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GAUTENG DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION SENIOR SECONDARY INTERVENTION PROGRAMME
GEOGRAPHY GRADE 12 SESSION 9 LEARNER NOTES
Page 1 of 18
TOPIC: CLIMATOLOGY: CONSOLIDATION
Learner Note: The climate chapter is dealt with in this session. This is usually split over two questions in the final exam in section A and combined with Geomorphology. For this exercise we will just focus on climate
SECTION A: TYPICAL EXAM QUESTIONS
The questions below come from a variety of past papers, textbooks and other resources.
They cover the main topics in the Climate chapter.
QUESTION 1: Global circulation / changes in energy balance 20 minutes 34 marks
1.1. Use the following sketch to answer the questions that follow.
1.1.1. The 2 features labelled A and B represent a high pressure and a low pressure cell.
Compare the air movement in these 2 features in table form. (6 x 2 = 12)
B
E
C
D
A
GAUTENG DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION SENIOR SECONDARY INTERVENTION PROGRAMME
GEOGRAPHY GRADE 12 SESSION 9 LEARNER NOTES
Page 2 of 18
1.1.2. There are 3 forces at work between the high pressure and the low pressure cells. These forces are indicated by the arrows C, D and E. Identify these three forces. (3 x 2 = 6)
1.1.3. Describe how forces C, D and E will influence the wind respectively. (3 x 2 = 6)
1.1.4. In which hemisphere are the pressure cells? (1 x 2 = 2)
1.1.5. Motivate you answer in question 1.1.4 with climatic evidence. (2 x 2 = 4)
1.1.6. The high pressure cell forms part of a global pressure belt. Identify the pressure belt that the high pressure forms part of. (1 x 2 = 2)
1.1.7. The low pressure cell is moving eastwards. Identify the global wind belt which pushes the low pressure eastwards. (1 x 2 = 2) [34]
QUESTION 2: Cyclones 40 minutes 66 marks
2.1. Read the weather report on the next page and answer the questions below.
2.1.1. Identify the approaching low pressure system that will lead to the weather
changes described in the report. (1 x 2 = 2)
2.1.2. Explain why nice clear skies and cool temperatures are predicted for the first part of this report (Tuesday and Wednesday) (2 x 2 = 4)
2.1.3. Account for the predicted changes in the weather form Thursday onward. Refer to the following: cloud cover, winds, temperature and precipitation (4 x 2 = 8)
2.1.4. List the stages in the cyclogenesis of these types of cyclones in chronological order. (3 x 2 = 6)
2.1.5. Draw a cross section along the line labelled L on the satellite image to illustrate the air masses, air movement, weather features, clouds and precipitation that occur in this area. (5 x 2 = 10)
HINTS:
Hint 1 – Read the questions very carefully. Underline or high light the action words and make
sure you understand the question, and answer what is asked.
Hint 2 – Use full sentences and good language in your answer, but do not use words that are
too difficult. Number correctly and make sure your answer book looks neat.
