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Tragedy of the Anticommons in Digital Right Management of Medical Records

Quanyan  Zhu1,  Carl  Gunter2  and  Tamer  Başar1  

1Coordinated  Science  Laboratory  

Department  of  Electrical  and  Computer  Engineering  

2Department  of  Computer  Science  

University  of  Illinois  at  Urbana-­‐Champaign  

3rd  USENIX  Workshop  on  Security  and  Privacy    Bellevue,  Aug.  6-­‐7,  2012  

•  Security  and  Privacy  of  EHRs  

•  Digital  Right  Management  SoluUon  

•  Tragedy  of  AnUcommons  

•  Game-­‐TheoreUc  Models  

-  Non-­‐cooperaUve  Game  Model  

-  CooperaUve  Game  Model  

•  Conclusions  and  Future  Work  

MoUvaUon  •  Modern  healthcare  communicaUon  architectures  tend  to  be  

open  and  interconnected.  

–  Electronic  Health  Record  (EHR)  system  can  reduce  cost  of  the  healthcare  system  and  provide  Umely  access  to  informaUon.  

–  Decentralized  accesses  of  paUent  data  are  allowed  for  family  doctors,  medical  specialists  and  even  non-­‐medical  care  providers.  

•  Security  and  privacy  are  major  concerns  of  EHRs.  

[h]p://www.oipc.ab.ca]  

RMS  Server  

Data  Owner  

Recipient  Data  DistribuUon  

Digital  Rights  Management  (DRM)  is  applied  to  protect  EHRs.  

•  Owners  can  control  the  distribuUon  and  use  of  informaUon.  [Petkovic  et  al.  2007]  

Who  owns  the  data?  

Recipien

t  

Data  Owner  B  

Data  Owner  A  RMS  Server  A  

RMS  Server  B  

Data  ownership  is  fragmented.  

Requests  

Requests  

CerUficate  

CerUficate  

DistribuUon  

DistribuUon  

 Tragedy of the Anticommons:  CompeUng  right  holders  foreclose  each  other  from  producUve  use  of  a  share  of  resources,  which  results  in  underutilization of  resources.  

•  MulUple  ownership  of  different  pieces  of  a  paUent’s  medical  history  makes  it  difficult  to  assemble  a  complete  record.  

•  The  complete  record  has  a  greater  value  than  sum  of  its  parts.  

•  The  barrier  is  not  just  technological  but  also  economic.  

Tragedy  of  the  Commons  Tragedy  of  the  AnUcommons  

Self   Environ  Air  Quality  Land  Labour   Ca]le  

From  Commons  to  AnUcommons  

[Hardin  1968,  Heller  1998,  Fennell  2009,  Hall  2010]  

Tragedy  of  Commons:  Prisoner’s  Dilemma  

•  Both  players  are  maximizers.  

•  NE  in  pure  strategies  (D,  D)  vs.  OpUmal  team  soluUon  (C,  C)  •  Loss  of  efficiency:  

2  ,  2   0  ,  3  

3  ,  0   1  ,  1  

C  

C  

D  

D  

(G1)  

Social  Welfare  under  NE  =  

1+1  

2+2  =      50%  

Tragedy  of  AnUcommons:  Game  of  Chicken  

•  Both  players  are  maximizers:  choose  between  S  (Swerve)  or  D  (Drive  Ahead)  

•  NE  in  pure  strategies  (S,  D),  (D,  S)    vs.  OpUmal  team  soluUon  (S,  S)  

•  Loss  of  efficiency:  

5  ,  5   1  ,  7  

7  ,  1   0  ,  0  

S  

S  

D  

D  

(G2)  

Social  Welfare  under  NE  =  

7+1  

5+5  =      80%  

•  Consider  two  players  P1  and  P2.

•  Each  player  decides  the  level  of  access  granted  to  its  users.  

•  λi ∋[0,1], i =1, 2, are  decision  variables:  

–  λi = 1  :  Access  is  denied.  

–  λi = 0  :  Access  is  fully  granted.  

–   1-­‐λi is  the  access  level.  

