tijdschrift

The emergence of a mega-port- from the global tothe local, the case of BusanPublishedin: Tijdschrift voor Econ. En Soc. Geografie, !"#$: #%&-#'%ANTOINE FRMONTInterdisciplinary Research Centre in Transport and International Affairs (C.I.R.T.A.I.), Le Havre University, 25 re !hilippe Le"on, #$%&'(5 Le Havre, #rance)*ail+ antoine.fre*ont,niv$lehavre.fr CSAR DUCRUETInterdisciplinary Research Centre in Transport and International Affairs (C.I.R.T.A.I.), Le Havre University, 25 re !hilippe Le"on, #$%&'(5 Le Havre, #rance)*ail+ dcdcret,aol.co* We would like to acknowledge P! "ian Slack #Concodia Uni$e%it&' and P! C! Co(toi% #Uni$e%it& o) Monteal' )o t*ei u%e)ul co((ent% and )oe$iewing t*e (anu%ci+t! We would like to t*ank t*e e+e%entati$e% o) ,&undai and ,an-in. o) t*e +ot aut*oitie% o) Inc*on. "u%anand /wang&ang. and o) t*e cit& o) "u%an!0(BST)(*TBusan port +as ran,ed third place of the +orld container ports in %--&. This portgro+th +as implemented +ithin a major urban settlement of over # millioninhabitants. .t could be e/plained b0 the insertion of the port cit0 in the maritimenet+or,s ofthe +orldleadingoceancarriers.Thecoe/istenceof portandurbanfunctions inthesameareacouldleadtoasph0/ia. Theefficient articulationofreticular and territorial logics, in different scales, from the global to the local andconversel0, is a necessit0 to improve the development of the port cit0.1e0+ords: South 1orea, East (sia, containeri2ation, port, port cit0.1.3T)456*T.43T*e (aiti(e )a2ade 3etween 4a+an and Singa+oe *a% 3eco(e t*e ke& )ocu% o)wold containe %*i++ing o$e to t*e la%t two decade%! T*e %cale o) t*ede$elo+(ent% andt*ea+idit&o) gowt**a$e3eene(aka3le! W*ilet*e4a+ane%e +ot% o) Tok&o. 5oko*a(a. 6o3e and Nago&a *a$e 3een a(ong t*elage%t containe +ot% in t*e wold e$e %ince t*e ince+tion o) containei7ationin t*e 089:%. t*e& *a$e 3een o$e%*adowed 3& t*e e(egence duing t*e 08;:%o) ,ong6ongandSinga+oe and6ao*%iung#Ri((e. 0888'!T*e%e A%ianL o) t*e count&=%e?+ot% ae containei7ed #Soo. 088:'! T*i% e?+otB3a%edgowt*o) Sout*6oea(io%t*at o)ot*enewl&indu%tiali7ingcountie%#NIC%'o)Sout*BEa%t A%iaA C*ina. ,ong 6ong. Singa+oe and Taiwan!T*ei%eo) )oeigntadegeneatedacoe%+ondinggowt*in+ot ta))ic!Con)ined to t*e not* 3& Not* 6oea=% locked )ontie %ince 08I>. Sout* 6oeai% e%%entiall& an i%landA (oe t*an 88L o) it% )oeign tade i% %*i++ed 3& %ea#Cullinane. o+! cit!'! Raw(ateial% ae(ainl&caiedt*oug*t*e+ot%o)Po*angclo%e tot*e POSCOionand%teel indu%tial co(+le?M Ul%an)o+etoleu( and Inc*on. w*ic* i% t*e clo%e%t +ot to Seoul! "u%an i% t*e count&=%containe and geneal cago +ot and until t*e ecent de$elo+(ent o)/wang&ang. "u%an*andled(oet*an8:Lo) 6oea=%containe ta))ic! It%e$e% a national *inteland. %ince it% own u3an aea and neig*3ouing+o$ince%geneatea(inoit&o)Sout*6oea=%containe ta))ic. t*elage%t(aket 3eing Seoul. @::k( awa&! De%+ite t*e +o?i(it& o) Inc*on to Seoul. it%oleincontaine ta))ici%negligi3le#HLo) national containe t*oug*+ut'3ecau%eo)a$e&*ig*tidal angeandalockgate%&%te(t*at i%not wellIada+ted to acco((odate giant containe%*i+%! "u%an. on t*e ot*e *and o))e%e?cellent nautical condition%!T*e +ot %ite )o(% a wide 3a& +o$iding dee+wate #B0I (ete%'. t*at i% well +otected )o( tidal %uge% and %u3-ect to a $e&low tidal ange!In t*i% egad. "u%an i% $e& %i(ila to 6ao*%iung. %ince it tooi% di%tant )o(Taiwan=%(ainindu%tial aea)o containei7ede?+ot%. t*eca+ital Tai+ei #,a&ne% et al. 088;'. onl& t*at t*ee t*e local +ot% ae li(ited 3&%*allow wate at*e t*an a *ig* tidal ange!National containe ta))ic alone doe% not e?+lain"u%an=% +eBe(inence! A+aticulal& i(+otant %+atial ad$antage i% it% inte(ediac& #,a&ut* andFle(ing. 088@'!T*e(ainNot*BSout*%*i++inglaneunning)o(4a+antoSinga+oet*oug*,ong6ong+a%%e%clo%eto"u%an. anditi%ont*egeatcicle oute aco%% t*e Paci)ic! T*u%. )o(t*e 088:%. "u%an*a% addedatan%%*i+(ent )unction to it% alead& (a-o ole a% a *inteland +ot! Accounting)o le%% t*an ILo) t*e o$eall ta))ic (o$e(ent in 08;8. tan%%*i+(ent$olu(e% gew to 0IL in 088@. 1IL in 0888 and @:!;L in 1::>#Containei7ation Intenational. 088I. 1:::. 1::@a'! It i% t*i% a+id gowt* o)tan%%*i+(ent ta))ic t*at *a% allowed "u%an to %u%tain it% +e%ent (aket %*aeo) neal& eig*t +e cent o) Ea%t A%ian +ot% ta))ic!T*i% *a% occued w*enot*e*u3%inEa%t. Not*Ea%t andSout*Ea%tA%ia*a$ee?