topic: applied genetics aim: describe some methods that can be used to develop organisms with...

Topic: Applied GeneticsAim: Describe some methods that can

be used to develop organisms with desirable traits.

Do Now: next slide

HW: Ditto – Pedigree Chart Review

Although Jane and Joe Smith have dimples, their daughter, Clarissa, does not. Joe’s dad has dimples, but his mother, and his sister, Grace, do not. Jane’s dad, Mr. Renaldo, her brother George, and her sister, Emily, do not have dimples, but her mother does.

Clarissa

Jane Smith Joe Smith

Joe’s dadJoe’s mom

Grace

Mr. Renaldo

GeorgeEmily

Jane’s mom

1. Describe genetic engineering in one sentence.

• Scientists change the arrangement of DNA that makes up a gene.

Describe what is occurring in the diagram above.

2. Describe 2 examples of how genetic engineering .

• To produce large quantities of medicine

• To change how cells perform their normal functions

• To improve crop production and quality

• To make plants that are resistant to disease

3. How is recombinant DNA produced.

• By inserting a useful segment of DNA from one organism into a bacterium.

4a. Identify the 2 organisms whose DNA was used to produce recombinant DNA.

• Bacterial cell and human cell

4b. Where is the recombinant DNA inserted?

• Into the bacterial cell

4c. What will the bacterial cell that contains the recombinant DNA start to do?

• Produce insulin

5. Identify substances that have been produced by using recombinant DNA.

• Large quantities of human insulin

• Growth hormone• Chemicals to treat cancer

http://www.goldiesroom.org/Shockwave_Pages/REG-20-recombination.htm

6. How has genetic engineering been used with plants?.

• Genetically engineered tomatoes can be picked green and transported great distances before ripen completely

Corn plants: On the left we see corn a plant that was not genetically engineered. On the right we see a pest-free genetically engineered corn plant. They were planted side by side.

This 1986 picture of a glowing tobacco plant bearing the “light” gene of fireflies demonstrates the power and potential of genetic engineering.

Scientists at the University of Washington are engineering poplar trees that can clean up contamination sites by absorbing groundwater pollutants through their roots. The plants then break the pollutants down into harmless byproducts that are incorporated into their roots, stems and leaves or released into the air.

Scientists have recently taken the gene that programs poison in scorpion tails and looked for ways to combine it with cabbage. Why would they want to create venomous cabbage? To limit pesticide use while still preventing caterpillars from damaging cabbage crops. These GM cabbages would produce scorpion poison that kills caterpillars when they bite leaves — but the toxin is modified so it isn’t harmful to humans.

2000: Alba, a genetically-engineered bunny possessed "green fluorescent protein" genes from a jellyfish that made it glow in the dark. French genetic researchers created Alba. The albino rabbit glows green when placed under special lighting. In regular light, Alba appears like any other furry white rabbit. But place her under a black light, and her eyes, whiskers and fur glow a otherworldly green.

"Glow in the dark" fish: These genetically modified fish were developed by a Taiwanese aquatic firm. They are planning to reproduce these fish in numbers and sell them for pets.

In 2007, South Korean scientists altered a cat’s DNA to make it glow in the dark and then took that DNA and cloned other cats from it — creating a set of fluffy, fluorescent felines.

Genetically modified pigs are created that produce higher levels of growth hormone to produce ameatier pork chop.

The Enviropig, or “Frankenswine,” as critics call it, is a pig that’s been genetically altered to better digest and process phosphorus. Pig manure is high in phytate, a form of phosphorus, so when farmers use the manure as fertilizer, the chemical enters the watershed and causes algae blooms that deplete oxygen in the water and kill marine life.

Bt Corn produces a chemical that makes them pest resistant and results in a 5-10% increase yield. Public opposition due to fears of human health and environmental risks associated with the production and consumption of Bt corn.

Golden Rice contains higher quantities of Vitamin A and Iron.

Genetically modified tomatoes reach full flavor and color on vine without rotting.

The Flavr Savr tomato was the first commercially grown genetically engineered food to be granted a license for human consumption. By adding an antisense gene, the California-based company Calgene hoped to slow the ripening process of the tomato to prevent softening and rotting, while allowing the tomato to retain its natural flavor and color.

