transportation - fundamentals and future
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www.trb.se © Per Olof Arnäs, TRB Sverige
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Transporta7on Fundamentals and Future from a
Transporta@on Company Perspec@ve
Per Olof Arnäs, PhD per-‐olof.arnas@trb.se
@Dr_PO
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Image: fruit salad by fishbone1 on Flickr.com
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How much of the goods transported by the haulage industry are loaded on pallets?
Source: SIKA
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How much of the traffic work* are dedicated to the transport of pallets?
* Traffic work = Vehicle km
Source: SIKA
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How much of the transport work* are dedicated to the transport of pallets?
* Transport work = tonne km
Source: SIKA
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Number of trucks equipped to transport pallets
Source: SIKA
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What do all the other trucks do?
Source: SIKA
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A resource-‐ and competence center 16 partners Turnover 13.5 bn SEK (1.4 bn euro) 7 900 vehicles: 5 900 trucks 2 000 heavy duty machines
10 500 employees Almost 20% of the Swedish haulage industry 2,5 million orders for 80 000 customers Owns more than 30 terminals and 80 quarries
Updated 2010-02-02
Alltransport Norrköping
GDL Helsingborg
MLT Uppsala
ALWEX Växjö/Alvesta
GKF Frakt Kris7anstad
Närkefrakt Örebro
BDX Norrboben
GLC Göteborg
Samfrakt Kalmar
Bilfrakt.se Skelledeå/Umeå
LBC Frakt Karlstad
Sundfrakt Sundsvall
Centralen Trollhäban
LBC Varberg Varberg
FORIA Södertälje
MaserFrakt Borlänge
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LBC-‐companies
Owned by hauliers
Regionally focused
One-‐stop shopping Construc7on industry Waste management and recycling Tradi7onal goods transport Tank and bulk Forest transports Industrial transports 3PL-‐services (storing, kilng etc.)
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Focal areas The work of TRB is closely related to issues relevant for the single haulage company Environmental issues Logis7cs Fuel and supplies IT Procurement Educa7on Safety issues
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Haulage companies own vehicles that are used by…
…transport companies that service…
…customers that own…
…flows that are controlled by…
…logis7cs principles
1 2
3 4
5
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Maintenance
ROI
U7lisa7on
Fuel economy
Second hand value
Alco lock
ISA – Intelligent Speed Adapta7on
Cer7ficates
Driver Educa7on
Rules and regula7ons
Safety
Security Selec7on of fuel
Mobile IT-‐systems
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Utlilisa7on
Cer7ficates
Educa7on
Customer contacts
Environmental repor7ng
Resource alloca7on
Route op7misa7on
Transport Management
Service Level
Security
Safety
Mobile IT-‐systems
System integra7on
Track and Trace
RFID
Sustainability
Reliability
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Service level
Transport Quality
Price
Reliability
Environmental footprint
Lot sizing
Stock levels
System integra7on
Environmental repor7ng
Security
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Uniqueness
Length
Goods or products?
Goods Heterogeneity
Width
Repe77veness
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Informa7on
Handling
Coordina7on
Planning Time
Control Tower
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The customer pays for transport work. Measured in tonne km.
The haulier’s costs are driven by traffic work.
Measured in vehicle km.
The transport company wants to maximise the amount of transport work and minimise the amount of traffic work
This mechanism is
fundamental to all transport opera7ons!
vehicle km
tonne km
MAX
The
Transport Equa7on
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vehicle km
tonne km
MAX
Transport Equa7on =
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What signifies a ”good transport”
Image: que? by M i x y on Flickr.com
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Transport Quality? No delays
Expected result
Low cost
No damages to goods
All stakeholders sa7sfied
No thed/pilfering
Low environmental footprint
No traffic accidents
High profitability
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Stakeholders
Images: shoppers-‐mexico by Jungle Jim's Interna@onal Market on Flickr.com
city of lights by paul (dex) busy @ work on Flickr.com
Consignor
Driver Haulage company Society
Consignee
Transport buyer
Transport company
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Transport Quality
Security
Sustainability Reliability
Safety
Cost
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Transport Quality
Security + Safety + Reliability + Sustainability Cost
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Transport Quality
Security + Safety + Reliability + Sustainability Cost
Security x Safety x Reliability x Sustainability Cost
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Security
Image: Hijacking by pasukaru76 on Flickr.com
Protec7on against crime
Hijacking
Thed from terminal
Vandalism
Thed from vehicle
Rest stops
Alarm systems
Surveillance
Security x Safety x Reliability x Sustainability
Cost
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Safety
Image: Day 96 by pasukaru76 on Flickr.com
Safety against injury
ISO 39001
ISA-‐systems
Alcolock
Seat belt usage
Load securing
Vehicle maintenance
”Zero vision”
Security x Safety x Reliability x Sustainability
Cost
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Reliability
Image: Trooper with iPod by bfishadow on Flickr.com
Delivery windows
Disturbance handling
Informa7on sharing
Devia7ons repor7ng
Regularity
Redundancy
Control Tower
Service level Security x Safety x Reliability x Sustainability
Cost
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Sustainability
Image: Lego explorer by jonathanb1989 on Flickr.com
Eco-‐driving
Energy usage
Choice of fuel
Choice of engine
CSR Traffic work
Choice of sub-‐contractor
Emissions
Load ra7o Security x Safety x Reliability x Sustainability
Cost
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Four strategies to reduce the environmental footprint of transporta7on
Use less fuel Educa7on Feedback/follow-‐up system
U7lise vehicles more efficiently Planning systems
