tilton-weaver antisocial in adolescence cluj 2016
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A Developmental Perspective on Antisocial BehaviorDuring Adolescence
Lauree Tilton-Weaver
Professor of PsychologyÖrebro University, Sweden
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Defining Antisocial Behavior
Labels: Problem behavior
Antisocial behavior
Delinquency Commonality:
”Against society”--Behavior that departs from
social or familial norms , and Poses an element of risk to the physiological
and/or psychological welfare of an individual
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Commonly included behaviors:
Defiant and disruptive: Disobeying parents School misconduct
Risky: Sexual behavior Substance use
Aggressive: Aggresssion and violence against people Destruction of property
Many classified behaviors are ”status offenses”
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Why be concerned?
Significant costs Economic, psychological, social
To individuals and societal entities
Interferes with other development May limit social development
Increased risk of disengagement from school From substance use:
Potential for neurological impairment
Creates dependencies
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Some statistics
Problem behaviors (generally) increaseduring adolescence Children engage in less
Adults engage in less Aging out
Behaviors are incompatible with adult roles
Prevalence, frequency, and levels suggestsome engagement may be normative
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A little more detail
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A little more detail
Mostprevalent
Also least
risky, most“fun”
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A little more detail
Leastprevalent
Also most
risky, least“fun”
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A little more detail
What happens
after middle
adolescence?
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A little more detail
Keep this inmind…
Type is
important
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Why increases in adolescence?
Normative and non-normativeperspectives
Non-normative: focus on delinquency Criminology
Normative: focus on all adolescents
May include higher level But also on normative levels
And those who do not engage
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Non-normative:Some theoretical ideas
Sociological Social control (Hirschi)
Anomie (Merton) & strain theory (Agnew)
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Some theoretical ideas
Psychological Social learning (Rotter)
Differential association (Sutherland) Personality (Hare)
Neurological: “All gas, no breaks”
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Some theoretical ideas
Biological Epigentic links
Pre- and perinatal risk Toxins (related to intellectual deficits)
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Which fits?
None fit all the data But some consistencies:
Often occurs where control is absent
Delinquent youth gravitate toward contexts whereadults are not in control
Affiliation with delinquent peers:
Both selection and influence operating
Criminality linked to low IQ, psychopathic traits When legitimate access is restricted, some turn to serious
delinquency and gangs
Criminogenic environments: May be gene-environment
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Normative:
Because so many engage in at least minordelinquent behaviors
Disobeying parents School misconduct
Substance use
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Aggregated theory:Jessor’s problem behavior
Aggregated social control, anomie,differential association
Described individuals who engage inproblem behavior to gain peers status, feelmore mature But lack psychosocial maturity needed to
understand consequences of behavior
Highlighted potential constructive purposes
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Constructive purposes
Identity development: Experimentation with
Cognitive advances questioning conventions
Autonomy issues Most “problem behaviors” are linked to age
Adults engage in with impunity Peer acceptance, status
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The Pseudomature Adolescent
Greenberger and Steinberg: “attainment of social maturity—the assumption
of adult roles—without the development of
psychological maturity to go with it” “ ‘Adultoid’ behavior simply mimics adult activity
without…”
Newcomb & Bentler: “strong drive and need to grow up quickly and
enjoy the positive aspects of adulthood”
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Identifying Pseudomature
Theoretically: Subjective maturity: feel older, want to be
older
Behavioral maturity: low—engaged inbehavior that mimics adult status Drinking, smoking, sex, no curfew
Psychosocial maturity: low—lackingorientation toward true maturity
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Looking for “adultoids”
Person-centered approach: profiles Using measures of maturity
Subjective maturity: subjective age Do you feel (act, treated…): younger, same age, older?