Cows produce significant amounts of methane as a result of a bacterium in their intestines. Methane is a major contributor to the greenhouse effect, so scientists have been working to genetically engineer a cow that produces less methane.

Scientists at the University of Alberta have identified the bacterium responsible for producing methane and designed a line of cattle that creates 25 percent less methane than the average cow.

Scientists in the agriculture department of a Hebrew University have genetically engineered a chicken that has no feathers.

No sickle cell

Has sickle cell

No sickle cell

AA

aa

Aa

1. How many offspring of the 1st generation have the trait?

2. Describe individual U and W.

3. Identify the genotype of individual Y.

4. Identify the genotype X.

1. How many generations are represented in the pedigree?

2. In generation 1, which parent is a carrier of the recessive gene?

3. In generation 2, which individual marries someone who is pure dominant?

4. In which generation does the first case of sickle cell anemia appear?

5. Which generation contains the most male carriers?

6. Can 2 carriers produce a child with sickle cell anemia?

7. Can a normal person produce offspring with sickle cell anemia?

8. Which parents produce 2 children with sickle cell anemia?

Topic: Applied GeneticsAim: Describe some methods that can

be used to develop organisms with desirable traits.

Do Now: take out yesterday’s reading notes

HW: Punnett Square Lab due Wednesday

7. Identify the 2 cells used to produce Dolly.

• Mammary gland cell and an enucleated egg

9. Describe what was done with the 2 cells to produce a new cell.

• Nucleus from mammary gland cell was transplanted into enucleated egg and stimulated with electricity.

10. Where was the new cell placed?

• Uterus of a blackface ewe (female)

11. Explain what is produced as a result of cloning.

• Genetically identical offspring

The adult sheep is Dolly, the first mammal cloned from an adult cell. The lamb is Dolly’s offspring, called Bonnie.

Idaho Gem = 1st cloned mule (MAY 2003)Cloned from a champion racing mule

CopyCat = 1st cloned cat (2002)

Misconception #1: Instant Clones!

A common misconception is that a clone, if created, would magically appear at the same age as the original. This simply isn't true. You remember that cloning is an alternative way to create an embryo, not a full-grown individual. Therefore, that embryo, once created, must develop exactly the same way as would an embryo created by fertilizing an egg cell with a sperm cell. This will require a surrogate mother and ample time for the cloned embryo to grow and fully develop into an individual.

Misconception #2: Carbon Copies! Your beloved cat Frank has been a loyal companion for years. Recently, though, Frank is showing signs of old age, and you realize that your friend's days are numbered. You can't bear the thought of living without her, so you contact a biotechnology company that advertises pet cloning services. For a fee, this company will clone Frank using DNA from a sample of her somatic cells. You're thrilled: you'll soon have a carbon copy of Frank - we'll call her Frank #2 - and you'll never have to live without your pal! Right?Not exactly. Are you familiar with the phrase "nature versus nurture?" Basically, this means that while genetics can help determine traits, environmental influences have a considerable impact on shaping an individual's physical appearance and personality. For example, do you know any identical twins? They are genetically the same, but do they really look and act exactly alike?So, even though Frank #2 is genetically identical to the original Frank, she will grow and develop in a completely different environment than the original Frank or will have a different mother, and she will be exposed to different experiences throughout her development and life. Therefore, there is only a slim chance that Frank #2 will closely resemble the Frank you know and love.

12. What is the ultimate goal of selectivebreeding?

•It allows only those individual organisms with DESIRED characteristics to produce the next generation.

Horses can also be produced through selective breeding. This is an Appaloosa. This horse is bred for its distinctive coat pattern. Race horses are often selectively bred.

13. Identify the 2 types of selective breeding.

•Hybridization•Inbreeding

14. Describe the offspring of hybridization.

• Very DIFFERENT from either parent genetically

• New offspring is HETEROZYGOUS (HYBRID)

15. Describe the parents of hybridization.

• Alleles are very DIFFERENT

The Mule is the result of breeding a female horse (mare) to a male donkey (jack). The mule is superior to the horse in strength, endurance, intelligence and disease resistance.

The Cama is the result of breeding a Llama to a Camel. Parents in background of picture.

The Zebroid is the result of breeding

a female Horse and a male Zebra.

The Zedonk / Zonkey is the result of

breeding a female Donkey and

male Zebra.