+eienced%o(edecline% in t*ei (aket %*ae% 3ecau%e o) egional co(+etition! T*u%. 3etween088I and 1::> ,ong 6ong=% %*ae )ell )o( 1:!;L to 0I!HL. 6ao*%iung )o(;!9L to 9!;L. and Singa+oe )o( 08!9L to 0@!1L #Ta3!0 and Fig!1'!9JINSERT TA"NE 0KJINSERT FI/URE 1K"u%an=% e(egence a% a containe +ot )o 3ot* *inteland and tan%%*i+(entta))ic i% (ioed 3& t*e e?+an%ion in %e$ice% o))eed 3& t*e glo3al %*i++ingline% t*at *a$e(adet*e+ot a*u3)o t*ei %e$ice% inNot*Ea%t A%ia!Twent& %i? o) t*e to+ twent& %e$en glo3al caie% wee +e%ent in "u%an in1::1#Ta3!1'! ,owe$e.weekl&tan%+ot ca+acitWTC'. a%dete(ined3&totalling t*e %lot% a$aila3le 3& weekl& %ailing% )o( t*e +ot. i% do(inated 3&t*e two 6oean co(+anie% ,an-in and ,&undai w*o account )o >0L o) t*e+ot total! T*i%%tong6oean+e%encein"u%ani%*i%toical and+olitical!,an-in and ,&undai *a$e +la&ed an i(+otant ole in %u++oting t*e )oeigntade o) t*ei *o(e count& in t*e %a(e wa& t*at E$egeen *a% )o Taiwan.NON )o Singa+oe. OOCN )o ,ong 6ong and COSCO )o S*ang*ai! JINSERT TA"NE 1K,owe$e. Euo+ean and ot*e A%ian %*i++ing line% *a$e a %tong +e%ence in"u%an! T*ei %*ae o) t*e total WTCi% 1;Land >9Le%+ecti$el&! T*e+e%ence o) t*e (a-o nonB6oean %*i++ing co(+anie% indicate% t*at "u%an=%+ot acti$it& toda& i% no longe ooted onl& in 6oean )oeign tade! "ecau%e iti% located on t*e (ain A%ian %*i++ing lane%. "u%an *a% 3eco(e a +ot w*ee%o(e caie% *a$e decidedtoe%ta3li%*a *u3. )o(w*ic*containe% ae)eedeed to egional +ot%! T*e%e tend% ae e)lected 3& t*e *ig* concentationo) WTC o))eed in "u%an 3& %e$eal %*i++ing line% a% a +o+otion o) t*ei ownHA%ian+ot netwok% #Ta3!>'! A% national caie% it i% not %u+i%ingt*at,&undai and ,an-in wit* it% DSR Senato 3anc* eac* o))e (oe t*an 0HL o)t*ei WTC to "u%an! T*e ate i% al%o $e& *ig* )o MSC #00!>L'. CMABC/M#8!9L'. C*ina S*i++ing Containe Nine% #0:!0L' and OIM #0@!@L'! JINSERT TA"NE >KIt (a& 3e o3%e$ed t*at t*ee a++ea% to 3e a %&%te(atic elation%*i+ t*at w*en"u%an=% %*ae i% +o+otionatel& *ig*. t*e 4a+ane%e +ot%= %*ae and to a cetaine?tent t*at o) 6ao*%iung. ae lowe! T*i% i% +aticulal& tue )o CMABC/Mand C*ina Containe Nine% w*ic* ae not +e%ent in 6ao*%iung no in 4a+ane%e+ot%! In conta%t. %*i++ing line% w*ic* concentate t*ei WTC in 4a+ane%e +ot%o in 6ao*%iung ae elati$el& weake in "u%an! 4a+ane%e caie% aedi%+o+otionatel& concentating t*ei ca+acit& in 4a+ane%e +ot%. wit* 6BNineallocating 1@!1L o) it% WTC to 4a+ane%e +ot% 3ut onl& 1L to "u%an. N56Nine >:!IL again%t 9!1L. and MON @:!1L again%t @!>L! T*i% i% t*e %a(e )ot*eTaiwane%e%*i++ingline% 5ang(ing. E$egeenandit% Nlo&d% Tie%tino%u3%idia&! T*e& ae concentated in 6ao*%iung a% well a% in 4a+ane%e +ot%. 3utal(o%t a3%ent in "u%an! T*i% +atten i% al%o tue )o Mae%kBSealand. APN and,a+agBNlo&d. 3ut t*e di%tinction i% le%% )o PPO Nedllo&d and Oient O$e%ea%Containe Nine #OOCN'!T*i%egional di))eentiationo)%e$iceca+acit&allocationi%(ioedint*eWTC% o) t*e (a-o glo3al alliance%! T*e +e%ence o) t*e t*ee 6oean %*i++ingco(+anie%. ,an-in. 5ang(ing and Senato. wit*in t*e United Alliance e%ult% int*e elati$el& *ig* ca+acit& %*ae o) "u%an #09!HL'! On t*e ot*e *and. t*e New;Wold Alliancedo(inated3& APN andMON. allocate%>:Lo)it%WTCto4a+ane%e +ot%! Fo t*e /and Alliance. t*e di))eence 3etween 4a+ane%e +ot%and "u%ani% elati$el& %(all #0@!ILto 9!0L' e$en t*oug* t*i% allianceinclude% N56 and no 6oean line%!T*e anal&%i% %ugge%t% t*at "u%an i% in diect co(+etition wit* 4a+ane%e +ot% in3eing %elected a% a *u3 location 3& glo3al %*i++ing co(+anie%! Fo %e$eal o)t*e caie%t*ec*oice o)"u%an *a%3een(ade3ecau%e o)di%ad$antage% o)4a+an!T*e latte=% +ot co%t% ae $e& *ig*A Te(inal ,andling C*age% #T,C'%et 3& t*e Fa Ea%ten Feig*t Con)eence )o a twent& )oot containe ae Q1>Iin 6o3e 3ut onl& Q;: in "u%an #Containei7ation Intenational. 