thinking and language. -thinking about our own thinking examples: 1. learning about your own best...
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-thinking about our own thinking
Examples:1. Learning about your own best style of
learning.2. Becoming aware of your own biases in
judging others.3. Learning which strategies are best at
solving certain problems
METACOGNITION:
-mental groupings -helped to simplify the world
PROTOTYPES: best/most typical example of a concept
CONCEPTS:
http://www.pics4learning.com/
-problem-solving strategy-step-by-step procedure where guaranteed
the right answer-examples: -reading a map -mathematical
formulas -using recipe
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Two_girls_reading_map_of_NYC.jpg
-can be time consuming
ALGORITHMS:
-shortcuts to problem-solving -rules of thumb, educated guesses-quicker but not always accurate
HEURISTICS:
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mistakes-Precious_Life_Lessons.jpg
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Filos_tercer_logo.JPG
-sudden understanding-answer just appears-Wolfgang Kohler: chimpanzees with bananas
-solve problem with no trial and error
INSIGHT:
Inductive reasoning: reason from specific to general
-make conclusions about category based on some examples of the category
-bad exs.=bad conclusions
Deductive reasoning: reason from general to specific
-good conclusions if you start with good initial assumptions
REASONING:
Fixation: inability to look at a problem from a fresh perspective
-Mental set: tendency to approach a problem in the same way that has worked previously
-Functional fixedness: can’t see a new way to use a familiar object
PROBLEMS IN PROBLEM-SOLVING-Fixations:
Representativeness heuristic: judging by how well it matches a prototype (ex. Changing your answer on a multiple choice test because it’s the 4th A in a row)
Availability heuristic: estimating how probable something is based on how easily it comes to mind (ex. Judging that people are more likely to be murdered than die of diabetes because of vivid cases)
Anchoring heuristic: judging based on a previously determined reference point (negotiating a price on a car based on the original asking price, they always start higher than they want)
PROBLEMS IN PROBLEM-SOLVING-Heuristics
Confirmation bias: looking for information that supports your beliefs and ignoring what doesn’t
Belief perseverance: continuing to believe even after evidence refutes it
Belief bias: tendency for beliefs to distort logicHindsight bias: to falsely believe, after the
event, you knew it all alongOverconfidence: to overestimate how right we
are
PROBLEMS IN PROBLEM-SOLVING-Biases
Framing: the way that problem is presented can affect the way that you think about the problem
Examples: 1. The procedure has a 95% survival rate v.
5% of the people who have this procedure die.
2. 90% fat free v. 10% fat 3. The majority of the students passed the
test v. almost half failed.
PROBLEMS IN PROBLEM-SOLVING-Framing
-ability to think in new and unusual ways
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Brainstorming.gif
Convergent thinking: thinking toward one correct solution
Divergent thinking: producing many solutions
CREATIVITY:
System of spoken, written or signed symbols that allows for communication
-transmits culture
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Two-people-talking-logo.jpg
LANGUAGE:
PHONEMES: smallest unit of sound-English=about 45 -World=about 100“a”, “b”, “ch”, “th”
MORPHEMES: smallest unit of sound with meaning
-small words, prefixes, suffixes-most morphemes are made up of phonemes
PHONEMES AND MORPHEMES:
-rules that govern a language
SYNTAX: order of words into sentencesEnglish: “beautiful girl”Spanish: “bonita chica”
SEMANTICS: rules that govern meaning in a language
Denotation: actual meaning Connotation: emotional associations
GRAMMAR:
1. BABBLING: (4 mths.) production of phonemes
2. HOLOPHRASE: (around 1) single word
3. TELEGRAPHIC SPEECH: (about 2) 2-word sentences
4. GRAMMATICAL SPEECH: (by about 3) follow rules of grammar
LANGUAGE ACQUISITION STAGES:
Errors in language, caused by lack of knowledge
-Holophrase: use 1 word for broad categoryDog=all furry animals
-Overregularization: apply rules to irregular verbs
“I goed to the store”“I hitted the ball”
OVERGENERALIZATION:
BF Skinner:-language=nurture-learned through imitation, reinforcement, and association-language is learned by shaping from parents
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Parenting.JPG
THEORIES OF LANGUAGE ACQUISITION:
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