GAUTENG DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION SENIOR SECONDARY INTERVENTION PROGRAMME
GEOGRAPHY GRADE 12 SESSION 9 LEARNER NOTES
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L
GAUTENG DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION SENIOR SECONDARY INTERVENTION PROGRAMME
GEOGRAPHY GRADE 12 SESSION 9 LEARNER NOTES
Page 4 of 18
2.2. Use the map and weather report, and maps below page to answer the questions that follow.
GAUTENG DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION SENIOR SECONDARY INTERVENTION PROGRAMME
GEOGRAPHY GRADE 12 SESSION 9 LEARNER NOTES
Page 5 of 18
GAUTENG DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION SENIOR SECONDARY INTERVENTION PROGRAMME
GEOGRAPHY GRADE 12 SESSION 9 LEARNER NOTES
Page 6 of 18
2.2.1. Where did this hurricane originate? (1 x 2 = 2)
2.2.2. What circumstance is required for hurricanes to develop? (3 x 2 = 6)
2.2.3. In what stage of development is hurricane Ike on the satellite image? (1 x 2 = 2)
2.2.4. Motivate you answer in question 2.2.3 with evidence from the satellite image. (1 x 2 = 2)
2.2.5. Explain what a storm surge is. (2 x 2 = 4)
2.2.6. Why must people in the low lying areas near the coast evacuate their houses and move to higher lying land? (2 x 2 = 4)
2.2.7. Why do you think do people ignore the weather warnings? (2 x 2 = 4)
2.2.8. Explain how hurricanes are named with Ike as an example. (2 x 2 = 4)
2.2.9. Global warming leads to changing climatic patterns. Explain what global warming is. (2 x 2 = 4)
2.2.10. Why would global warming lead to increased hurricane numbers, intensity and areas influenced by tropical cyclones. (2 x 2 = 4)
[66]
QUESTION 3: Weather over South Africa 20 minutes 34 marks
3.1. Use the sketch below to answer the following questions:
GAUTENG DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION SENIOR SECONDARY INTERVENTION PROGRAMME
GEOGRAPHY GRADE 12 SESSION 9 LEARNER NOTES
Page 7 of 18
3.1.1. Explain what a temperature inversion is. (1 x 2 = 2)
3.1.2. What causes the temperature inversion in these sketches? (2 x 2 = 4)
3.1.3. Identify the seasons illustrated in sketch A and B respectively. (2 x 2 = 4)
3.1.4. Describe the weather that will be experienced over the central plateau at A and account for these weather conditions. (6 x 2 = 12)
3.1.5. Describe the weather that will be experienced over the central plateau at B and account for these weather conditions. (6 x 2 = 12) [34]
QUESTION 4: Valley conditions 19 minutes 32 marks
4.1. Refer to figure 4 below showing a valley along the foothills of the
KwaZulu-Natal Drakensberg.
a) Identify wind Y as a Katabatic or an Anabatic wind. (2 x 2 = 4)
b) Does the figure represent day or night time? (1 x 2 = 2)
c) Give one reason for your answer to Question 4.1. (b) (1 x 2 = 2)
d) Briefly explain how wind Y develops. (2 x 2 = 4)
GAUTENG DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION SENIOR SECONDARY INTERVENTION PROGRAMME
GEOGRAPHY GRADE 12 SESSION 9 LEARNER NOTES
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4.2. Refer to the figure below that represents summer and winter conditions in a valley. X and Y represent different angles at which the sun’s rays strike the earth during these seasons.
4.2.1. In which hemisphere is this valley situated? Provide a reason for your answer. (2 x 2 = 4)
4.2.2. Which seasons do angles X and Y represent respectively? Provide a brief explanation of each case. (4 x 2 = 8)
4.2.3. Z represents a wind that develops during a particular time of day only.
a) Identify Z as a Katabatic or Anabatic wind. (1 x 2 = 2)
b) How does this wind develop? (3 x 2 = 6)
[32]
Summer and winter conditions in a valley
HINTS
Hint 1 – Keep the mark allocation in mind. There must at least one fact for each set of double
marks. Do not give long paragraph answers if you are not asked to do so.
Hint 2 – If a paragraph is asked and you give it as points or a bulleted list, you will be
penalised with at least 50% of the marks.
GAUTENG DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION SENIOR SECONDARY INTERVENTION PROGRAMME
GEOGRAPHY GRADE 12 SESSION 9 LEARNER NOTES
Page 9 of 18
WORD MEANING
Account to answer for - explain the cause of - so as to explain why
Analyse separate, examine and interpret critically
Annotate to add explanatory notes to a sketch, map or drawing
Argue put forward reasons in support of or against a proposition
Classify to divide into groups or types so that things with similar characteristics are in the same group - to arrange according to type or sort
Comment write generally about
Compare to point out or show both similarities or differences
Contrast stress the differences, dissimilarities, or unlikeness of things, qualities, events or problems
Define give the concise and clear meaning
Demonstrate to show or make clear - to illustrate and explain - to prove by reasoning and evidence - can give examples
Describe list the main characteristics of something - give an account of
Discuss examine by means of argument, presenting both sides and reaching a conclusion
Evaluate to make an appraisal or express an opinion concerning the value - to define, analyse and discuss
Explain to make clear, interpret and spell out the material you present
Give to state facts without discussions
Identify give the essential characteristics of - to name
Interpret to give an explanation of - to give the meaning of
Justify prove or give reasons for decisions or conclusions, using logical argument
List write an itemised series of concise statements
Mention refer to relevant points
Name to state something - give, identify or mention
Outline give a summary, using main points and leaving out minor details
Predict to say what you think will happen - to foretell - to say in advance
Provide to state facts without discussions
State to present information plainly without discussion
Suggest to propose an explanation or solution
Show to make clear - to point out - to explain
SECTION B: ADDITIONAL CONTENT NOTES
GAUTENG DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION SENIOR SECONDARY INTERVENTION PROGRAMME
GEOGRAPHY GRADE 12 SESSION 9 LEARNER NOTES
Page 10 of 18
SECTION C: HOMEWORK
Questions have been adapted from the gr.12 SBA tasks and cycle tests for 2010.