1::1a'!Man&caie% ae deteed )o( calling at 4a+ane%e +ot% 3ecau%e o) t*e union%. t*e*ig*le$el o) 3ueaucac&andt*e lacko) o+enne%% to)oeign3u%ine%%e%!Finall&. t*e %catteing o) )i$e +ot% o$e I:: kilo(ete% (ake% it di))icult )o t*e%*i++ing co(+anie% to concentate t*ei %e$ice% at one o) t*e I +ot% and totake )ull ad$antage a *u3 netwok! Onl& MON concentate% (oe t*an 0:L o)it% A%ian WTCin one 4a+ane%e +ot. w*ile nine co(+anie% *a$e *ig*e+o+otion% in "u%an!A )ut*e )acto wa% t*e 088I 6o3e=% eat*Guake w*ic*)oced%*i++ingline%to)indaltenati$e%olution%. and(an&ediectedt*ei$e%%el% to "u%an! E$en a)te econ%tuction. co(+anie% t*at *ad %tong*i%toical tie% wit* 4a+ane%e +ot% )o tan%%*i+(ent etained a %u3%tantial +ato) t*ei acti$it& in "u%an!0 0Ou %tud& on t*e %*i++ing co(+anie%= tan%+ot ca+acit& i% a$aila3le onl& )o 1::1! Re%eac* i% now in+oge%% )o t*e &ea 088> %o a% to (ea%ue a 0: &ea e$olution! 8"u%an not onl& ca+tued ta))ic )o( 4a+an 3ut )o( Not*en C*ina a% well! In1:::. "u%an=% tan%%*i+(ent acti$it& )o( 3ot* 4a+an and C*ina incea%ed 3&(oe t*an @IL #D!R!E!E!. 1::0'! T*e e?+onential gowt* o) C*ine%e ta))ic i% a(a-o )acto accounting )o t*e gowt* o) tan%%*i+(ent tade in "u%an! 5ellowSea +ot% %uc* a% Ringdao. Tian-in. Dalian. %ituated well awa& )o( t*e glo3al(aiti(e %*i++inglane%.aediectl& linked to"u%an.w*ic*t*en di%ti3ute%t*i% C*ine%e tade to Not* A(eica and Euo+e!It i% al%o in t*e%e not*enC*ine%e +o$ince% t*at diect 6oean in$e%t(ent% ae t*e (o%t con%idea3le #4ieet al. 1:::'! "u%an *a% al%o 3ene)ited )o( t*e eno(ou% gowt* o) tade )o(S*ang*ai. w*ee. 3ecau%e o) de+t* o) wate li(itation%. %*i+% de+at +atiall&loaded to 3e to++ed o)) at "u%an! *7(::E3GES:ocal congestion, regional imbalances and international competitionDe%+ite t*e )o(ida3le %ucce%% o) "u%an. it% )utue i% t*eatened 3& a nu(3e o)+e%%ue% at a $aiet& o) %+atial %cale%! T*e +ot i% contiguou% to a (a-o u3an%ettle(ent. andt*econtinuou%incea%eincontaine)low%wit*int*i%*ig*l&u3ani7ed%itei%t*eatening3ot*+ot andcit&wit*a%+*&?ia! T*eegionalecono(& i% not conduci$e to t*e e%ta3li%*(ent o) (an& o) t*e %e$ice acti$itie%t*at aenece%%a&ina(oden+ot clu%te! At t*e%a(eti(et*egowt*o)diect %*i+(ent% )o( Not* C*ine%e +ot% i% a t*eat to "u%an=% tan%%*i+(enttade!0:The coe/istence of port and urban functions: an impossible relationship;Toda&. "u%an=% entie 3a& i% dedicated to t*e +ot acti$it&! To co+ewit*t*egowt*o) ta))ic. t*e6oeanaut*oitie% *a$e3uilt newte(inal%. andall ae )ail&&oung. )o(t*e olde%t 4a%ungDaeContaine Te(inal. 3uilt in 08H;. to t*e (o%t ecent S*in /a((anTe(inal 3uilt in 1::1! I) "u%an 3a& i% an e?cellent natual *a3ou. t*e +ot %ite i% Guite con%tained!Containe 3et*% *a$eto%*ae+ot %+acewit*ot*e acti$itie%! A% ae%ult"u%an=% containete(inal% %u))e)o( *ea$&conge%tionACTe(inal%ae %o3u%& t*at $e%%el% ae not allowed to di%c*age t*ei cagoe%. %o a lage +otiono) containe% %u3%eGuentl& *a$e to 3e *andled at con$entional +ie%! In 1:::.t*e%econ$entional +ie%*andleda(a%%i$e1!>9(illion TEUD#6i(. 1::1'!T*i% conge%tion *a% 3een ecogni7ed in a nu(3e o) 6oean e+ot%. %o(e o)w*ic* 3la(e t*e lack o) +ot in$e%t(ent in 6oea! T*e +o3le( o) inland conge%tion i% (uc* (oe %e$ee!;IL o) containe% aetan%+oted 3& oad! Nocated al(o%t in t*e cit& cente. t*e containe te(inal%aenot well connectedtoeac*ot*e #Fig!>'! T*u% +ot ta))ic(i?e% wit*geneal u3an ta))ic cau%ing %igni)icant +o3le(% o$e t*e w*ole u3an aea!T*e +o?i(it& o) (ountain% to t*e containe te(inal% agga$ate% t*e +o3le(o) oadacce%%! So(eu3an*ig*wa&% eac*t*ete(inal% 3&lagetunnel%t*oug*t*e%uounding(ountain%. )o e?a(+le. t*e4a%ungDaeContainete(inal! 00Pot ta))ic i% di%+e%edall o$e t*e u3ani7edaea 3ecau%e >Ho))Bdockcontaine &ad% ae %catteed aound t*e cit&! In 1:::. t*e& *andled >!0 (illioni(+otEe?+ot containe%#Containei7ationIntenational. o+! cit!'! T*etuck%%e$eel& da(age cit& oad% #Anon&(ou%. 0880'! Pot geneated tuck ta))ic i%adding to a gowing +o3le( o) u3an conge%tion. %tongl& di$en 3& gowt* inca owne%*i+andi(+o$edli$ing%tandad%! Toda&. "u%ani% )acingtotalgidlock!T*i% i% 3eing e)lected in dela&% in %e$ing t*e (ain do(e%tic (aket.Seoul! E$en in 088@. a -oune& 3& oad 3etween "u%an and Seoul took 0@ *ou%co(+aedto;*ou%in08;:#Containei7ationIntenational. 