. Fukuda, H., Kondo, A. and Noda, H. (2001). "Biodiesel fuel production by transesterification of oils." Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering 92(5): 405-416. Garnica, J. A. G., Silva, N. d. L. d. and Maciel, M. R. W. (2009). "Production and purification of biodiesel and glycerine, since vegetal oils and kinetic of vegetal oils transesterification reaction for wasted frying oil." Chemical Engineering Transactions. Ghadge, S. V. and Raheman, H. (2006). "Process optimization for biodiesel production from mahua (madhuca indica) oil using response surface methodology." Bioresource Technology 97(3): 379-384. Goff, M., Bauer, N., Lopes, S., Sutterlin, W. and Suppes, G. (2004). "Acid-catalyzed alcoholysis of soybean oil." Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 81(4): 415-420-420. Gui, M. M., Lee, K. T. and Bhatia, S. (2008). "Feasibility of edible oil vs. Non-edible oil vs. Waste edible oil as biodiesel feedstock." Energy 33(11): 1646-1653. Haas, M. J. (2004). "The interplay between feedstock quality and esterification technology in biodiesel production." Lipid Technology 16(1): 7-11. Hao, g. v. and Liem, D. T. (2003). The utilisation of rubber (hevea brasiliensis) seed cake as protein source for growing goats. Proceedings of Final National Seminar-Workshop on Sustainable Livestock Production on Local Feed Resources, HUAF-SAREC, Hue City.
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He, H. Y., Guo, X. and Zhu, S. L. (2006). "Comparison of membrane extraction with traditional extraction methods for biodiesel production." JAOCS 83: 457-460. Ikwuagwu, O. E., Ononogbu, I. C. and Njoku, O. U. (2000). "Production of biodiesel using rubber [hevea brasiliensis (kunth. Muell.)] seed oil." Industrial Crops and Products 12(2000): 57-62. Iso, M., Chen, B., Eguchi, M., Kudo, T. and Shrestha, S. (2001). "Production of biodiesel fuel from triglycerides and alcohol using immobilized lipase." Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic 16(1): 53-58. Issariyakul, T., Kulkarni, M. G., Dalai, A. K. and Bakhshi, N. N. (2007). "Production of biodiesel from waste fryer grease using mixed methanol/ethanol system." Fuel Processing Technology 88(5): 429-436. Knothe, G. (2001). "Analytical methods used in the production and fuel quality assessment of biodiesel." Kansedo, J., Lee, K. T. and Bhatia, S. (2009). "Cerbera odollam (sea mango) oil as a promising non-edible feedstock for biodiesel production." Fuel 88(6): 1148-1150. Karmee, S. K. and Chadha, A. (2005). "Preparation of biodiesel from crude oil of pongamia pinnata." Bioresource Technology 96(13): 1425-1429. Kincs, F. (1985). "Meat fat formulation." Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 62(4): 815-818. Knothe, G. (2001). "Analytical methods used in the production and fuel quality assessment of biodiesel." Kywe, T. T. and Oo, M. M. (2009). "Production of biodiesel from jatropha oil (jatropha curcas) in pilot plant." World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 88. Lee, K.-T., Foglia, T. and Chang, K.-S. (2002). "Production of alkyl ester as biodiesel from fractionated lard and restaurant grease." Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 79(2): 191-195. Lepper, H. and Friesenhagen, L. (1986). Process for the production of fatty acid esters of short-chain aliphatic alcohols from fats and/or oils containing free fatty acids. U.S.A., Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft auf Aktien. Liu, K.-S. (1994). "Preparation of fatty acid methyl esters for gas-chromatographic analysis of lipids in biological materials." Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 71(11): 1179-1187.