QUESTION 1: Urban Climates 5 minutes 10 marks
1. Refer to the figure illustrating a ‘heat island’ on the next page before answering the
questions that follow. Various options are provided as possible answers to the
questions. Choose the correct answer and write only the letter A to D next to the
question number.
1.1 The lines drawn on the map representing temperatures are called . . .
A Isohyets
B Isobars
C Isotherms
D Isolines
1.2 The temperature recorded at Uxbridge is . . .
A 6ºC
B 8ºC
C 5ºC
D 10ºC
1.3 The temperature range between Croydon and Edgeware is . . .
A 7ºC
B 5ºC
C 1ºC
D 0ºC
1.4 The steepest temperature gradient is recorded between the city centre (A) and …
A Dagenham
B Croydon
C Edgeware
D Uxbridge
1.5 The greatest effect of the heat island is experienced at . . .
A Epping Forest
B Central London
C Weybridge
D Edgeware (5 x 2) (10)
GAUTENG DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION SENIOR SECONDARY INTERVENTION PROGRAMME
GEOGRAPHY GRADE 12 SESSION 9 LEARNER NOTES
Page 11 of 18
QUESTION 2: Urban heat islands 25 minutes 40 marks
2. Refer to the figure below before answering the following questions.
2.1 Define the term ‘heat dome’. (1 x 2) (2)
2.2 Identify two sources of pollution within the city centre. (2 x 2) (4)
2.3 Is a heat dome better developed in winter or summer? (1 x 2) (2)
2.4 Account for your answer in 2.3 (2 x 2) (4)
2.5. Account for the irregular shape of the heat island. (1 x 2) (2)
2.6 What effect does the River Thames have on the mean annual temperature
of London? (1 x 2) (2)
2.7. Explain why the river has an effect on the temperatures of London. (2 x 2) (4)
2.8 Temperature in an urban environment is higher compared to the
temperature in rural areas. Discuss this statement in a paragraph
(no longer than 12 lines) by providing reasons for this phenomenon. (6 x 2) (12)
2.9. Humidity and precipitation in cities are different in rural areas.
a. Describe how the humidity in cities differs from rural areas. (1 x 2) (2)
b. How does the precipitation differ in cities from rural areas? (1 x 2) (2)
c. Account for these differences. (2 x 2) (4)
GAUTENG DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION SENIOR SECONDARY INTERVENTION PROGRAMME
GEOGRAPHY GRADE 12 SESSION 9 LEARNER NOTES
Page 12 of 18
QUESTION 3: Mid-latitude Cyclones 35 minutes 50 marks
3.1.1. Mid-latitude cyclones develop
a. in summer
b. in winter
c. all year round
d. autumn
3.1.2. Frontal rain occur most often in SA
a. in summer
b. in winter
c. all year round
d. in spring and autumn
3.1.3. Mid-latitude cyclones mostly pass over SA in
a. in summer
b. in winter
c. all year round
d. in spring and autumn
3.1.4. Berg winds occur most often in
a. in summer
b. in winter
c. all year round
d. in spring and autumn
3.1.5. Berg winds occur ahead of
a. tropical cyclones
b. warm fronts
c. anticyclones
d. cold fronts (5 x 2 = 10)
Use the map on the following page to answer the following questions:
3.2. Does this map illustrate winter or summer conditions? Motivate your answer. (2 x 2 = 4)
3.3. Describe the weather at Durban and Cape Town respectively by
completing the table for Cape Town and Durban. (16)
Weather Element Durban Cape Town
Weather
Temperature
Dew Point temperature
Cloud cover
Wind speed
Wind directions
Humidity
Air Pressure
GAUTENG DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION SENIOR SECONDARY INTERVENTION PROGRAMME
GEOGRAPHY GRADE 12 SESSION 9 LEARNER NOTES
Page 13 of 18
3.4. Why does the weather at Cape Town and Durban differ so much? (2)
3.5. How will the weather at Durban change in the next few days? (4)
3.6.1. How many mid latitude cyclones are visible on the map? (1)
3.6.2. Which one is the oldest cyclone? (1)
3.5.3. In which direction are the cyclones moving and why? (2)
3.6.4. Where did these cyclones originate? (1)
3.6.5. In what stage are the cyclones? (1)
3.7. Identify the 3 anti-cyclones on the map. (3)
3.8. Draw cross section from Cape Town to Durban to illustrate the weather
features between the 2 places. (5)
See Synoptic weather map of Southern Africa on next page.