088@'. de%+itenu(eou% i(+o$e(ent% in oad in)a%tuctue%! T*i% ta))ic conge%tion i(+act%on t*e %(oot* unning o) t*e w*ole +ot node it%el)! JINSERT FI/URE >KDe%+ite t*e %e$eit& o) t*e +o3le(. conceted +lanning +olic& 3etween cit& and+ot i% nonBe?i%tent! T*e in%titutional %&%te( i% not well %tuctued to de$elo+a++o+iate +olic& e%+on%e%! Pot +olic& de+end% diectl& on centalgo$en(ent t*oug* t*e Mini%t& o) Maiti(e A))ai% and Fi%*eie% #MOMAF'and t*e 6oea Containe Te(inal Aut*oit& #6CTA'. t*e latte +lanning3uilding% and newte(inal%! Wit*in "u%an=% Cit& ,all. t*e CPot Polic&De+at(entD wok% diectl& wit* MOMAF and 6CTAwit* t*e ai(o)%tengt*ening t*e +ot )unction 3ut totall& ignoing t*e CU3an PlanningDe+at(entD. e$en t*oug* it i% located in t*e %a(e 3uilding and +o(ote% t*ede$elo+(ent o) an attacti$e wate)ont #C*o et al. 1::1'! Wit* %uc* a di))icultgeoga+*ical %ite. contadicto& +o-ect% ae %o(eti(e% concei$ed )o t*e %a(e01aea%! Fo e?a(+le. t*e+o-ect to%*i)t o) %o(e o) t*e+ot tan%%*i+(entacti$it& to t*e $icinit& o) t*e cit& ailwa& %tation wa% o++o%ed 3& t*e cit&. w*o+o+o%ed e%idential de$elo+(ent o) t*e aea% #Pak. 088:'! T*e %atuation *a% 3een %uc* t*at a containe ta? wa% intoduced. allowing t*ecit& to ai%e e$enue )o( containe ta))ic w*ile at t*e %a(e ti(e t&ing to li(itt*i% ta))ic#6i(et al. 1::1'! ,owe$e. t*ee))icienc&o) t*i% ta?i% *otl&de3ated and it% i(+o%ition %ee(ingl& contadict% +ot de$elo+(ent o3-ecti$e%!Initiati$e% %uc* a% t*i%. along wit* t*e e))ect% o) localconge%tion (a& cau%einte(odal tan%+ot +la&e% to elocate t*ei acti$itie% el%ew*ee! T*i% e?+lain%w*& t*i% ta? *a% 3een a3andoned in 1::>. in ode to a$oid an& loo%ening o)co(+etiti$it&!Finall&. ecent e$ent% *a$e a))ected t*e e))icienc& 3ot* +ecei$ed and eal o) t*e+ot o) "u%an! In 1::> t*ee wee two national %tike% o) tucke% t*atinteu+tedegula %*i+(ent%o)containe%toand)o(do(e%tic*inteland(aket%! Inaddition. t*e+ot wa%%e$eel&i(+acted3&t&+*oonMae(i inSe+te(3e 1::> w*ic* di%a3led 01 o) t*e +ot% I1 gant& cane%! W*ile t*e +otaut*oit& wa% a3le to ad-u%t $e& Guickl& to t*e%e cala(itie%. t*e& *ad occuedat a ti(e w*en t*e e?i%ting %tuctual di))icultie% wee alead& cau%ing concena(ong %o(e %*i++ing line%!T*e%e local di))icultie% ae cetainl& not a3%ent in (an& o) t*e co(+eting Ea%tA%ian *u3%! 6ao*%iung. )o e?a(+le. e?+eience% %i(ila di))icultie% o)containe te(inal% %*aing t*e %a(e %+ace wit* ot*e +ot acti$itie% #,a&ne% etal. o+!cit!'! Fut*e(oe. t*e i%%ue%o)+ot acce%%andu3an conge%tionae0>+e%ent in(o%t ot*e (eto+olitan +ot cente%. %uc*a% ,ong6ongandS*ang*ai!Rat*e it i% t*e %cale and %co+e o) t*e%e +o3le(% t*at (ake% "u%an%tand out!It% u3an and +*&%ical %etting i% +e%enting )o(ida3le c*allenge% )oit% continued %ucce%% a% a containe +ot!Thedifficulties of becomingamaritimemetropolis: thedependenceonSeoulT*e t*eat% o) a%+*&?ia )o "u%an +ot ae accentuated 3& t*e cit&=% inca+acit&to de$elo+ co((ecial and logi%tic% )unction% a++o+iate )o a lage(aiti(e (eto+oli%! A (a-o +o3le( i% "u%an=% de+endence on t*eca+ital. Seoul! Wit* al(o%t @ (illion in*a3itant% in 1::1. al(o%t 0:Lo) t*e 6oean+o+ulation. "u%an i% a lage (eto+oli%. 3ut it i% dwa)ed 3& Seoul.w*ic* *a% 0: (illion in*a3itant% in t*e inne cit& alone! Seoul i% t*e+olitical andco((ecial ca+ital o)t*ecount&.anddo(inate%t*eentie u3an *ieac*&! "u%an de$elo+ed a)te t*e 6oean Wa a% an indu%tial cente! Relati$el& lowadded $alue indu%tie% %uc* a% te?tile% wee e%ta3li%*ed a% well a% c*e(ical%and (ac*ine&. eGuiing an a3undant and )eGuentl& low Guali)ied wok)ocet*at ga$e i%e toa (a%% ual e?odu% #S*in. 088;'! T*i% e%ultedinnewin)a%tuctue%. ani(+e%%i$ee?+an%iono) t*ecit&andceationo) alocalcon%u(e (aket!"u%an *a% e(ained an indu%tial +ot cit& #Pak et al. 1:::'! In 088I. "u%anaccounted )o H0!1L and @;L o) t*e egion=% indu%tial )i(% and0@(anu)actuing -o3% e%+ecti$el& #Ni(. 1:::'! ,owe$e. t*e cit& *a% 3egun to%u))e co(+etition)o(newA%ianco(+etito%! 6oean)actoie% ae3eingelocated to Sietna( and C*ina. dealing a %e$ee 3low to "u%an=% taditionalecono(ic +o%+eit&! It *a% di))icult& in di$e%i)&ing 3ecau%e o) t*e do(inanceo) t*e ca+ital cit&! In 088I. Seoul contained 1@L o) t*e national +o+ulation 3ut90L o) e(+lo&ee% in )inance and (aketing. and 89L o) t*e *eadGuate% o)(a-o co(+anie% #,ong. 0889' including ,&undai and ,an-in! *ompetition from *hinaPat o) "u%an=% %ucce%% i% it% ole a% a tan%%*i+(ent +ot )o t*e 3ugeoningta))ice?+ot%o)Not*C*ina! "ecau%eC*ine%e+ot%wee+ool&eGui++edand *ad %igni)icant +*&%ical con%taint%. intenational %*i++ing line% weeeluctant to e%ta3li%* diect %e$ice% t*ee!JINSERT TA"NE @KA% di%cu%%ed a3o$e. "u%an=% geoga+*ical inte(ediac& #,a&ut* and Fle(ing.o+! cit!'