•  c ∋[0,1]  is  a  unit  cost  on  the  granted  access.  

•  p  is  a  charge  of  access  fee.  

Non-­‐CooperaUve  Game  Model  

Ui (λ1, λ2) = p + (2-λ1-λ2)λi - c (1-λi), i = 1, 2,  

The  value  of  informaUon  is  proporUonal  to  total  accesses  granted.  

•  A  unique  NE  is  λ1= λ2 = (2+c)/3.

•  Worst  case  is  λ1= λ2 =1 when  c =1, i.e.,  accesses  are  all  denied.  

Nash  Equilibrium  vs.  Team  OpUmal  SoluUon  

Ui (λ1, λ2) = p + (2-λ1-λ2) λi - c (1-λi), i = 1, 2,  

U (λ1, λ2) = U1 (λ1, λ2) + U2 (λ1, λ2)  

•  Team  opUmal  soluUon  is  λ1= λ2 = (2+c)/4.

•  Worst  case  is  λ1= λ2 = 3/4 when  c = 1, i.e.,  1/4 accesses  granted.  

Some  form  of  coordinaUon  is  needed.  

A  Coordinated  Electronic  Health  Record  System  

Data  Owner  A  

Consent  Management  System  

Data  Owner  B  

Health  Record  Database  

Consent  

PaUent  PaUent  Records  

PaUent  Records  

[Sheppard,  Safavi-­‐Naini,  Jafari,  2009]  

How  to  quanUfy  the  value  of  coordinaUon?  

  The  characterisUc  funcUon  v  is  described  by  –  v(∅) = v({C}) = 0,

–  v({1}) = v({2}) = ¼ (c-1)2 + p,

–  v({1, C}) = v({2, C}) = ¼ (c-1)2 + p,

–  v({1, 2}) = 2p,

–  v({1, 2, C}) = ¼ (c-2)2 +2p.

CooperaUve  Game  Model:  Shapley  Value  

Data  Owner  A   Data  Owner  B  

Coordinator  

  The  characterisUc  funcUon  v  :  –  v(∅) = v({C}) = 0,

–  v({1}) = v({2}) = ¼ (c-1)2 + p,

–  v({1, C}) = v({2, C}) = ¼ (c-1)2 + p,

–  v({1, 2}) = 2p,

–  v({1, 2, C}) = ¼ (c-2)2 +2p.

Value  of  CoordinaUon  

  Shapley  Values  

–  u1=1/3 – c/3+ c2/12 +p

–  u2=1/3 – c/3+ c2/12 +p

–  u3=1/3 – c/3+ c2/12

•  The  coordinaUon  is  least  valuable  when  c =  1,  which  yields  u3  =  1/12.  

•  The  coordinaUon  is  most  valuable  when  c  =  0,  which  yields  u3  =  1/3.    

Conclusions  and  Future  Work  

•  The  fractured  ownership  among  medical  service  providers  and  insurers  has  created  the  tragedy  of  anticommons for  DRM  implementaUon.  

•  MulUple  ownerships  in  DRM  will  lead  to  underutilization of  HER  resources  even  though  security  and  privacy  are  guaranteed.  

•  The  barrier  is  not  just  technical  but  also  economic.  

•  CooperaUve  and  non-­‐cooperaUve  game-­‐theoreUc  models  can  be  used  to  understand  strategic  behaviors  of  data  owners  and  the  value  of  coordinaUon.  

•  Game-­‐theoreUc  tools  can  provide  a  theoreUcal  basis  for  implementaUon  of  DRM  technologies,  design  of  security  policies  and  provision  of  incenUve  mechanisms.  

    Contacts:  

Quanyan  Zhu  zhu31@illinois.edu    

Carl  Gunter  cgunter@illinois.edu    

Tamer  Başar  basar1@illinois.edu    

Q.  Zhu,  C.  Gunter  and  T.  Başar,  “Tragedy  of  AnUcommons  in  Digital  Right  Management  of  Medical  Records,”  Technical  Report,  CSL-­‐UIUC,  2012.