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Lotero, E., Liu, Y., Lopez, D. E., Suwannakarn, K., Bruce, D. A. and Goodwin, J. G. (2005). "Synthesis of biodiesel via acid catalysis." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 44(14): 5353-5363. Lu, H., Liu, Y., Zhou, H., Yang, Y., Chen, M. and Liang, B. (2009). "Production of biodiesel from jatropha curcas l. Oil." Computers & Chemical Engineering 33(5): 1091-1096. Ma, F., Clements, L. D. and Hanna, M. A. (1998). "The effects of catalyst, free fatty acids, and water on transesterification of beef tallow." Transactions of the ASABE 41(5): 1261-1264. Ma, F. and Hanna, M. A. (1999). "Biodiesel production: A review." Bioresource Technology 70: 1-15. Miao, X., Li, R. and Yao, H. (2009). "Effective acid-catalyzed transesterification for biodiesel production." Energy Conversion and Management 50(10): 2680-2684. NBB. (2007). "Biodiesel production and quality." Retrieve from http://www.biodiesel.org/pdf_files/fuelfactsheets/prod_quality.pdf. Nienow, A. W., Harnby, N. and Edwards, M. F. (1997). Mixing in the process industries: Second edition, Butterworth-Heinemann. NIIR-Board-of-Consultants-and-Engineers (2008). The complete book on jatropha (bio-diesel) with ashwagandha, stevia, brahmi & jatamansi herbs (cultivation, processing & uses), Asia Pacific Business Press Inc. Noiroj, K., Intarapong, P., Luengnaruemitchai, A. and Jai-In, S. (2009). "A comparative study of koh/al2o3 and koh/nay catalysts for biodiesel production via transesterification from palm oil." Renewable Energy 34(4): 1145-1150. Ramadhas, A. S., Jayaraj, S. and Muraleedharan, C. (2005). "Biodiesel production from high ffa rubber seed oil." Fuel 84(4): 335-340. Rice, B., Frohlich, A., Leonard, R. and Korbitz, W. (1997). Bio-diesel production based on waste cooking oil: Promotion of the establishment of an industry in ireland. Centre, O. P. R. Carlow. Royal-Thai-Naval-Dockyard (2005). Biodiesel project in the royal thai navy. Division, R. D. Saka, S. (2005). Production of biodiesel: Current and future technology. Core University program seminar, Universiti Sains Malaysia, JSPS/VCO. Saka, S. and Kusdiana, D. (2001). "Biodiesel fuel from rapeseed oil as prepared in supercritical methanol." Fuel 80(2): 225-231.
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Saraf, S. and Thomas, B. (2007). "Influence of feedstock and process chemistry on biodiesel quality." Trans IChemE, Part B, Process Safety and Environmental Protection 85(B5): 360–364. Scholl, K. W. and Sorenson, S. C. (1993). "Combustion of soybean oil methyl ester in a direct injection diesel engine." SAE. Schumacher, M. S. J. (2007). Small scale biodiesel production an overview. Agricultural Marketing Policy. Bozeman, Montana State University. Shah, S. and Gupta, M. N. (2007). "Lipase catalyzed preparation of biodiesel from jatropha oil in a solvent free system." Process Biochemistry 42(3): 409-414. Sinnott, R. K. (2005). Coulson & richardson's chemical engineering series, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. The-Hightower-Report (2006). Bio-diesel demand disrupts vegetable oil balance: 4. Thoenes, P. (2007). Biofuels and commodity markets – palm oil focus, FAO, Commodities and Trade Division. Tomasevic, A. V. and Siler-Marinkovic, S. S. (2003). "Methanolysis of used frying oil." Fuel Processing Technology 81(1): 1-6. USDA (2010). Soybeans and oil crops: Sunflowerseed. United-States-Department-of-Agriculture, Economic Research Service. 2010. Van Gerpen, J., B.Shanks, Pruszko, R., Clements, D. and Knothe, G. (2004). Biodiesel production technology. Energy, U. S. D. o., National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Van Kasteren, J. M. N. and Nisworo, A. P. (2007). "A process model to estimate the cost of industrial scale biodiesel production from waste cooking oil by supercritical transesterification." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 50(4): 442-458. Varma, M. N. and Madras, G. (2007). "Synthesis of biodiesel from castor oil and linseed oil in supercritical fluids." Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 46(1): 1-6. Vellguth, G. (1983). "Performance of vegetable oils and their monoesters as fuels for diesel engines." SAE. Vertellus (2007) "Castor oil and its chemistry." Vicente, G., Martínez, M. and Aracil, J. (2004). "Integrated biodiesel production: A comparison of different homogeneous catalysts systems." Bioresource Technology 92(3): 297-305.
