transgenic crops

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TRANSGENIC CROPS

Submitted ByNISCHITH

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• Are also known as genetically modified or GM crops

• A transgenic crop plant contains a gene or genes which have been artificially inserted instead of a plant acquiring them through pollination.

•The inserted gene sequence (transgene) may come from another unrelated plant, or completely different species.

• Throughout history all crops have been genetically modified from their original wild state by domestication, selection, and control of breeding over long periods of time.

• Genetic engineering speeds up the process and increases the variety of genes which can be inserted into a particular plant.

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HISTORY Was under trial and error for almost 9900 years. The first genetically modified plant was produced in

1982, using an antibiotic-resistant tobacco plant. The first genetically modified crop approved for sale

in the U.S., in 1994, was the FlavrSavr tomato, which had a longer shelf life, as it took longer to soften after ripening.

As of mid-1996, a total of 35 approvals had been granted to commercially grow 8 transgenic crops and one flower crop of carnations, with 8 different traits in 6 countries plus the EU. In 2000, with the production of golden rice, scientists genetically modified food to increase its nutrient value for the first time.

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An Overview of the Crop Genetic Engineering cycle

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Leaf Disk Method for A. t. Mediated Transformation

Leaf Disk Preparation Co-cultivation with Agrobacterium Selection for Transformation

Regeneration of Shoots

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THE ROLE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY Raise the yield ceiling and provide

sustainable production systems

Agriculture

Resource Based Science Based Industry

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The introduction of foreign germ plasm into crops has been achieved by traditional crop breeders by artificially overcoming fertility barriers. A hybrid cereal was created in 1875, by crossing wheat and rye. Since then important traits have been introduced into wheat, including dwarfing genes and rust resistance. Plant tissue culture and the induction of mutations have also enabled humans to artificially alter the makeup of plant genomes.

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TYPES OF GENETIC ENGINEERING Transgenic plants: have genes inserted into them that

are derived from another species. The inserted genes can come from species within the same kingdom (plant to plant) or between kingdoms (for example, bacteria to plant). Transgenic carrots have been used to produce the drug Taliglucerase alfa which is used to treat Gaucher's disease.

Cisgenic plants: are made using genes found within the same species or a closely related one, where conventional plant breeding can occur.

Subgenic Plants: In 2014, Chinese researcher Gao Caixia filed patents on the creation of a strain of wheat that is resistant to powdery mildew. The strain lacks genes that encode proteins that repress defenses against the mildew. The researchers deleted all three copies of the genes from wheat's hexaploid genome. The strain promises to reduce or eliminate the heavy use of fungicides to control the disease.

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GM

FO

OD

CL

ASSI

FICA

TIO

NFood consisting of living organisms, e.g.

soybean, maize

Food derived from GMO e.g. soy oil, corn flour

Foods containing ingredients produced by GMO, e.g. Vitamins or essential amino acids

Foods containing ingredients processed by enzymes produced by GMO, e.g. high fructose corn syrup produced using

recombinant glucose isomerase

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Bt-cotton - First GM crop – 2002Second in global cotton productionArea – 8.0 million hectares – 2008Yield gain - 31%Reduction in pesticide sprays – 39%

Bt- COTTON

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NUTRITIONAL QUALITY

*Expression of enzymes of β-carotene pathway in rice endosperm

*Amelioration of Vitamin A deficiency

“Golden Rice”

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STATISTICS

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Crop Organization Gene Brinjal IARI, New Delhi cry1Ab, cry1Ac MAHYCO, Mumbai Cauliflower MAHYCO, Mumbai cry1Ac

Sungrow Seeds Ltd., New Delhi Cabbage Sungrow Seeds Ltd., New Delhi cry1Ac Chickpea ICRISAT, Hyderabad cry1Ac, cry1Ab Groundnut ICRISAT, Hyderabad IPCVcp, IPCV replicase, Maize Monsanto, Mumbia CP4 EPSPS Mustard IARI, New Delhi CodA, Osmotin,

NRCWS, Jabalpur bar, barnase, barstarTERI, New Delhi Ssu-maize, Psy, Ssu-tpCrtIUDSC, New Delhi bar, barnase, barstar

Okra MAHYCO, Mumbai cry1Ac Pigeonpea ICRISAT, Hyderabad cry1Ab + SBTI

MAHYCO, Mumbai cry1Ac Potato CPRI, Simla cry1Ab

NCPGR, New Delhi Ama-1 Rice Directorate of Rice Research, Bacterial blight res, Xa-21,

HyderabadOsmania University, Hyderabad cry1Ab, gna gene,IARI, New Delhi gnaMAHYCO, Mumbai Bt, chitinase, cry1Ac and AaMKU, Madurai cry1AcMSSRF, Chennai chitinase, B-1,3-glucanaseTNAU, Coimbatore chitinase

Sorghum MAHYCO, Mumbai cry1Ac

Transgenic crop under development and field trials in India

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ADVANTAGES OF GM CROPS• improved nutritional quality• increased crop yield• insect resistance• disease resistance• herbicide resistance• salt tolerance• biopharmaceuticals• saving valuable topsoil• ability to grow plants in harsh environments

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DISADVANTAGES OF GM CROPS• Damage to human health

• allergies• horizontal transfer and antibiotic resistance• eating foreign DNA• changed nutrient levels

• Damage to the natural environment• crop-to-weed gene flow• leakage of GM proteins into soil• reductions in pesticide spraying: are they real?

• Disruption of current practices of farming and food production in developed countries• crop-to-crop gene flow

• Disruption of traditional practices and economies in less developed countries.

• Lack of research on consequences of transgenic crops.

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MYTHS RELATED TO GENETIC MODIFICATION  Foods produced using biotechnology has not b

een  established as safeand are not adequately  regulated.

 Crops produced using biotechnology will negatively impact the environment.

 The long-term effects of foods developed using biotechnology are unknown.

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CONCLUSION Genetically-modified foods have the potential to

solve many of the world's hunger and malnutrition problems, and to help protect and preserve the environment by increasing yield and reducing reliance upon chemical pesticides and herbicides. Yet there are many challenges ahead for governments, especially in the areas of safety testing, regulation, international policy and food labeling. Many people feel that genetic engineering is the inevitable wave of the future and that we cannot afford to ignore a technology that has such enormous potential benefits. However, we must proceed with caution to avoid causing unintended harm to human health and the environment as a result of our enthusiasm for this powerful technology.

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REFERENCES http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modi

fied_crops A textbook of general botany; AuthorsSMITH,

G. M.; OVERTON, J. B.; GILBERT, E. M.; DEXXISTOX, R. H.;BRYAN, G. S.; ALLEN, C. E.

https://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/gmcrops

http://www1a.biotec.or.th/biosafety/web/db/attach/radC43BD

Genetically Modified Crops; Nigel G. Halford