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Three Dimensional Internal Structure Analysis Using Magnetic Resonance Image Data
Of Agricultural Products
Myoung Ho Kim, Seong Min Kim*
Department of Bioindustrial Machinery Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea. smkim@jbnu.ac.kr
Abstract: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system
is widely used as a diagnostic tool in medical areas
recently. MRI technique is a three-dimensional
technology (3D) originally. It provides series of two-
dimensional (2D) image data but users usually utilize
them as 2D image data to get internal information of
objects. Agricultural products having high water
content are good examples for utilizing an MRI
technique. The objectives of this study are to develop a
3D visualization technique using MRI data, and to
monitor the internal structure changes of intact kiwi
fruits due to storage time variation and to investigate
the internal structure changes of intact cherry tomato
fruits with six different growth stages in 3D space.
We used a 1 Tesla industrial grade MRI system with a
permanent magnet to acquire magnetic resonance (MR)
image data sets of target fruits nondestructively. Kiwi
fruits with different storage times and cherry tomatoes
with six different growth stages were investigated.
‘Gradient Echo’ pulse sequence was used to acquire 3D
data sets of intact fruits in the study.
Three dimensional visualization technique suitable for
analyzing series of 2D MR images was developed to
characterize and quantify internal structure of intact
fruits. In the kiwi experiment, samples were stored at
17 oC with 50% RH condition for 19 days and
monitored during the storage. Internal tissue
breakdowns were observed with an increasing storing
period. In the cherry tomato experiment, MR images of
samples with different growth stages from green to red
were acquired and the data sets were analyzed. We
found the internal structural change from the pericarp
area observed clearly from the 3D analysis.
This study suggested that MRI with 3D image analysis
is a powerful method to investigate the internal
structure change of intact agricultural products
nondestructively. This technique could be applied to all
agricultural products.
Key Words: Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 3D
Visualization, Internal Structure, Cherry tomato, Kiwi
fruit
MRI: 1 T Permanent magnet w/ 80 mm coil
Imaging pulse sequence: 3D Gradient Echo
In the cherry tomato experiments, tomato samples with
six different growth stages from green to red were
imaged and the data sets acquired were analyzed. The
internal structure changes with varying growth stages
were investigated. Especially, the signal change from the
pericarp area observed clearly.
In the kiwi experiments, kiwi fruits were stored for 19
days and monitored the internal structure changes with
an MRI system. Internal tissue breakdowns were
observed with an increasing storage time.
This study showed that MRI technique is a very
powerful tool to examine the internal structure of most of
agricultural products nondestructively. The technique
could be applied to most of agricultural products to
monitor the internal physical changes due to external
impact, defects, growth stage change, storing period etc.
ABSTRACTMATERIALS & METHODS
CONCLUSIONS
RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS
Materials
MRI System and Imaging Pulse Sequence
To develop a 3D visualization technique for MRI
data using a isosurface function
To monitor the internal structure changes of intact
kiwi fruits during storage for 19 days in 3D space
To investigate the internal structure changes of
intact cherry tomatoes harvested at six different
growth stages in 3D space
Samples: Cherry tomatoes, Kiwi fruits
Kiwi fruits: stored 19 days at 17 oC with 38%
RH condition
Cherry Tomatoes: harvested at six different
growth stages from green to red
3D Visualization Program: MATLAB(R2017a)
INTRODUCTION
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Objectives
MRI signal sources
Protons and Rate of signal decay
Location and concentration of target
molecules
Sample
Parameter
Cherry
Tomatoes
Kiwi
Fruits
TR (ms)
TE (ms)
Slice Thickness (mm)
Field of View (mm x mm)
Image size (pixels)
40
15
1
50 x 50
256 x 256
50
4
1
80 x 80
256 x 256
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTThis paper was supported by research funds of Chonbuk
National University in 2018.
REFERENCES1. Ciampa, A., M. T. Dell’Abate, O. Masetti, M. Valentini and P. Sequi.
2010. Seasonal chemical-physical changes of PGI Pachino cherry tomatoes
detected by magnetic resonance imaging. Food Chemistry. 122: 1253-1260.
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Seeds and Freeze Damage of Mandarins using Magnetic Resonance
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4. Taglienti, A., R. Massantini, R. Botondi, F. Mencarelli, and M. Valentini.
2009. Postharvest structural changes of Hayward kiwifruit by means of
magnetic resonance imaging spectroscopy. Food Chem. 114:1583-1589.
5. Zhang, L., and M. J. McCarthy. 2012. Measurement and evaluation of
tomato maturity using magnetic resonance imaging. Postharvest Biology
and Technology. 67: 37-43.
6. Zhang, L., D. M. Barrett, and M. J. McCarthy. 2013. Characterization of
the Red Layer and Pericarp of Processing Tomato using Magnetic
Resonance Imaging. J. of Food Science. 78(1): E50-E55.
Figure. Schematic diagram of MRI system showing
imaging plane and direction.
coronal
sagittal
axial
imaging
coil
sample
magnet &
gradient coil
3D Visualization of MR Image Data
Original 2D MR images → Masked 2D MR images
of Target → 3D visualization of target
Figure. Process of 3D visualization of MR images. Stacked plot
of original MR slice images(left), stacked plot of masked target
MR images(middle), 3 D subvolume plot of target MR
images(right).
Cherry Tomato Experiment
Figure. 3D subvolume plots of cherry tomatoes acquired at
green(top), turning(middle) and red(bottom) maturity stages.
The internal structure changes with different growth
stages were investigated in 3D space
Generally, pericarp and endocarp areas clearly are
distinguished at green growth stage but they are not
separated at red growth stage
At green growth stage, the inner and outer pericarp
regions are separated clearly and outer region
contains more water than inner region
Locule areas are well developed from turning stage
However, water content distributes evenly from
breaker to light red growth stage
MR signal intensity change regarding to different
growth stages are observed in 3D space
Especially, the signal intensity change from the
pericarp area observed clearly
Kiwi Fruit Experiment
The internal structure changes with varying storage
periods were monitored in 3D space
Internal tissue breakdowns were observed with an
increasing storage period in 3D space
Figure. Series of 2D MR slice images(top) and 3D subvolume
plots of a kiwi fruit taken at 19th day of storage.
Figure. Series of 2D MR slice images(top) and 3D subvolume
plots of a kiwi fruit taken at 5th day of storage.
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