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www.castoroil.in. (2007). "http://www.castoroil.in/crop/crop.html." Retrieved 24 July 2010, 2010, Retrieve from http://www.castoroil.in/crop/crop.html. www.gardeningplaces.com. (2010). "http://www.gardeningplaces.com/articles/oil-crops-compared1.htm." Retrieved 20 February 2010, 2011, Retrieve from http://www.gardeningplaces.com/articles/oil-crops-compared1.htm. www.hort.purdue.edu. (1998, January 8, 1998). "Pongamia pinnata (l.) pierre." Retrieved 25 November 2010, 2010, Retrieve. Zhang, Y., Dubé, M. A., McLean, D. D. and Kates, M. (2003). "Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil: 1. Process design and technological assessment." Bioresource Technology 89(1): 1-16. Zheng, S., Kates, M., Dubé, M. A. and McLean, D. D. (2006). "Acid-catalyzed production of biodiesel from waste frying oil." Biomass and Bioenergy 30(3): 267-272.
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8 APPENDICES
Appendix A
International standards of biodiesel (B100) (ASTMD 6751-02)
Property ASTM
method Limits Units
Flash point (closed cup) D93 130.0 min. °C Water and sediment D2709 0.050 max. vol% Kinematic viscosity, 40°C D445 1.9-6.0 mm2/s Sulfated ash D874 0.020 max. mass% Sulfur D5453 0.05 max. mass% Copper strip corrosion D 130 No. 3 max. - Cetane number D613 47 min. - Cloud point D2500 Report °C Carbon residue, 100% sample D4530 0.050 max. mass% Acid number D664 0.80 max. mg KOH/g Free glycerin D6584 0.020 max. mass% Total glycerin D6584 0.240 max. mass% Phosphorus content D4951 0.001 max. mass% Distillation temperature, atmospheric equivalent temperature, 90% recovered
D 1160 360 max. °C
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Appendix B
Estimation of height and diameter of the reactor unit
Liquid volume of the reactor = 50 liters Volume of the conical section = 3.239 liters Volume of electric heaters = 0.400 liters Liquid volume in cylindrical section = 50 – (3.239 – 0.400) liters
= 47.161 liters Height:diameter ratio of the reactor unit was taken as 1.5.
2
23
47.161 liters4
1.50.047161 m
4342 mm
D h
D D
D
π
π
=
×=
=
Therefore 350 mm is selected as the diameter of the reactor vessel. The resulted liquid height for 50 litre liquid volume is 490 mm.
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Appendix C
Stratification data for jet mixing
SOURCE - Nienow, A. W., Harnby, N. & Edwards, M. F. (1997) Mixing in the Process
Industries: Second Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, page 173.
121
Appendix D
Details of the process equipments used in the biodiesel pilot-plant
Centrifugal pump
Pipe diameter Inlet 1.25′′ , Outlet 1′′
Power 0.05 HP / 0.37 kW Current 2.6 A Voltage 230 V, 50 Hz Speed 2,800 RPM Suction head 7.8 m Total head 17 m Max. capacity 67 l/min Impeller material Stainless steel Manufacturer Arpico (Sri Lanka)
Mixing motor and gear box
Motor
Model 4IK25GN-AWU Type Induction Power 25 W Current 0.55 A Voltage 100 VAC, 50 Hz Speed 1,250 RPM Manufacturer Oriental Motor Co. Ltd. (Japan)
Gear Head
Model 4GN12.5-D1 Gear Ratio 12.5:1 Manufacturer Oriental Motor Co. Ltd. (Japan)
Solenoid valves
Model SUW-20
Pipe size 0.75′′
Voltage 220 V, 50/60 Hz Max. Temperature 80°C Manufacturer miT-UNiD-cns (Taiwan)
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Electric heaters
Power 2000 W 3×
Current 26.1 A Voltage 230 V, 50 Hz Material Stainless Steel Manufacturer Mega Heaters (Sri Lanka)
Pressure gauge
Model K1.1.6 Range 0 – 100 mBar Make JAKO (Nederland)
Thermometer
Range 0 – 250°C Make –
123
Appendix E
Typical design stresses for plate
The appropriate material standards should be consulted for particular grades and plate
thicknesses
SOURCE – Sinnott, R. K. (2005) Coulson & Richardson's Chemical Engineering Series,
Volume-6, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. page-812
Material Tensile Strength (N/mm2)
Design stress at temperature °C (N/mm2)
0 to 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Carbon steel (semi-killed or silicon killed)
360 135 125 115 105 95 85 80 70
Carbon-manganese steel (semi-killed or silicon killed)
460 180 170 150 140 130 115 105 100
Carbon-molybdenum steel, 0.5per cent Mo
450 180 170 145 140 130 120 110 110
Low alloy steel (Ni, Cr, Mo, V)
550 240 240 240 240 240 235 230 220 190 170
Stainless steel 18Cr/8Ni unstabilised (304)
510 165 145 130 115 110 105 100 100 95 90
Stainless steel 18Cr/8Ni Ti stabilised (321)
540 165 150 140 135 130 130 125 120 120 115
Stainless steel 18Cr/8Ni, Mo 2.5% (316)
520 175 150 135 120 115 110 105 105 100 95
126
Appendix H
Descriptions of the buttons used in CPI
Name Mode selection switch Switch type Selector switch (Auto/Manual) Limitation No limitation – Function under both Auto and Manual modes Description Can be used to shift between Auto and Manual modes at any time
Auto to Manual – System automatically load current status of the unit to manual mode and continue under Manual mode without any change. Manual to Auto – System stops and load next automatic mode (mode indicator light will indicate the loaded mode) and wait for operator’s command to run under the new mode.