GAUTENG DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION SENIOR SECONDARY INTERVENTION PROGRAMME
GEOGRAPHY GRADE 12 SESSION 9 LEARNER NOTES
Page 14 of 18
GAUTENG DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION SENIOR SECONDARY INTERVENTION PROGRAMME
GEOGRAPHY GRADE 12 SESSION 9 LEARNER NOTES
Page 15 of 18
QUESTION 1
1.1.1. (6 x 2 = 12)
A High Pressure B Low Pressure
Air sinks / descends in a high pressure cell Air rises / ascends in a low pressure cell
Air moves clockwise around the HP in the Northern hemisphere
Air move anti-clockwise around a LP in the Northern hemisphere
Air moves away from an HP Air moves towards a LP
1.1.2. C: Pressure gradient
D: Coriolis force
E: Friction (3 x 2 = 6)
1.1.3. C: Pressure gradient: causes wind to move from a HP to and LP – the bigger the pressure difference the faster the winds will blow.
D: Coriolis force: deflects winds from their original direction to the right in the Northern hemisphere and to the left in the Southern hemisphere.
E: Friction: slows down winds near the surface of the earth (3 x 2 = 6)
1.1.4. Northern hemisphere (1 x 2 = 2)
1.1.5. Air moves clockwise around the HP in the Northern hemisphere
Air move anti-clockwise around a LP in the Northern hemisphere (2 x 2 = 4)
1.1.6. Sub-tropical High Pressure Belt (1 x 2 = 2)
1.1.7. Westerly winds (1 x 2 = 2)
[34]
QUESTION 2
2.1.1. Mid-Latitude cyclones (1 x 2 = 2)
2.1.2. The conditions are associated with the
warm sector of the mid-latitude cyclone
and the Kalahari HP over the interior in winter. (2 x 2 = 4)
2.1.3. Cloud cover: will change to overcast as the cold front approach
and cumulonimbus clouds form
Winds: winds become gale forces strength and change from Northerly to North Westerly as the pressure gradient near the centre
of the mid-latitude cyclone increases and the winds back around the
low pressure.
Temperature: the cool temperatures will drop to cold and move
from the Cape to the centre of the country as the cold front passes
over SA with the cold air behind it.
Precipitation: the clear conditions will change to showers as the frontal rain moves over the Cape with the cold front. Underlined parts are worth the marks (4 x 2 = 8)
SECTION D: SOLUTIONS AND HINTS TO SECTION A
GAUTENG DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION SENIOR SECONDARY INTERVENTION PROGRAMME
GEOGRAPHY GRADE 12 SESSION 9 LEARNER NOTES
Page 16 of 18
2.1.4. 1. Polar front stage / wave stage
2. Mature stage / warm sector stage
3. Occlusion stage / dissipating stage (3 x 2) (6)
2.1.5. [Any five of the six on the sketch] (5 x 2 = 10)
2.2.1. Over the warm water of the Gulf of Mexico outside 24ºN (1 x 2 = 2)
2.2.2. Water temperatures over 27ºC
Large scale evaporation from the warm water
Massive convection
Coriolis force
Intense low pressure cell [Any three] (3 x 2 = 6)
2.2.3. Mature (1 x 2 = 2)
2.2.4. The eye of the cyclone is visible (1 x 2 = 2)
2.2.5. A storm surge is the bulge of seawater that forms under the
intense LP in the centre of the cyclone and causes flooding of
coastal areas by seawater and dangerous waves. (2 x 2 = 4)
2.2.6. The storm causes the most damage near to the cost due to the fast
winds, the storm surge and the rain.