. and e))icienc& e%ulted in it ca+tuing a %igni)icant +o+otion o) t*eC*ina tade. wit* tan%%*i+(ent% accounting )o o$e @:L o) ta))ic in 1::>!T*i% t&+e o) )unction i% *ig*l& co(+etiti$e and +otentiall& un%ta3le! C*ange%incondition%can 3ing a3out%igni)icantalteation%!O$e t*ela%t )i$e&ea%C*ine%e aut*oitie% *a$e %oug*t to +o$ide i(+o$ed ca+acit& in it% (a-o +ot%in ode to attact diect %e$ice%! C*ine%e +ot%= t*oug*+ut *a% 3een ecodingan e?ce+tional gowt* duing ten &ea% #Ta3!@'! Mega +ot e?+an%ion +o-ect%ae undewa& in all t*e (a-o C*ine%e +ot%. +aticulal& in S*ang*ai. Ringdao.0ITian-in. Ning3o and Dalian! T*e%e +o-ect% in$ol$e not onl& t*e +o$i%ion o)intenationalB%tandadcontaine 3et*%. 3ut al%ot*e+atici+ationo) )oeignca+ital in t*e (anage(ent and e$entual o+eation o) t*e new te(inal%! T*e%e+o-ect%ae3einga+idl&caiedout. andalead&(an&o)t*e(a-ointenational %*i++ing line% *a$e e%ta3li%*ed diect containe %e$ice% wit* t*e%e+ot%! T*i% e+e%ent% a %eiou% t*eat to an i(+otant +at o) "u%an=% ta))icacti$it&! T*e t*eat i% likel& to get (uc* (oe inten%e w*en t*e new te(inal% inS*ang*ai #5an%*an' 3egin to co(e on %tea( in 1::I. and Ringdao co(+lete%t*e tan%)e o) it% containe acti$it& to t*e new +ot in 1::9!Government )esponses T*e 6oean +ot% indu%t& *a% alwa&% 3een de+endent u+on go$en(ent action#Cullinane and Song. o+! cit!'! T*e Mini%t& o) Maiti(e A))ai% and Fi%*eie%#MOMAF' e?et% contol o$e t*e +o$i%ion o) (aine in)a%tuctue%! Itdecide% w*enandw*ee)acilitie% aeto3e3uilt! T*e(anage(ent o) t*ete(inal% i% de$ol$ed to t*e 6oea Te(inal Aut*oit& #6CTA'. w*ic* ecei$e%t*e te(inal% at no co%t! T*i% *a% 3een a *ig*l& centali7ed %&%te( t*ee)oe!T*e %&%te( woked a% long a% no un)oe%een c*allenge% wee encounteed!W*ilet*e%&%te(+o$ided6oeawit*aco(+etiti$e+ot %&%te(initiall&.ta))ic e?+an%ion at "u%an duing t*e 088:% outgew t*e )acilitie% t*at *ad 3eencon%tucted! One o) t*e ea%on% )o conge%tion at "u%an wa% t*e %lowne%% o)MOMAF to e%+ond to t*e gowing de(and )o new )acilitie% #Cullinane andSong. o+! cit!'! "& t*e (id 088:% it wa% 3eco(ing a++aent t*at i) 6oea a% a09w*ole wa% to ad-u%t to t*e gowt* o) C*ina. %igni)icant c*ange% would *a$e totake +lace. eGuiing t*e +o$i%ion o) new tan%+ot ca+acit&. including new +ot)acilitie% and a new ai+ot at Inc*on! T*e )inancial ci%i% o) 088H accentuatedt*e need )o c*ange not onl& in ca+acit& 3ut al%o new go$enance +ocedue%and )o a )ocu% on t*e e?+an%ion o) logi%tic% )unction%!3e+ infrastructures In 088I t*e *ea$& indu%tial cit& o) /wang&ang #ion P %teel and+etoc*e(ical%'wa% c*o%en 3& MOMAFto 3eco(e a new containe+ot to*el+ o$eco(e conge%tion at "u%an! T*i% deci%ion e%ulted in t*e con%tuctiono) )ou new3et*%t*at weeo+enedin088;and0888! Wit*good(aineacce%%i3ilit&.wit*a1:(etewatede+t*. andnolagead-acent u3anaea/wang&ang i% a good %ite )o a (oden +ot de$elo+(ent! It% local *inteland i%li(ited.3ut3ecau%e it+o%%e%%e%goodacce%%i3ilit&inland. ti(eand co%t% toSeoul aelowe t*an"u%an! 4oune&ti(e%)o(/wang&angtot*eMa%anlogi%tic cente ae t*e %a(e a% t*o%e )o( "u%an te(inal%. de%+ite t*e di%tance3eing )ou ti(e% longe! In te(% o) co%t%. 6oean aut*oitie% *a$e guaanteed%o(e )inancial ad$antage% to %*i++e% a% well a% to %*i++ing co(+anie%o+eating t*oug* /wang&ang!Finall&. t*e +e%ence o) t*e two (ain 6oean%*i++ing co(+anie% ,an-in and ,&undai in t*e )i%t te(inal% ga$e /wang&angan eal& 3oo%t in ta))ic t*at it *a% (aintained. eac*ing 0!1 (illion TEU% in1::>!Moe ecentl&. deci%ion% wee (ade to con%tuct a new containe co(+le? 0:k( to t*e we%t o) "u%an "a&. clo%e to t*e Nok%a( indu%tial co(+le?! T*i% new0H+ot will 3e located totall& out%ide t*e u3an agglo(eationM it Guit% t*e oiginal3a&%ite#Fig!>'! T*eNew"u%anPot i%unde con%tuctiononalage%iteeclai(ed )o( t*e %ea and /adok I%land!T*e +o-ect will e$entuall& *a$e 1@new 3et*% +o%t% wit* an annual *andling ca+acit& o) @!9 (illion TEU%! T*e)i%t )i$e 3et*% will 3e deli$eed in 1::9!T*e new )acilit& i% intended not onl&toadd*andlingca+acit&to"u%an. 3ut al%o+o$ideelie) )o(t*e+e%entu3an conge%tion a))licting t*e +e%ent +ot )acilitie%! T*i% i% egaded a%e%%ential in etaining (ulti(odal o+eato% in "u%an it%el)!T*e +ot o) Inc*on i% not cut )o( %uc* in$e%t(ent%A a new containe te(inalo+eated 3& Pot o) Singa+oe Aut*oit& #PSA'. in a -ointB$entue wit*Sa(%ung. wa% inauguated in 4ul& 1::@! It% &eal& ca+acit& i% o) @::!::: TEU%wit*. i)t*econ%tuctiono)twoot*e>::(Gua&%i%decided3&t*e6oeango$en(ent.a +otentialo) 0!1 (illion TEU% +e annu( aound 1:00. w*ic*would 3e added to a total o) ;1:!::: TEU% in 1::>! T*i% te(inal wouldn=t%u))e )o(t*e*andica+% o) )o(e in)a%tuctue% o+eated3&,an-inand6oea E?