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Pendidikan Palang Merah/Bulan Sabit Merah

&Undang-Undang Kemanusiaan

Antarabangsa

1.1 Jean Henry Dunant

JEAN HENRY DUNANT -PROMOTER OF RED CROSSJean Henri Dunant was born in Geneva on 8 May 1828.

On 24 June 1859, Dunant arrived at Solferino where he witnessed one of the fiercest battles of the nineteeth century. The Battle of Solferino lasted for more than 15 hours and more than 40,000 were wounded. With the help of the villagers at Castiglione, he worked tirelessly, giving comfort and what medical care he could to the injured men.

Back at Geneva, Dunant wrote and published a book entitled "A Memory of Solferino” in 1862, which he put forward his ideas to foster the creation in every country of a society for the relief of the military wounded and capable of helping the army medical services to carry out their tasks.

In his effort to establish the Red Cross, Dunant neglected his business and he was declared bankrupt in 1867.

Deprived of his citizenship, Dunant resigned from the ICRC and left Geneva to live in Paris.

In 1872, Dunant left Paris and went to London to pursue his ideas to convince people of the need for an international treaty for protection of prisoners-of-war.

Dunant left England in 1874 and wandered from place to place for the next twelve years, living in poverty and obscurity.

In 1887, Dunant returned to Heiden where he spent the rest of his days.

In 1895, one young journalist discovered Dunant warded in District Hospital. Dunant became famous again after his story was published.

Dunant was awarded the first Nobel Peace Prize for humanitarian work in December 1901.

Dunant died on 30 October 1910 (82 years old).

1.2 Kenangan Solferino

Dunant wrote and published a book entitled "A Memory of Solferino” in 1862

1.3 Jawatankuasa Berlima

On February 9, 1863 in Geneva, Henry Dunant founded the "Committee of the Five

Henry Dunant Gustave Moynier

Théodore Maunoir

Guillaume-Henri Dufour

Louis Appia

1.4 GENEVA CONVENTIONS

First Geneva Convention was signed in 1864 to save the wounded soldiers on battlefields.

Original document of the first Geneva Convention, 1864.

1.5 GENEVA CONVENTIONS Second Geneva Convention was signed in

1906 to extend the principles of the First Convention to the victims of naval warfare including shipwrecked men.

Third Geneva Convention was signed in 1929 to protect the welfare of prisoners-of-war and it contains elaborate and detailed rules for their treatment.

Fourth Geneva Convention was signed in 1949 contains rules to ensure the safety of civilians to an occupied territory and those who happen to be in the enemy country during the war.

1.5 ADDITIONAL PROTOCOLSsigned on 8 June 1977

Protocol I concerns international armed conflicts. It prohibits random attacks against civilians and the things which civilians need to survive such as crops and livestock. It prohibits massive air bombardments. The parties involved in the conflict must provide medical aid and food to civilians, otherwise to permit relief supplies by the ICRC.

Protocol II concerns internal conflict or civil war in which the government of a country finds itself at grips with rebel forces. It covers the protection of rebel forces and the like. It provides a body of rules aimed at safeguarding certain basic values such as respect for the physical and moral integrity of the individual and the decent treatment for persons deprived of their freedom.

1.6 The Red Cross Emblem

• Red Cross - reverse of the Swiss flag

• Never intended to have religious overtones

• Means ‘Don’t Shoot!’

Swiss Flag

First used 1876 by the Ottoman TurksAccepted as an alternative 1929

The Red Crescent Emblem

Red Lion and Sun emblem

chosen by Persia

3rd Emblem

PROBLEM:

Fear of too many symbols

Led to 1929 decision – no more proliferation

A controversy…

Magen David Adom

Proposed new emblems

Functions of the Emblem

Identify a person / object as not to be attacked (Protective Sign)

Inform that this person / object is under protection of humanitarian rules (Protective Sign)

Signals that these persons / objects are connected with the Red Cross Movement (Indicative Sign)

In peacetime: Indicative Use

( small dimension )

connected with the Red Cross Movement

In time of conflict: Protective Uselarge dimension

not to be attacked

under protection of humanitarian rules

Grave Misuse

Perfidy

WAR CRIME

• Under cuts the whole basis of IHL

• Hinders Red Cross works for victims

• Endangers delegates, RC Volunteers & those needing protection

Misuse of Emblem

Commonly believed to mean medical…

Nurse

Revival ( Clothing )

Another variations or designswhich resemble the emblem...

Misuse of Emblem

Misuse of emblem, lessen the real

protective value of an international emblem

What should you do, if you see any misuse or abuse of the red cross or red cresent emblem ?

Report to your nearest Red Crescent Chapter or the Branch

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