Behavioral maturity: inverse of problem behavior
Psychosocial maturity:
Greenberger’s individual adequacy (autonomy) Strong sense of self (identity)
Strong work orientation
Self-reliant
Galambos & Tilton-Weaver, 2000
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Resulting profiles (10 – 18)
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Adultoid Mature Immature
Subjective Behavioral PS: Identity PS: Work PS: Self-reliance
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Resulting profiles (10 – 18)
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-0.5
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Adultoid Mature Immature
Subjective Behavioral PS: Identity PS: Work PS: Self-reliance
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Replicated in communitysample
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Adultoid Mature Immature
Subjective Behavioral PS: Identity PS: Work PS: Self-reliance
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Replicated in communitysample
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Adultoid Mature Immature
Subjective Behavioral PS: Identity PS: Work PS: Self-reliance
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Who are the pseudomature?
Overall: Feel older, want to be even older
Older brothers (want to be like)
More physically mature (especially girls) Don’t want responsibilities; want privileges
Behaviorally independent
More time with peers, older peers Drawn to “pop” culture
Less engaged in school
Galambos & Tilton-Weaver, 2000; Galambos, Barker, & Tilton-Weaver, 2003
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Another aggregated theory:Moffitt’s taxonomy
Three trajectories Life-course delinquent
Adolescent limited
Abstainers
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Adolescent-limited
Individuals are “drawn” to problembehaviors
In childhood, avoid and reject LCP
In adolescence, develop “maturity gap” Mismatch between perceived maturity and treatment,
limited opportunities to be treated as mature
LCP become valued – they are viewed as moremature, greater status
Mimic LCP behavior misbehave
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Abstainers: those who don’t
Who are they, according to Moffitt? Have no gap
Late maturing adolescents—don’t feel “gap” until
they hit puberty Have access to roles respected by adults
Contexts limit opportunity
(social control, differential association) Personal characteristics that exclude them from
delinquent groups
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Support:
Life-course Early starters
Some signs of neurological problems
Continuity of problems Adolescent-limited
Maturity issues are there But not as wide-spread as Moffitt describes
Abstainers: There are abstainers
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Gibson & Tilton-Weaver, 2016
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Low-limited and
abstainers are
largest groups
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Also a group of“ moderates” who
later desist
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Measure: primarily
aggression/violence,property violations
Would thetrajectories look the
same for other
types?
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Remember?
Expected
general trend
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Who are the abstainers?
Gibson & Tilton-Weaver, 2016
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Abstainers Non-abstain
Impulsivity Self esteem Anxiety (ns) Depress
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Who are the abstainers?
Gibson & Tilton-Weaver, 2016
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Abstainers Non-abstain
Network Popularity Reciprocated
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Who are their friends?
Gibson & Tilton-Weaver, 2016
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Abstainers Non-abstain
Impulsivity Self esteem Anxiety (ns) Depress
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Is there a “maturity gap”? Yes, but other “fits” well
Fit: looks much like mature adolescent
Overfit: treated more treated more maturely than desired Includes those who are pubertally mature
Underfit: maturity gap – treated less maturely than desired Greater engagement in problem behavior
More peer-oriented
Greater motivation to appear older Depressed girls fall here
Tilton-Weaver, Marshall, & Galambos, 2011
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Do adolescents really viewdelinquents as desirable?
Five “images” of maturity Physical only
Privileges only: fits “gap” idea
Responsibilities only: look like “overfit”
Power only Balanced: look like matures
Among 6th graders, mature and privileged have highestfrequency
But those who describe privileged are split on whether theywant to “hang out” Describe privilege and want to “hang out” increase in delinquency
Tilton-Weaver, Vitunski, & Galambos, 2000
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Conclusions
Moffitt’s taxonomy Fits a high-level group (small)
Gap?
For some, definitely not the majority Abstainers:
Majority
Well-adjusted, well-adjusted peers
Problem behavior theory seems to fit well
Looking at both normative and non-normative
behaviors are important
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Open questions:
Do these ideas applies across types ofproblem behaviors?
Gap questions: Does gap initiate engagement or engagement
initiate gap? Immature behaviors may bring differential treatment
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Thank you!
Acknowledgements: Social Sciences and Humanities Research
Council of Canada
Swedish Research Council (VR)
Swedish Research Council for Health,Working life, and Welfare (Forte)
Questions?
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