Name Level selection switch Switch type Selector switch (Full/Half) Limitation No limitation – Function under both Auto and Manual modes Description Can be used to inform the system about operating liquid level of the reactor
unit System will select the correct jet for mixing depend on the liquid level System avoid using incorrect jet valve under manual mode
Name Reset switch Switch type Push button switch Limitation No limitation – Function under both Auto and Manual modes Description System switches off all the running equipments and reset it’s memory. Name Permission switch Switch type Push button switch Limitation Function only under Automatic mode when system require permission to
proceed a certain operation/process Description System will indicate the required permission through the display unit
System waits until it receive permission Name Mode switches (Mode 1, Mode 2, Mode 3 and Mode 4) Switch type Push button switches Limitation Function only under Automatic mode Description Mode 1 – FFA reduction step
Mode 2 – Layer separation of FFA reduction step
Mode 3 – Biodiesel reduction step
Mode 4 – Layer separation of biodiesel reduction step
System will automatically shifted to next mode when one mode is complete
127
Name Equipment control switches (6 Solenoid valves, Electric heaters, Electric pump and Electric motor)
Switch type Push button switches Limitation Function only under Manual mode
3 heaters cannot be operated individually under Manual mode Description Can be use to control the equipments individually
Can be change the status of a equipment by single press (Off to On or On to Off) System avoid using incorrect jet nozzle selection valve
131
Appendix L
Abstract of patent application I
Title: Quantification of reactants required in the conversion of Free Fatty Acids (FFA) present in vegetable oils and animal fats into Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) based on the weight of the FFA content Abstract:
A novel method to convert free fatty acids (FFAs) in triglycerides (i.e. vegetable oil and animal fat) to fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) is disclosed. In this method, the amounts of methanol and acid catalyst required to convert FFAs to FAMEs is estimated based on the weight of the FFA present in the oil. Oil, appropriate amounts of methanol and acid catalyst mixture is subjected to conditions that allow the fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) to form and then the reaction mixture is allowed to settle. The FFA reduced fat or oil is settled into a separate layer and can be separated from the rest of the reaction mixture. Then the FFA reduced oil/fat can be converted to triglycerides into fatty acid methyl esters (i.e. biodiesel). The method of present invention is especially useful for the production of biodiesel using vegetable oil and animal fat feedstocks that contain any level of free fatty acids.
132
Appendix M
Abstract of patent application I
Title: Method of converting free fatty acids to fatty acid methyl esters with extended settling Abstract: A novel method for converting free fatty acids (FFAs) in triglycerides (i.e. vegetable oil, animal fat and waste oi1) is disclosed. The method involves adding a appropriate amounts of methanol and acid catalyst, subjecting the mixture to conditions that allow the fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) to form and allowing the reaction mixture to be settled. The FFA reduced fat or oil is settled in to a separate layer and can be separated from rest of the reaction mixture. The remaining FFAs of the separated layer can be further reduced by allow for settling more time. The FFA reduced oil/fat then can be subjected to conditions suitable for converting the triglycerides into fatty acid methyl esters (i.e. biodiesel). The method of present invention is especially useful for a production of biodiesel using vegetable and animal oils and fats that contain a relatively high level of free fatty acids as the feedstock.
01
09/08/2009
D
E
F
C
1 2 3 4
B
A
321 5
C
D
4 6 7 8
A
B
BIODIESEL PILOT-SCALE PLANT
LOW CARBON STEEL
09/08/2009
DR. S.H.P GUNAWARDENA
BREAK SHARP
09/08/2009
A3
SHEET 1 OF 9SCALE:1:8
DWG NO.