The coastal areas will be flooded by the storm surge and rain
The fastest winds hit the coast and then the winds start slowing
[Any 2] (2 x 2 = 4)
warm sector
Cold Sector
GAUTENG DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION SENIOR SECONDARY INTERVENTION PROGRAMME
GEOGRAPHY GRADE 12 SESSION 9 LEARNER NOTES
Page 17 of 18
2.2.7. They live in a hurricane zone and get warned regularly, but have
survived most of the smaller cyclones - complacent
They want to try and safeguard their houses, because looting takes
place when the houses are left unoccupied, and get damaged.
They do not have transport or money to evacuate
They are irresponsible [Any three] (2 x 2 = 4)
2.2.8. Hurricanes are named alphabetically with a person’s name
starting with an A for the first hurricane of the season.
Ike is the ninth hurricane of the season as I is the ninth letter of
the alphabet. [Any three] (2 x 2 = 4)
2.2.9. Global warming is the heating of the surface of the earth, i.e. the
atmosphere, oceans and land due to increased greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere that trap more heat and release less
heat into space. (2 x 2 = 4)
2.2.10. Global warming will increase the amount of evaporation and
moisture in the atmosphere and will cause larger areas in the
oceans to reach temperatures over 27 ºC. The warmer, moister
atmosphere will allow the hurricanes to become larger, more intense
and to last longer. More hurricanes will occur in one season
[Any three] (2 x 2 = 4)
[66]
QUESTION 3
3.1.1. A temperature inversion is an increase of temperature with an increase of attitude – a negative temperature lapse rate. (1 x 2 = 2) 3.1.2. Sinking air in the Kalahari HP heat up at D.A.L.R. and become warmer than the air from the sea which cools down at D.A.L.R. as it rises. The sinking air is warmer than the rising air underneath it.
[Any two] (2 x 2 = 4) 3.1.3. A: Winter B: Summer (2 x 2 = 4) 3.1.4. In A when it is winter the sinking air of the Kalahari High Pressure cell will heat up and become drier as it sinks. This will form an inversion below the escarpment which will not allow any moist air from over the oceans to enter the central plateau. This will lead to cool, dry, clear conditions over the interior, with frost occurring during the night as the dry air reaches dew point
temperature under 0ºC Three conditions with explanation for each] (6 x 2 = 12) 3.1.5. In summer (B) the inversion layer shifts south and moves upward with the other wind belts. Hot, moist conditions lead to convection rain. The longer warmer summer days cause convection over the interior which forms low pressure cells and drags in moist air from the Indian Ocean High pressure over the central plateau. This leads to orographic rain
along the escarpment and convection rain over the plateau. (6 x 2 = 12) [34]
GAUTENG DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION SENIOR SECONDARY INTERVENTION PROGRAMME
GEOGRAPHY GRADE 12 SESSION 9 LEARNER NOTES
The SSIP is supported by
Page 18 of 18
QUESTION 4: 4.1 a) Katabatic (2 x 2 = 4)
b) Night (1 x 2 = 2)
c) Cold night conditions cause the cold dense air to sink (1 x 2 = 2)
d) During cold nights the terrestrial radiation is lost quickly and the
surface cools down substantially.
The air in contact with the surface also cools down due to conduction,
and it becomes heavy and dense
The dense air sinks to the valley floor due to the shape of the valley
under the influence of gravity – this forms Katabatic winds [any 2](2 x 2 = 4)
4.2.1 In the southern hemisphere – the sun’s rays fall in from the north,
which means the equator must be north of the valley (2 x 2 = 4)
4.2.2. X: Summer
Sunlight more right above the valley which means the direct sunlight
is nearer to the valley
Y: Winter
Sunlight is falling in at an obtuse angle which means direct
sunlight is far from the valley (4 x 2 = 8)
4.2.3. a) Anabatic wind (1 x 2 = 2)
b) During the early morning and the day the hill tops are heated
before the rest of the valley.
This causes the air above the hills to heat up and rise which forms
low pressure cells.
The cool air in the valley bottom forms a HP.
Air moves from the HP to the LP up the slopes forming
anabatic winds. (3 x 2 = 6)
[30]
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