+e%%! It% wate de+t* i% o) 0@ (ete% and i% acce%%i3le wit*out lockgate! Suc* an in$e%t(ent i% diectl& )ocu%ed on catc*ing egional )low%. nota3l&t*o%e 3etween 5ellow Sea=% C*ine%e +ot% and Sout* 6oea! T*i% would a$oidt*e %*i++e% o) /eate Seoul to 3e de+endant )o( "u%an o /wang&ang. w*enat t*e %a(e ti(e t*e 6&onginCanal i%unde wa:00'toeducetucking3etween Inc*on and Seoul #Ducuet. 1::I'! Tan%%*i+(ent t*oug*+ut%. w*ic*wouldco(+ete wit*egional )low%. ae%till not +lanned#Containei%ationIntenational. 1::@3'!0;3e+ governance relationships6oean go$en(ent=% deci%ion to e?+and containe *andling ca+acit& *a% 3een(atc*ed 3& a %igni)icant %et o) c*ange% in t*e li3eali7ation o) +ot *andlingo+eation%! Mo%t i(+otantl&. t*e 6oean o+eato%= (ono+ol& on +oto+eation%. eit*e 3& 6CTA o t*e 6oean caie%. *a% ended. and t*e ent& o)t*e lage%t wold te(inal o+eato% *a% 3eenencouaged #Nee. 0888'! InFe3ua& 1::1. t*e ,ong 6ong te(inal o+eating co(+an& ,utc*in%on Pot,olding%enteedt*e+ot. *a$ing+uc*a%edt*e4a%ungDaeTe(inal )o(,&undai and i% co((itted to t*e P*a%e II de$elo+(ent o)/wang&ang! In t*eNew "u%an Pot. CST Wold Te(inal% i% t*e (a-o +i$ate in$e%to along wit*6CTA! T*eli3eali7ationwa%takenone%te+)ut*ein4anua&1::@. w*enanewogani7ation wa% ceated to ad(ini%te t*e +ot o) "u%an! No longe diectl&de+endent u+on MOMAF. t*e new "u%an Pot Aut*oit& #"PA' i% ie%+on%i3le)o (aiti(e o+eation% and de$elo+(ent! It (u%t )ollow t*e %a(e accounting+inci+le% a% a +i$ate co(+an&! T*e goal i% to ceate a (oe )le?i3lead(ini%tati$e %tuctue t*at can e%+ond (oe Guickl& to t*e co((ecial need%o) cu%to(e% and to e?tenal +e%%ue% and c*allenge% t*an t*e )o(e *ig*l&centali7ed %&%te(! It (a& 3e noted. *owe$e. t*at "PA i% inde+endent o) t*elocal go$en(ent. alt*oug* it i% *o+ed t*at it will e%ta3li%* %&negie% wit* t*elocal aut*oitie%inode(oee))ecti$el&coodinate+ot de$elo+(ent wit*egional +lanning and econo(ic de$elo+(ent!08Toget*e. t*e%e (ea%ue% ae intended to %e$e 6oean teitoial de$elo+(entin )acilitating t*e gowt* o) logi%tic% and )inancial acti$itie% linked to (aiti(etan%+ot! In New "u%an Pot. a% in /wang&ang. %o(e aea% ae e%e$ed )ologi%tic% acti$itie%. and t*e +ot%= )ee 7one %tatu% i% likel& to attact in$e%to%!T*enewcente% aeintendedtoadd$aluetotan%%*i+(ent acti$itie% andintoduce new )unction% into t*e li(ited econo(ic 3a%e% o) t*e two +ot citie%!*onclusionW*ile "u%an *a% 3een %*a+ed 3& glo3al )oce%. +aticulal& t*e e?+an%ion o)tade )o( t*e Paci)ic Ri(. and i% con)onting co(+etition )o( 3e&ond 6oeaMt*i% +a+e de(on%tate% t*at local )acto% +la& an i(+otant ole in %*a+ing it%de$elo+(ent andc*allenge%! Conge%tioni%aco((on)eatueo)Ea%tA%ian+ot%. w*eeta))icgowt*i% +e%enting+aticula +o3le(% o) acce%% and)acilit& de$elo+(ent! A% in Singa+oe. S*ang*ai and ,ong 6ong e?+an%ion o)in)a%tuctue i% taking +lace at a egional %cale! T*e Cc*allenge o) +ei+*eal+ot%D #,a&ut*. 08;0' i% gi$ing i%e to new )acilitie% de$elo+(ent t*at (a& 3eunde t*e -ui%diction o) t*e local +ot aut*oit&. a% i% t*e ca%e o) "u%an NewPot in "u%an and 5ang%*an in S*ang*ai. o in t*e de$elo+(ent o) te(inal%unde di))eent -ui%diction%. a%int*eca%eo) /wang&anginSout*6oea.1:Tan-ung Pele+a% in t*e ca%e o) Singa+oe. and t*e S*en7*en +ot% in t*e PealRi$e Delta! 4u%t a% S*en7*en +ot% ae now c*allenging t*e *ege(on& o) ,ong6ong#WangandSlack'. %o/wang&ang(a&3e%eena%aco(+etitoto"u%an! Int*eca%eo) Taiwan. t*edo(inant +o%itiono) 6ao*%iungi% %tille$ident. alt*oug* t*ee *a$e 3een atte(+t% to e%ta3li%* new containe te(inal%in 6eelung #,a&ne% and al. 088;'!"u%an o))e% (an& %i(ilaitie% wit* 6ao*%iung. 3ot* in te(% o) co(+etition)o %+ace wit*in t*e +ot aea and wit* t*e elati$el& %+eciali7ed econo(ic 3a%eo) t*e local econo(ie%! Nike 6ao*%iung. "u%an i% +i(ail& a cente o) *ea$&(anu)actuing. and *a% )ailed to de$elo+ )inancial and ot*e *ig* ode %e$ice%t*at ae t&+ical o) ot*e (a-o *u3% %uc* a% Tok&o. S*ang*ai and ,ong 6ong!W*et*e t*i% can3e c*anged 3&)o%teinglogi%tic% acti$itie% i% uncetain.