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Keeve Nachman, PhD Johns Hopkins University

Public Health Considerations Associated with the Industrial Food Animal Production Model

Copyright © 2012 Johns Hopkins University and Keeve Nachman. Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License 3.0.

Photo by Socially Responsible Agricultural Project. Creative Commons BY-NC-ND.

Lecture Overview

n  Industrial food animal production overview

n  Antibiotics in animal agriculture case study

n  Arsenical drugs case study

n  Food animal production abroad

3

An Introduction to Industrial Food Animal Production

Section A

Section Overview

n  What is industrial food animal production?

n  Changes in farm structure and process

n  Animal waste

n  Threats to human health and the environment

n  Challenges in IFAP research

5

IFAP

6

IFAP

7

Source: USGS

IFAP

8

Source: EPA

IFAP

9

Photo by Socially Responsible Agricultural Project. Creative Commons BY-NC-ND.

AFOs, CAFOs, and IFAP

n  EPA definition for animal feeding operation (AFO) -  Animals stabled/confined and fed/maintained for 45 days per

year -  Crops, vegetation, forage not sustained in normal growing

season over any portion of the lot or facility

n  Concentrated animal feeding operation (CAFO) -  >1,000 animal units = >1,000,000 pounds of live weight

n  Industrial food animal production—characterized by … -  High throughput production methods -  One site -  Controlled conditions -  Uniform consumer product -  Small profit margins

10

Transformation of Food Animal Production

n  Food animal production in the US has been transformed over the last 50 years

11 Source: USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service. The Census of Agriculture.

Transformation of Food Animal Production

n  Food animal production in the US has been transformed over the last 50 years

12 Source: USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service. The Census of Agriculture.

Transformation of Food Animal Production

n  Food animal production in the US has been transformed over the last 50 years

13 Source: USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service. The Census of Agriculture.

Localization of Production

n  1949 -  Poultry processing plants -  Each dot represents a plant

processing 50,000 or more chickens each year

n  2007 -  Chicken production -  Each dot represents annual

production of 1 million or more chickens

14

(Aho, 2003)

(USDA, 2009)

Vertical Integration/Contract Production

n  Structure extremely common (more than 90 percent) in poultry and swine industries (Martinez/USDA, 2002)

n  Integrators -  Own animals -  Control inputs -  Own processing plants

n  Growers -  Operate under contract -  Own animal waste

n  “Farmers”?

15

2009–2010 Slaughter and Inventory Statistics for US Livestock

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Animal Slaughtered per year Inventory

Chickens 8,658,860,000 Not given

Hogs 113,733,800 64,400,000

Cattle & calves 33,300,000 93,700,000

Sheep & lambs 2,611,200 6,900,000

Turkeys 245,768,000 Not given

Total 9,054,273,000 ---

Source: USDA 2010