translating databased meaning
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October 30, 2015Geographical Names Board of Canada
16 t h Annual Meeting395 Well ington Street
WOOD QUAY VENUE, DUBLIN, 24 APRIL 2015
Dr Tracey P. LauriaultCommunication StudiesSchool of Journalism and CommunicationTracey.Lauriault@carleton.ca@TraceyLauriault
Translating Databased Meaning
Dr Tracey P. Lauriault, Communication Studies, Carleton University
TOC1. Critical Data Studies2. Linked Logainm Project3. Ontologizing4. Conclusion
CRITICAL DATA STUDIES
Dr Tracey P. Lauriault, Communication Studies, Carleton University
Research and thinking that applies critical social theory to data to explore the ways in which they are never simply neutral, objective, independent, raw representations of the world,
Data are instead understood to be: situated, contingent, relational, contextual, and do active work in the world.
CRITICAL DATA STUDIES
Image Source: A data culture for everyone, Official Microsoft Blog, Posted April 15, 2014 By Satya Nadella - Chief Executive
Officer, Microsoft, http://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2014/04/15/a-data-culture-for-
everyone/
Dr Tracey P. Lauriault, Communication Studies, Carleton University
1. Situate data regimes in time and space2. Expose data as inherently political and whose
interests they serve3. Unpack the complex, non-deterministic
relationship between data and society4. Illustrate the ways in which data are never raw5. Expose the fallacies that data can speak for
themselves and that big data will replace small data
6. Explore how new data regimes can be used in socially progressive ways
7. Examine how academia engages with new data regimes and the opportunities of such engagement.
7 PROVOCATIONS
Craig Dalton and Jim Thatcher, 2014, What does a critical data studies look like, and why do we care? Seven points for a critical approach to ‘big data’, The Society and Space, Environment and Planning D:
Society and Space http://societyandspace.com/material/commentaries/craig-dalton-and-jim-thatcher-what-does-a-critical-data-studies-look-like-and-why-do-we-care-seven-points-for-a-critical-approach-to-big-data/
Image Source: Economic Times, Indicators page, 2013 http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-03-13/news/37683866_1_trade-data-interstate-trade-inter-state-trade
(The government is ready with a roadmap to capture interstate trade data,
considered as essential for the proposed Goods and Service
Tax regime, )
Dr Tracey P. Lauriault, Communication Studies, Carleton University
Unpack the complex assemblages that produce, circulate, share/sell and utilise data in diverse ways; Chart the diverse work they do and their consequences for how the world is known, governed and lived-in; Survey the wider landscape of data assemblages and how they interact to form intersecting data products, services and markets and shape policy and regulation.
CRITICAL DATA STUDIES VISION
Image Source: General Dynamics IT Publish Health Data Whitepapers, 2014, http://www.itwnetworks.com/blog/view/general-dynamics-it-publish-
health-data-whitepapersRob Kitchin and Tracey P. Lauriault, Forthcoming, Toward a Critical Data Studies: Charting and Unpacking Data
Assemblages and their Work, in J. Eckert,, A. Shears & J. Thatcher, Geoweb and Big Data, University of Nebraska Press , Pre-Print http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2474112
Dr Tracey P. Lauriault, Communication Studies, Carleton University
Are more than the unique arrangement of objective and politically neutral facts
&they do not exist independently of ideas,
techniques, technologies, systems, people and contexts regardless of them being presented in
that way
DATA – BIG OR SMALL
Tracey P. Lauriault, 2012, Data, Infrastructures and Geographical Imaginations. Ph.D. Thesis, Carleton University, Ottawa, http://curve.carleton.ca/theses/27431
LINKED LOGAINM
Dr Tracey P. Lauriault, Communication Studies, Carleton University
PLACE NAMESSpecial instructions, concerning the treatment of Placenames, issued by the officer in charge of the survey Lt. Col. Thomas Colby (1829?) “The persons employed on the survey are to
endeavour to obtain the correct orthography of the names of places diligently consulting the best authorities within their reach.
The name of each place is to be inserted as it is commonly spelt, in the first column of the name book; and the various modes of spelling it used in books, writings &c., are to be inserted in the second column, with the authority placed in the third column opposite to each.
The situation of the place is to be recorded in a popular manner in the fourth column of the namebook.
A short description of the place and any other remarkable circumstances relating to it are to be inserted.
This data was recorded in Namebooks which are now stored in the National Archive.”
http://www.osi.ie/education/third-level-and-academic/history-of-place-names/
Dr Tracey P. Lauriault, Communication Studies, Carleton University
TRANSLATIONS Set in Baile Beag, County Donegal, in 1833
Turbulent times in the British Colony.
The British want to map the island and translate Gaelic place names into proper standardized English.