+aticulal& 3ecau%e o) t*e do(inance o) t*e national ca+ital%. Seoul and Tai+ei!T*e (o%t %e$ee c*allenge% )aced3&"u%anae undou3tedl&egional andintenational in %co+e! It *a% e?+loited t*e weakne%%e% o) C*ina=% +otin)a%tuctue% and o) 4a+an=% +ot (anage(ent to e%ta3li%* an i(+otanttan%%*i+(ent )unction!In t*i% egad. wit* @:L o) it% ta))ic 3eing (ade u+ o)tan%)e%. "u%an i% in a (oe e?+o%ed +o%ition t*an an& ot*e o) t*e A%ian *u3+ot%. e?ce+t )o Singa+oe! T*e(a%%i$ein$e%t(ent% incontaine *andling)acilitie% in (an& C*ine%e +ot%. and t*e in$ol$e(ent o) (an& o) t*e leadingglo3al te(inal *andling co(+anie% in t*ei (anage(ent. +e%ent% an eno(ou%c*allenge to "u%an! W*et*e o not it% own intenal +ot e)o(% and e?+an%ionwill 3e %u))icient to counte t*e de$elo+(ent% in C*ina e(ain to 3e %een! 10)E9E)E3*ESANON5MOUS #0880'. PotBCit& Relation% in 6oea!In+I!A!M!P!.-thInternationalAcade*yof.ariti*eand!ortsConference. Seoul. 6oea. ++!0:>B01>! C,O. E!S!. NEE. ,!S! and C,O. 5!S! #1::1'. APo+o%al onWate)ontDe$elo+(ent o) Pot Aea in "u%an! In+ !roceedin/s of the 2&th Annal 0prin/.eetin/ on 1avi/ation and !ort Research. 6oea In%titute o) Maiti(e A))ai%and Fi%*eie% Tec*nolog&. Seoul. 6oea. ++! 0@0B0I1! CONTAINERIOATION INTERNATIONAN #088@'. 6CTAPut% it% Ca%e.Dece(3e! A$aila3le onlineA www!ciBonline!co!uk! CONTAINERIOATION INTERNATIONAN #088I'. ,u3 o) t*e Matte.Se+te(3e! A$aila3le onlineA www!ciBonline!co!uk! CONTAINERIOATIONINTERNATIONAN #1:::'. Dual ,u3Stateg&Pa&%O)). 4ul&. ++! ;>B;I! A$aila3le onlineA www!ciBonline!co!uk! CONTAINERIOATION INTERNATIONAN #1::1a'. All S&%te(% /o. Mac*.++! ;0B;>! A$aila3le onlineA www!ciBonline!co!uk! CONTAINERIOATIONINTERNATIONAN#1::13'. Fi%tBRuate ContaineSolu(e% Still "oo(ing at Sout* 6oean Pot%. 4une! A$aila3le onlineA www!ciBonline!co!uk! CONTAINERIOATION INTERNATIONAN #1::@a'. O$eo+ti(i%tic.No$e(3e. ++! 9;BH0! A$aila3le onlineA www!ciBonline!co!uk! 11CONTAINERIOATION INTERNATIONAN #1::@3'. "u%an and Inc*eonAc*ie$e Stead& /owt*. 4une! A$aila3le onlineA www!ciBonline!co!uk! CUNNINANE. 6! andSON/. D!W! #088;'. Containe Te(inal% inSout*6oeaA Po3le(% and Panacea%!.ariti*e !olicy and .ana/e*ent1I. ++! 9>B;:! D!R!E!E! #1::0'. NeTan%+ot Maiti(eet le% In)a%tuctue% Potuaie% enCoFe du Sud!2irection des Relations )cono*i3es )4t5rieres, !osted6)4pansion )cono*i3e de 05ol! A$aila3le onlineA www!dee!ogEcoee! DUCRUET. C! #1::I' Inc*on. Pot Cit&o) Sout*6oea!)ncyclopediaof.ariti*e History. O?)od Uni$e%it& Pe%%. )ot*co(ing! FREMONT. A! and DUCRUET. C! #1::@' NogiGue% RFticulaie% etTeitoiale% au Sein de la Sille PotuaieA le Ca% de "u%an en CoFe du Sud!L6)space 75o/raphi3e >> #@'. ++! 08>B10:! ,A5NES. 6!E!. ,SIN/. 5!M! andSTOU/,. R!R! #088;'. Regional PotD&na(ic% in t*e /lo3al Econo(&A T*e ca%e o) 6ao*%iung. Taiwan!.ariti*e!olicy and .ana/e*ent 1@. ++! 8>B00>!,A5UT,. 5! #08;0'. Containei7ation and t*e Noad Cente Conce+t! )cono*ic7eo/raphy IH. ++!09:B0H9!,A5UT,. 5! and FNEMIN/. D!6! #088@'. US+atial C*aactei%tic% o)Tan%+otation ,u3%A Centalit& and Inte(ediac&V!8ornal of Transport7eo/raphy 1 #0'. ++! >B0;!1>,ON/. S!W! #0889'. SeoulA a /lo3al Cit& in a Nation o) Ra+id /owt*!In+ NOF!C! P 5eung 5!M!. ed%.)*er/in/ 9orld Cities in !acific Asia. Tok&o. New5ok. Pai%A United Nation% Uni$e%it& Pe%%. ++! 0@@B0H;!4IE. F!. TIAOMIN. P!. WEN5AN. N! and O,ON/4IAN/. C! #1:::'. FDI )o(6oea and t*e De$elo+(ent o) SinoB6oean Econo(ic Ninkage% in t*e "o*aiSea Ri(!In+International Conference Report. Inc*on De$elo+(ent In%titute.Inc*on Meto+olitan Cit& P Uni$e%it& o) Inc*on. ++! 0HB18! 6IM. ,!S! #1::1'. T*e Stateg& o) De$elo+ing a N! E! A%ia Nogi%tic% ,u3 in6oea!In+9or:shop on 0hippin/ and !ort 2evelop*ent !olicy.6oeaMaiti(e In%titute. Seoul. 6oea. ++! 18BI:! 6IM. 6!W!. 6WAC6. 6! S!. 6IM. /! S! #1::1'. A Stud& on t*e Containe Ta?Collection o) "u%an Cit&! In+ !roceedin/s of the 2&th Annal 0prin/ .eetin/ on1avi/ation and !ort Research#"u%anA 6oea In%titute o) Maiti(e andFi%*eie% Tec*nolog&'. ++! 