Hybridization

Braham cattle: good resistance to heat but poor beef

Shorthorn cattle: good beef but poor heat resistance

Santa Gertrudis cattle: formed by crossing Braham and shorthorn good heat resistance and beef

Hybridization

Tigon = male tiger + female lion

Hybridization

Liger = male lion + female tiger The liger has both stripes and spots. The stripes

are inherited from its tiger parent and the spots from the lion parent. On their hind legs, ligers stand approximately 12 feet tall. At most, ligers may weigh up to 1,000 pounds.

Labradoodle Buggs (Boston Terrier / Pug mix)

16. Describe the offspring of inbreeding.

•Very similar to both parents

•“Very homozygous”

17. Describe the parents of inbreeding.

•Share many alleles•Very alike

•Disadvantages = –Smaller and weaker offspring–More susceptible to diseases–More prone to genetic disorders

The last white tiger ever seen in the wild was shot in 1958. As such, today’s white tigers are products of severe inbreeding, causing more genetic aberrations with every generation.

A BBC documentary showed that some of Britain’s most popular dogs are plagued with health problems, ranging from cancer, epilepsy and heart disease, after decades of inbreeding.

Let’s summarize:

1. Describe the process of selective breeding.

2. Explain the difference between hybridization and inbreeding.

3. Explain what genetic engineering involves.

4. Identify the uses of genetic engineering.

5. Describe the offspring produced by cloning.

Review:

1.Genetic engineering is presently used in the biotechnology industry to

(1.) eliminate all infectious disease in livestock

(2.) increase the frequency of fertilization

(3.) synthesize insulin, interferon, and human growth hormone

(4.) create populations that exhibit incomplete dominance

1. The process in which DNA that is artificially combined from two different organisms is called ____________________.

2. Combining the desirable qualities of 2 different organisms into one is referred to as _________.

3. The process in which humans change the genetic makeup of an organism is known as _____.

4. The process in which genetically identical offspring are produced by using the cells of an organism is called _________.

Using special enzymes, scientists have successfully removed the gene that controls the production of clotting factors and have inserted this gene into the DNA of certain bacteria.  These bacteria can now produce clotting factors. This technique is known as (1.) amniocentesis 

(2.) genetic engineering 

(3.) differentiation 

(4.) karyotyping

Cloning an individual usually produces organisms that

(1)contain dangerous mutations(2) contain identical genes(3) are identical in appearance and

behavior(4) produce enzymes different from

the parent

Which process is most similar to the process of cloning?

(1)Fertilization (2) Vegetative propagation(3) Meiosis(4) Gamete formation

Which process could be used by breeders to develop tomatoes with a longer shelf life and to develop cows with increased milk production?

(1) natural selection  (2) genetic engineering(3) sporulation         (4) chromatography

3. A man with blue eyes marries a woman who is heterozygous for brown eyes. If brown eyes are dominant, what are the chances of having a blue eyed child? Also, give the phenotypes and genotypes of all possible offspring.

B = Brown b = blue

bb X Bb

bb X Bb

b b

B

b

B

b

B

b

b b

b b

Phenotype percentages:

50% blue

50% brown

Genotype percentages:

50% heterozygous

50% homozygous recessive

4. In tomatoes, red fruit color is dominant to yellow fruit color. Predict the phenotypes and genotypes of the offspring by crossing a homozygous dominant parent with a homozygous recessive parent. Draw a Punnett Square to illustrate your prediction.

R = red r = yellow

RR X rr

RR X rr

R R

r

r

R

R

R

R

r r

r r

Phenotype percentages:

100% red

Genotype percentages:

100% heterozygous

Farmer Brown is a dairy farmer and is known for his very creamy milk. The milk produced by his cows has become so popular that he is not able to fill his orders anymore. This is because his cows don’t produce enough milk each day to meet the demand. He was looking for a cow that produced large amounts of creamy milk. His vet suggested that he could solve his problem by selective breeding. He needed to identify the Friesian cows that produce the most milk and those Jersey cows that produce the creamiest milk and breed only with them. By mating these selected few, Farmer Brown was able to produce offspring which had an enhanced version of this characteristic. Over several years he followed this program until he got the desired result, a cow that produced a large amount of creamy milk.