Brian Friel, 1981, Translations: A Play, London: Faber & Faber
Brian Friel, 1981, Translations: A Play, London: Faber & Faber
Dr Tracey P. Lauriault, Communication Studies, Carleton University
LINKED LOGAINM Linked Data version of the authoritative bilingual database of Irish place names logainm.ie.
Irish place name data in a structured, computer-readable format which allows its value to be fully exploited by collaborators, web developers, computer scientists, the heritage community and information professionals.
Collaborative project: Digital Repository of Ireland (DRI) INSIGHT @ NUIGalway (Digital Enterprise Research Institute DERI)
Fiontar at Dublin City University National Library of Ireland - Longfield Map Collection Placenames Branch of the Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht
Dr Tracey P. Lauriault, Communication Studies, Carleton University
AUTHORITY
Dr Tracey P. Lauriault, Communication Studies, Carleton University
LOGAINM.IE
http://www.logainm.ie
Dr Tracey P. Lauriault, Communication Studies, Carleton University
LINKED DATA Data published on the web following a set of principles designed to promote linking between entities:
UI Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)
RDF Resource Description Framework to specify links & type between 2 URIs (w3c)
GLD Geographic Linked Data w/geolocation in Irish Grid Reference & World Geodetic System coordinates
Logainm.ie is the authoritative subdomain in the URI
Data can be reused to build applications SPARQL RDF query language
Dr Tracey P. Lauriault, Communication Studies, Carleton University
LOCATION LODER logainm.ie DBpedia
The data held in Wikipedia’s infoboxes are made available as Linked Open Data via DBpedia.org.
Irish Historic Town Atlas Established in 1981 aims to record the
topographical development of a selection of Irish towns both large and small. This dataset tracks changes to streets and street names in Dublin over time, and includes bibliographic references to original sources where present.
National Library of Ireland Longfield map collection consists of 1,671
individual maps bound into twenty-eight volumes. The maps represent all counties in Ireland with the exception of Kerry.
Europeana.eu is an internet portal which acts as a hub for
digitized cultural content across Europe. Content on Europeana includes digitised artworks, books, archival documents, film and audio.
http://apps.dri.ie/locationLODer/
Dr Tracey P. Lauriault, Communication Studies, Carleton University
SOURCES
H. B. Clarke and Sarah Gearty, 2013, Maps & Texts: Exploring the Irish Historic Town Atlas. Dublin: Royal Irish Academy
Dr Tracey P. Lauriault, Communication Studies, Carleton University
JOHN O'DONOVAN, GLOSSARY, IRISH TOPOG[RAPHICAL] DICT[IONARY] MANUSCRIPT 1830-1832
“A glossary in alphabetical order of various Anglicised placename elements, followed by their Irish forms and a translation.
‘Derivation of all the names of places in Lanigan’s Ecclesiastical History of Ireland [four volumes, 1822] as given by himself, by Vallancey and others with remarks by J. O’Donovan. December 23, 1830’.
‘A list of Irish words that enter into the composition of many names of places in Ireland’. The Irish words are followed by a translation and generally by relevant examples from placenames. Some personal names and surnames are also included.
‘A list of saints’ names to whom Irish church[es] were dedicated’. This short list is on the final verso page and includes toponymic examples of the saints’ names.”
http://www.logainm.ie/en/res/179
John O'Donovan, Ordnance Survey
Dr Tracey P. Lauriault, Communication Studies, Carleton University
BIOGRAPHIES
National Database of Irish Biographies with publishers Cló Iar-Chonnacht. This features more than 1,700 people since the year 1560
who have had an involvement with the Irish language. There is an alphabetical listing as well as comprehensive cross-referencing, full-text search for keywords and phrases, timelines, and life attributes such as
works, awards and eventshttp://www.ainm.ie/
.
Dr Tracey P. Lauriault, Communication Studies, Carleton University
TERMINOLOGY
National Terminology Database with Foras na Gaeilge. This is a 200,000+ listing of Irish-language terms in specialised and
contemporary subjects.http://www.tearma.ie/
Dr Tracey P. Lauriault, Communication Studies, Carleton University
FOLKLORE
The objective is to initiate the digitization of the National Folklore Collection (NFC) so that, by 2016:(i) the public will have access to
material from the Collection on the public website (ii) a data
management system will be available for NFC to which other material can be added in future.
http://www.duchas.ie/en
Dr Tracey P. Lauriault, Communication Studies, Carleton University
AUDIO RECORDINGS
+1,200 hours of recordings made in the 1960s and 1970s in 24 counties and placenames were collected from more than 4,000. The audio material
and its catalogue were digitized in 2009 & the database was created in Fiontar as part of an MA Research Fellowship undertaken by Cáit Nic
Fhionnlaoich, 2010–2011, sponsored by the Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht.