10B>:! NEE. T!W! #1888'. Re%tuctuing o) t*e Econo(& and it% I(+act% on t*e 6oeanMaiti(e Indu%t&!.ariti*e !olicy and .ana/e*ent 19. ++! >00B>1I!NIM. 4!D! #1:::'. Pu%anA Po(i%e% and C*allenge% Ra+id /owt*!In+NESS/!D!. NOWM!M. ed%.#ive Cities. .odelin/ Asian Ur"an !oplation)nviron*ent 2yna*ics. 6o3eA A%ian U3an In)o(ation Cente. ++! 0HIB1:>! PAR6. S!,! #088:'. ACon%ideation on E))ecti$e Pot Tan%+otation!Centeing aound "u%an Pot!In+;rdInternational Acade*y of .ariti*e and!orts Conference >. I!A!M!P!. "u%an. 6oea. ++! 0:9B0>:! 1@PAR6. 5!,!. NEE. 6!S!. SON. I! and NEE. 4!R! #1:::'. Atlas of mar,et shares for Busan port in %--%! Shipping*ompanies3ationalit0 TE6s ?,&undai Sout* 6oea >I 0I90@!:,an-in Sout* 6oea >@ 9;@0>!;CMABC/M Fance 0I 0;@9!:PONN U6 E Net*eland% 0I 0>>9!:Mae%k Den(ak 0@ ;>;I!8MSC Ital& E Swit7eland 0@ HIII!8CSCN C*ina 0> ;0>I!ISenato Sout* 6oea 0> @10I!>N56 4a+an 00 10H@!IAPN Singa+oe 00 101@!@OOCN ,ong 6ong8 IH@>!;OIM I%aWl; 8@8>!95ang(ing TaXwan; ;:1>!ICo%co C*ina; 1I1>!>E$egeen TaXwan H ;>H>!06 Nine 4a+an I >1I1!0Mit%ui OS6 Nine 4a+an @ 9800!8Nlo&d Tie%tino TaXwan @ 0110!9CSAS C*ile > 8190!9UASC 6oweXt > ;:10!IWan ,ai Taiwan 1 0>I:!;PIN Singa+oe 0 8I1:!;MISC Mala&%ia 0 9;8:!HSa)(aine Den(ak 0 ::0:!@,a+agBNlo&d /e(an& I>;:!1Del(a% Fance B:!:Total %=% --@&--.- 4f +hich alliances @! =0!:/and Alliance 1I HH90:!1New Wold Alliance >: 88H01!>United Alliance 1H 0;H0:!;0orce+ Weekl& Containei7ed Tan%+ot Ca+acit& Data3a%e. Ne ,a$e. C!I!R!T!A!I! Y18Table '. 8ee,l0 *ontaineri2ed Transport *apacit0 "8*T*$ shares among Busan and north-east (sian ports for the +orld>s major %! shipping companies. ,ong 6ong Singa+oe 6ao*%iung "u%an S*ang*ai 6o3e 5oko*a(a Tok&o Nago&a O%aka /wang&ang Ot*e% Total #ESP'O) w*ic*4a+ane%e +ot%/and Alliance 08!; 0;!1 0:!9 9!0 I!: I!: 1!1 1!; @!I :!: :!: 1I!; 0 :>I ;:1 0@!INew Wold Alliance 0H!: 8!H 0:!8 9!; >!I 8!0 I!; ;!I H!1 :!: >!@ 0;!0 @I> 11@ >:!9United Alliance 0I!0 01!8 ;!H 09!H I!> :!: :!: I!H :!: @!1 @!; 19!I 191 8HI 0:!:Mae%kBSealand 0;!: @!H 8!1 @!@ >!0 H!8 8!I :!I @!@ 0!1 >!1 >>!H >H> >>8 1>!9PPO Nedllo&d 0;!; 1:!: ;!1 H!1 I!@ @!: 1!: 1!I @!: :!: :!: 1H!; @;9 I;; 01!9MSC 0H!H 01!H 1!> 00!> 9!I :!: 1!> 1!I 1!> 1!> :!: @:!> 0I0 00I 8!>Co%co 0I!@ 0:!9 :!: >!: 0:!8 >!0 H!0 0!: 0!I 0!: :!: @9!I 1H@ 988 0>!HAPN 0>!9 0@!; 8!; >!8 @!I H!1 9!0 @!I >!> :!: 0!0 >0!1 >:; H;> 10!0E$egeen 0I!H 00!; 0@!9 1!9 0!0 :!8 0!; H!H 1!9 H!1 :!> >>!H >90 >:H 1:!>,an-in 01!H 0:!I ;!@ 0H!9 @!: 0!I 1!I H!@ 0!0 I!I 1!8 1I!; 1HI 08; 0;!:6 Nine 0I!H 0@!: >!I 1!: I!H 9!; 1!H 9!@ H!: 0!> :!: >@!8 >I9 001 1@!1CMABC/M 1:!I 8!I :!: 8!9 ;!9 :!: :!: :!: :!: :!: 1!9 @8!0 0I8 119 :!:N56 00!: 0@!I 1!1 9!1 I!; ;!8 @!@ 9!> 8!@ 0!I :!: 18!8 >@1 ;HH >:!IOOCN 11!> 0@!; 0@!; @!: 1!> 1!9 0!0 1!9 0!9 0!0 :!: >1!8 >9> :8I 8!:C*ina S*i++ing 09!H 0!; :!: 0:!0 9!9 :!1 @!0 :!: :!: :!1 :!1 9:!: 0>H >8> @!IMit%ui OS6 Nine 0H!9 09!0 0!8 @!> 1!@ 00!I I!I 00!@ 0:!I 0!> :!: 0H!I 10> :>0 @:!1,&undai 0;!0 8!H 0:!8 09!; 1!H :!I 1!H 1!H 1!1 :!I 9!9 19!9 10@ 1@; ;!H,a+agBNlo&d 10!@ 0;!I 8!0 1!1 9!@ 9!; @!I 1!> @!I :!: :!: 1@!> 1:9 8@; 0;!1OIM 1>!@ :!: @!I 0@!@ 0>!> :!: I!9 :!: :!: I!9 :!: >>!> 91 1;: 00!15ang(ing 08!; 00!0 0:!> 1!; I!: I!: >!1 >!H 1!9 :!; :!9 >I!: >00 @HI 0I!@Senato 0;!1 01!I 0@!H 10!8 >!I :!: :!: :!: :!: :!: I!I 1>!H ;0 8I8 :!:Nlo&d Tie%tino 08!8 ;!H 0>!9 @!9 00!H :!: :!: :!: 1!> :!: :!: >8!0 ;; 8:8 1!>Wan ,ai 0H!; 8!: 9!H 0!9 0!8 >!H >!; >!; 1!I >!: :!; @I!I 08> @8: 09!HPIN 0@!; 11!> 0!@ 0!> @!I :!: :!: :!: :!: :!: :!: II!; 0I@ ;HI :!:UASC 1I!: 1I!: 01!I 01!I :!: :!: :!: :!: :!: :!: :!: 1I!: >: @09 :!:Del(a% :!: @1!9 :!: :!: 0@!; :!: :!: :!: :!: :!: :!: @1!9 9 @I> :!:Sa)(aine 11!1 00!0 :!: 00!0 00!0 :!: :!: :!: :!: :!: :!: @@!@ 1@ 910 :!:CSAS 08!I 0@!H :!: 01!1 @!; @!; 01!1 :!: 01!1 :!: :!: 08!I >H I8> 18!1MISC 01!0 1@!I :!: I!> 9!> @!I @!I :!: >!I 0!: :!: >;!I 010 >81 0>!@0orce+ Weekl& Containei7ed Tan%+ot Ca+acit& Data3a%e. Ne ,a$e. C!I!R!T!A!I! Y9igure '. The port cit0 of Busan. Table #. Throughputs and gro+th of Busan and northern *hinese ports "&=-%--'$.&= %--' (verage annual gro+th&=A%--' TE6s ? TE6s ?S*ang*ai 0.I 08.: 00.> I0.0 1;.HBusan #,= =.9 08.8Ning3o :.1 1.I 1.; 01.H >8.:Dalian :.@ I.0 0.H H.H 08.;Total H.8 0::.: 11.0 0::.:0orce+ Pot o) ,a(3ug!