TITLE:
REVISIONDO NOT SCALE DRAWING
MATERIAL:
DATESIGNATURE
WEIGHT:
DR. F.M. ISMAIL
DEBUR AND
EDGES
SS 304L &
NAME
D.R.S. HEWA WALPITADRAWN
CHK'D1
FINISH:
ANGULAR: 2 deg
Q.A
MFG
CHK'D2
UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED:
DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS
SURFACE FINISH:
TOLERANCES:
LINEAR: 2 MILLIMETERS
BIODIESEL PILOT-SCALE PLANT
7
5
9
8
2
1
3
6
4
UNIT MATERIAL
1. REACTOR UNIT STAINLESS STEEL 304
2. MIXING UNIT STAINLESS STEEL 304
3. SETTLING UNIT STAINLESS STEEL 304
4. CONDENSER UNIT STAINLESS STEEL 304
5. PIPING SYSTEM STAINLESS STEEL 304
6. AIR BUBBLING SYSTEM STAINLESS STEEL 304
7. PUMP STAINLESS STEEL 304
8. ELECTRIC MOTOR STAINLESS STEEL 304
9. SUPPORTING STRUCTURE LOW CARBON STEEL
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D7
D8
31 2
4
S17
31 2
4
S18
31 2
4
S19
31 2
4
S20
31 2
4
S21
31 2
4
S22
C21 C22
LE
D15
31 2
4
S23
31 2
4
S24
41
52
63
74
EI
5
A2
6A
17
A0
90
10
111
212
313
GS
14
EO
15
31 2
4
S25
31 2
4
S26
31 2
4
S27
31 2
4
S28
41
52
63
74
EI
5
A2
6A
17
A0
90
10
111
212
313
GS
14
EO
15
1
23
JP20
4
123
JP
23
4
31 2
4
S29
31 2
4
S30
31 2
4
S31
C23
C24
VI
1
2
VO
3
IC16
GN
D
2 1
Q3
MC
LR
/TH
V1
RA
0/A
N0
2
RA
1/A
N1
3
RA
2/A
N2
4
RA
3/A
N3
5
RA
4/T
0C
KI
6
RA
5/A
N4
7
RE
0/R
D/A
N5
8
RE
1/W
R/A
N6
9
RE
2/C
S/A
N7
10
OS
C1/C
LK
IN13
OS
C2/C
LK
OU
T14
RC
0/T
1O
SO
15
RC
1/T
1O
SI
16
RC
2/C
CP
117
RC
3/S
CK
18
RD
0/P
SP
019
RD
1/P
SP
120
RD
2/P
SP
221
RD
3/P
SP
322
SD
I/RC
423
SD
O/R
C5
24
TX
/RC
625
RX
/RC
726
PS
P4/R
D4
27
PS
P5/R
D5
28
PS
P6/R
D6
29
PS
P7/R
D7
30
1211
INT
/RB
033
RB
134
RB
235
PG
M/R
B3
36
RB
437
RB
538
PG
C/R
B6
39
PG
D/R
B7
40
32 31VD
D
VS
S
IC17
C25 C26
2 1
Q4
31 2
4
S32
12 3
X4
GND1
VCC2
CONTR3
RS 4
R/W5
E6
D07
D1 8
D29
D310
D411
D5 12
D613
D714
NC15
NC 16
DIS
1
13
2 R32
1 3
2
R3512
JP
27
34
56
78
910
1112
13
14
R36
R37
R38
R39
R40
R41
R42
R43
R44
R45
R46
R47
R48
R49
R50
R51
R52
1
2
6
4
5
OK16
LE
D16
R531
2
6
4
5
OK17
LE
D17
R541
2
6
4
5
OK18
LE
D18
R551
2
6
4
5
OK19
LE
D19
R561
2
6
4
5
OK20
LE
D20
R571
2
6
4
5
OK21
LE
D21
R581
2
6
4
5
OK22
LE
D22
R591
2
6
4
5
OK23
LE
D23
R601
2
6
4
5
OK24
LE
D24
R611
2
6
4
5
OK25
LE
D25
R621
2
6
4
5
OK26
LE
D27
R631
2
6
4
5
OK27