http://www.logainm.ie/phono/
Dr Tracey P. Lauriault, Communication Studies, Carleton University
DOCUMENTATION
http://apps.dri.ie/locationLODer/docs/
linked_logainm_narrative_report_en.pdf
http://apps.dri.ie/locationLODer/docs/
using_linked_logainm_en.pdf
ONTOLOGIZING
Dr Tracey P. Lauriault, Communication Studies, Carleton University
THE PROGRAMMABLE CITY
A European Research Council (ERC) and Science Foundation of Ireland (SFI) fundingSH3: Environment and SocietyLed by Dr Rob Kitchin, the Primary InvestigatorBased at the National Institute for Regional and Spatial Analysis (NIRSA)
At the National University of Ireland Maynooth (NUIM)
The Programmable City is funded by a European Research Council Advanced Investigator award (ERC-2012-AdG-323636-SOFTCITY.
Dr Tracey P. Lauriault, Communication Studies, Carleton University
MIT Press 2011 Sage 2014
Of the ERC project is to build off and extend a decade of work that culminated in Code/Space book (MIT Press) with a set of detailed empirical studies
AIM
Dr Tracey P. Lauriault, Communication Studies, Carleton University
OBJECTIVESHow is the city translated into software and data? How do software and data reshape the city?
Translation:City into Code &
Data
Transduction:Code & Data
Reshapes City
THE CITYSOFTWARE
Discourses, Practices, Knowledge, Models
Mediation, Augmentation, Facilitation, Regulation
Dr Tracey P. Lauriault, Communication Studies, Carleton University
SUB-PROJECTSTranslation:
City into code & data
Transduction:Code & data reshape city
Understanding the city
(Knowledge)
How are digital data materially &
discursively supported & processed about
cities & their citizens?
How does software drive public policy
development & implementation?
Managing the city
(Governance)
How are discourses & practices of city
governance translated into code?
How is software used to regulate & govern city
life?
Working in the city
(Production)
How is the geography & political economy of software production
organised?
How does software alter the form & nature of
work?
Living in the city
(Social Politics)
How is software discursively produced &
legitimated by vested interests?
How does software transform the spatiality & spatial behaviour of
individuals? Creating the smart city Dublin Dashboard
Dr Tracey P. Lauriault, Communication Studies, Carleton University
SOCIO-TECHNOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION
Dr Tracey P. Lauriault, Communication Studies, Carleton University
OSI TECHNOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION
Dr Tracey P. Lauriault, Communication Studies, Carleton University
SKIN OF THE EARTH OBJECT MODELLING
5 skin of the earth objects
Ways Water Vegetation Artificial Exposed
Z-Layer Superimposed Networked Grouped GDF1 GDF2 centrelines Sites Locales Boundaries
Seamless, topologically consistent blanket of polygons that covers the entire surface of Ireland w/no holes or
gaps
http://www.osi.ie/OSI/media/OSI/Prime2_Docs/Prime2-V-2.pdf
Dr Tracey P. Lauriault, Communication Studies, Carleton University
RE-ONTOLOGIZING THE CITYGEOGRAPHICAL SCOPE: National, Dublin
OBJECTS OF STUDY: Study of the data assemblage of OSi’s PRIME2, examine how Dublin and city things are understood in the new object oriented data model, assess if these change how the city is modelled and then acted upon.
TIME FRAME: 2014-2018
CASE STUDY OUTPUTS: A. 1 Case Study Report B. Data AssemblageC. Tracing the Production of Space
- Making up Dublin - Genealogy from class to objectD. Academic Publications
Dr Tracey P. Lauriault, Communication Studies, Carleton University
DATA COLLECTIONAttend OSi & 1Spatial Road shows and public speaking eventsOne day coordinated field trip & group interviews at OSi Sligo (survey data capture unit) examine the Prime & Prime2 flow lines Real-time survey and data update of a building
1.5 months as an embedded researcher, OSi in Phoenix Park One-on-one interviews with key actors (Transcribed audio recordings):
model creation, cartography, production, photogrammetry, map preservation, data re-engineering, budget, procurement and contracting, licencing and law, marketing, CTO, SDI managers, surveyors and gate keeper
Group interview One full day interview with data modeling & data re-engineering team, including
consultants & project managers Document Collection
As discussed in the data assemblage: contract, requirements, specifications, modeling descriptions, flow lines, budgets, org charts, strategy documents, working wiki, historical records, code, instruction manuals, guidebooks, photos of machinery, screen captures of systems
Collection of objects across time for Dublin Places in Dublin as understood in the old and the new model, and as seen or
captured in the new and the old technological systems
Dr Tracey P. Lauriault, Communication Studies, Carleton University
1. KITCHIN’S DATA ASSEMBLAGE
“As such, data-driven, networked urbanism is thoroughly political seeking to produce a certain kind of city.” (Kitchin, 2015)
Material Platform(infrastructure – hardware)
Code Platform(operating system)
Code/algorithms (software)
Data(base)
Interface
Reception/Operation (user/usage)
Systems of thought
Forms of knowledge
Finance
Political economies
Governmentalities & legalities
Organisations and institutions
Subjectivities and communities
Marketplace
System/process performs a task
Contextframes the system/task
Digital socio-technical assemblage
HCI, remediation studies
Critical code studiesSoftware studies
Critical data studies
New media studiesgame studies
Critical Social ScienceScience Technology
Studies
Platform studies
Places
Practices
Flowline/Lifecycle
Dr Tracey P. Lauriault, Communication Studies, Carleton University
MAPPING OUT THE ASSEMBLAGE
Dr Tracey P. Lauriault, Communication Studies, Carleton University
2. GENEALOGY OF A DATA MODEL
Material Platform(infrastructure –
hardware)
Code Platform(operating system)
Code/algorithms (software)
Data(base)
Interface
Reception/Operation (user/usage)
Systems of thought Forms of knowledge
Finance
Political economies Governmentalities &
legalities Organisations and institutions
Subjectivities and communities
Marketplace
System/process performs a task
Contextframes the system/task
Digital socio-technical assemblage
HCI, remediation studies
Critical code studiesSoftware studies
Critical data studies
New media studiesgame studies
Critical Social ScienceScience Technology Studies
Platform studies
Places
Practices
Flowline/Lifecycle
Dr Tracey P. Lauriault, Communication Studies, Carleton University
DATA MODEL GENEALOGY
2015
1995
2000
2005
2010
Launch
Prime2
Requirements
Workshop
Award of bid
RMDS
Production
Freeze Prime
Restructuring Prime 1
RMSI data Re-engineer
ing
EU Procurem
ent Directive Ratified
OsiACT
Tender for
Conceptual
Model
Inspire
Contract Awarded,
3 companies
build prototypes
Data modelling discussions w/OSNI,
OS UK
Dr Tracey P. Lauriault, Communication Studies, Carleton University
3. MAKING UP SPACES
(Modified Ian Hacking Framework of Making Up People, (Lauriault 2012)
Dr Tracey P. Lauriault, Communication Studies, Carleton University
ICONIC CITY THINGSPrime2 Data Model
Iconic Object
Way M50 – Red Cow interchange
Water Docklands – Samuel Beckett Bridge / Gasometers
Vegetation Collins Barracks / Esplanade
Building Observatory, GPO, Liberty Hall, Heuston Station, Connelly Station, Collins Barracks, OSI, Conference Centre, Digital hub Guinness Factory, Ivy trust Guinness – flat complexes, park area beano, public baths, Hilton Hotel / Rowntree Sweets, Kilmainham jail & museum, Croke Park / Lansdowne Road
Artificial Bull Wall island
Z-Order Priority Samuel Becket Bridge,Kings Bridge, Halfpenny Bridge (Way & Structure)
Superimposed Objects - Structure
Nelsons pillar blow up in 1966/Spire? Stiletto in the Ghetto, Wellington monument – obelisk
Divisions City Walls / Antiquity, The Pale, Guinness Walls
Networks – water, rail, roads
Liffey & Grand Canal, M50, North & South Circular, Heuston, Connelly, Luas
Grouped Objects M50 road network Names. N & S Circular Road, Rivers & Canals
Sites, Locals Trinity (Site), Temple Bar (Locale)
Boundaries Dublin, EDs in Dublin, Baronies, County, Parish
Dr Tracey P. Lauriault, Communication Studies, Carleton University
Cassini, 6”, 1st ed. Circa?
HEUSTON STATION ACROSS TIME
Cassini 6”, 1943-44
Cassini 25”, 1st ed, Circa?
Cassini25”, 1936Heuston Station, Prime2 MapGenie
Heuston Station, Prime2 SOE
Dr Tracey P. Lauriault, Communication Studies, Carleton University
MULTI-SCALED NESTED APPROACH
2015
1995
2000
2005
2010
Dr Tracey P. Lauriault, Communication Studies, Carleton University
CONCLUSION We are continuously translating.
The land and the people dynamically change, so do the socio-technological data assemblages, from Gaelic to English in the colonial Survey, back into Gaelic in the post-colonial Linked Logainm Project,
the territory is then translated from the colonial cartographic maps into a post-colonial real-world object database.
The interconnections increase. In each case, the translation technologically mediates places and
culture, with each iteration it remains infrastructure, one that increasingly finds itself interconnected with others.
Databases are augmenting meaning. Our job is to build better systems, but more critical, reflexive, sensitive
and nuanced ones, always thinking of the meaning we are inscribing, cognitive of the material and cultural affect on the world.
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