LE
D28
R64
1
2
6
4
5
OK28
LE
D29
R65
1
2
6
4
5
OK29
LE
D30
R66
1
2
6
4
5
OK30
1 2 3
JP
28
4123
JP
29
4
C1+
1
C1-
3
C2+
4
C2-
5
T1IN
11
T2IN
10
R1O
UT
12
R2O
UT
9
V+
2
V-
6
T1O
UT
14
T2O
UT
7
R1IN
13
R2IN
8
IC18
16
2
73
84
95
X5
G1
G2
C27
C28 C29
C30
C1+
1
C1-
3
C2+
4
C2-
5
T1IN
11
T2IN
10
R1O
UT
12
R2O
UT
9
V+
2
V-
6
T1O
UT
14
T2O
UT
7
R1IN
13
R2IN
8
IC19
16
2
73
84
95
X6
G1
G2
C31
C32 C33
C34
I11
I22
I33
I44
I55
I66
I77
O116
O215
O314O4
13O5
12O6
11O710
IC20
CD+9
GND8
I11
I22
I33
I44
I55
I66
I77
O116
O215
O314
O413
O512
O611O7
10
IC21
CD+9
GND8
I11
I22
I33
I44
I55
I66
I77
O116
O215
O314
O413O5
12O6
11O7
10
IC22
CD+9
GND8
31 2
4
S33
31 2
4
S34
31 2
4
S35
31 2
4
S36
31 2
4
S37
31 2
4
S38
31 2
4
S39
31 2
4
S40
31 2
4
S41
31 2
4
S42
31 2
4
S43
31 2
4
S44
LC
D D
ISP
LAY
16x2
EX
TE
RN
AL C
CT
EX
TE
RN
AL C
CT
RE
SE
T
EQUIPMENT CONTROL MODE SELECTION
CPI SWITCHES
CIRCUIT BOARD
SWITCHES
VA
CA
NT
INP
UT
S
DRAFT
INP
UT
SIG
NA
L S
TR
EA
MS
OU
TP
UT
SIG
NA
L S
TR
EA
MS
VA
CA
NT I
NP
UTS
12
34
56
7
12
34
12
34
12
34
12
34
12
34
56
71
23
4
12
34
56
7
12
34
56
7
12
34
56
7
12
34
56
7
1234
12
34
12
34
5
67
89
12
34
5
67
89
1 2 3
12
34
12
34
12
34
12
34
12
34
12
34
12
34
12
34
12
34
12
34
12
34
12
34
12
34
12
34
12
34
1 2 3
12
34
IC1
JP
2
IC2C1
C2
C3
D1 D
2
D3D
4
S12
S13
S14
S15
S1
S2
C4
C5
LED26
S3
S4
IC3
S7
S8
S9
S10
IC4
JP
3JP
4
JP
1
JP
5
JP
6
JP
7
S5
S6
S11
C7
C8
JP
8
JP
9
IC5
JP
10
Q2
IC6
C6C9Q1
S16
X2
R33
R34
JP
11
R8
R23
R2
R3
R4
R5
R6
R7
R25
R26
R28
R29
R30
R31
R20
R1
R27
OK5
LED1R12OK6
LED2R13OK7
LED3R24OK12
LED4
R9
OK1
LED5R10OK2
LED6R11OK3
LED7R14OK4
LED8
R15
OK8
LED9
R16
OK9
LED10
R17
OK10
LED11
R18
OK11
LED12
R19
OK13
LED13
R21
OK14
LED14
R22
OK15
JP12
JP
13
IC8
X1
C10
C11
C12
C13
IC7
X3
C14
C15
C16
C17
R32
R35
R36
R37
R38
R39
R40
R41
R42
R43
R44
R45
R46
R47
R48
PIC
16
F8
77
P
1
7805TV
100uF
10uF
100nF
1N
4004
1N
4004
1N
4004
1N
4004
11
11
11
22pF
22pF
1
11
74LS
148N
11
11
74LS
148N
11
11
1
1
11
1
10uF
100nF
1
1
7812TV
1
PIC
16
F8
77
P
22pF22pF
1
100
10K
1
4N
35
1
4N
35
1
4N
35
1
4N
35
1
4N
35
1
4N
35
1
4N
35
1
4N
35
1
4N
35
1
4N
35
1
4N
35
1
4N
35
1
4N
35
1
4N
35
1
4N
35
1
1
MA
X232
MA
X232
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