Informa7on sharing throughout the chain
Use alterna7ve sources of energy Limited availability Warran7es from engine manufacturers Reduce distances in 7me
Resolve conges7on Use low-‐intensity periods
Redirect traffic dynamically
Image: Aspen Petroleum
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Transport Quality Transport Quality is a complex term
A systems perspec7ve is needed
Image Apples & Oranges – they don´t compare by TheBusyBrain on Flickr.com
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Transport Quality Transport Quality is a complex term
A systems perspec7ve is needed
Security x Safety x Reliability x Sustainability Cost
www.trb.se © Per Olof Arnäs, TRB Sverige
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Image: Connected. 362/365 by AndYaDontStop on Flickr.com
Security x Safety x Reliability x Sustainability Cost
Transport Quality =
vehicle km
tonne km
MAX
Transport Equa7on =
Image: fruit salad by fishbone1 on Flickr.com
www.trb.se © Per Olof Arnäs, TRB Sverige
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Trends
Image: Crystal Ball by deanfotos66 on Flickr.com
Centralisa7on Storage Decisions
Electronic transac7on handling Devia7ons instead of transac7ons Cabotage
Easy to compete with standardised transport services
Sustainability/CSR A central management issue
Consolida7on Fewer and larger players
”Toyota-‐84” LEAN is applied in several areas, e.g. construc7on
Customer focus Demand Chain vs Supply Chain
Ver7cal integra7on Transporta7on companies extend service scope
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Trends
Image: Crystal Ball by deanfotos66 on Flickr.com
Centralisa7on Storage Decisions
Electronic transac7on handling Devia7ons instead of transac7ons Cabotage
Easy to compete with standardised transport services
Sustainability/CSR A central management issue
Consolida7on Fewer and larger players
”Toyota-‐84” LEAN is applied in several areas, e.g. construc7on
Customer focus Demand Chain vs Supply Chain
Ver7cal integra7on Transporta7on companies extend service scope
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Trend: Cabotage ”Cabotage is the transport of goods or passengers between two points in the same country.” (Wikipedia)
Sweden has a rela7vely high salary level compared to several of the nearby countries such
as the Bal7c states and Poland
Mainly FTL – low barrier The simple reposi7oning of a semi-‐trailer
only requires a trailer truck and a GPS
As soon as value added service elements are introduced in the end points, cabotage becomes more difficult LTL Consumer contact Construc7on industry Etc.
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Central warehouse – tradi7onal layout
• Manufacturers deliver to the same warehouse
• Sales offices have their own warehouses close to their markets
• Sales offices order from the central warehouse
• Several transporta@on companies involved
Trend: Centralisa7on
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Example, decentralised system • A customer in Östersund (middle of Sweden) orders products before 15.00 day 0. The
warehouse is in Helsingborg (south of Sweden). • Delivery within 44 hours (before 11 day 2)
• Day 0:
– Order registra7on
• Day 1:
– Picking
– Prepare shipment
– Pick up by hauler
– Line-‐based transport to des7na7on terminal
• Dag 2: – Distribu7on to consignor before 11 o’clock
Day 0 Day 1 Day 2
15:00 11:00 44 h
Trend: Centralisa7on
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Central warehouse – new layout
• Manufacturers deliver to the same warehouse
• Sales offices collect orders and work the market
• The central warehouse delivers directly to the customer
• Probably only one transporta7on company involved
Trend: Centralisa7on
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Example, centralised system • The same customer in Östersund order products before 15 day 0. The warehouse is in
Brussels. • Delivery is s7ll carried out within 44 hours (before 11 day 2)
• Day 0:
– Customer orders electronically. The order is sent directly to the forklid in the central warehouse.
– Picking is instantaneous
– Shipment prepared for the ”Sweden line”
– Pick up by hauler, transport to transshipment loca7on in Sweden (ca 16 h)
• Day 1: – Transshipment at line-‐based terminal – Line-‐based transport to receiving terminal
• Day 2: – Distribu7on to consignor before 11 o’clock
Day 0 Day 1 Day 2
15:00 11:00 44 h
Trend: Centralisa7on
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From order to invoice (transporta7on company)
Basic data From/To/What/When Owner: the customer
Resource alloca7on What vehicle? Owner: Traffic controller
Cargo informa7on Loaded amount Owner: Supplier
Proof of Delivery Time/date/signature Owner: Driver
Pricing Owner: Financial dept.
Enough informa7on to create invoice
All of these steps cost money!
Trend: Electronic transac7ons
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Goal: De-‐couple the dependecy between administa7ve cost and order volume
Number of orders per year
Total cost for administra7on of
all orders
An increase in the number of orders lead to increased cost
Handle excep7ons – not transac7ons!
Trend: Electronic transac7ons
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Transport
Traffic
Goods Vehicles/ vessels
Ways and terminals
Sjöstedt, L. (2005) A conceptual framework for analysing policy maker's and industry roles and perspec7ves in the context of sustainable goods transporta7on In Barriers to sustainable transport : ins0tu0ons, regula0on and sustainability Rietveld, P. and Stough, R. (Eds) Spon, London, pp. 198-‐222.
The haulage industry mainly focuses on the vehicles
Trend: Ver7cal integra7on
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Lokalisa@on Land use
Sourcing och distribu@on
Products
Loca@on Facili@es
Sjöstedt, L. (2005) A conceptual framework for analysing policy maker's and industry roles and perspec7ves in the context of sustainable goods transporta7on In Barriers to sustainable transport : ins0tu0ons, regula0on and sustainability Rietveld, P. and Stough, R. (Eds) Spon, London, pp. 198-‐222.
Transport buying companies tradi@onally focus on products and their movements
Trend: Ver7cal integra7on
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Transport
Traffic
Goods Vehicles/ vessels
Ways and terminals
Localisa@on Land use
Sourcing and distribu@on
Products
Loca@ons Facili@es
Sjöstedt, L. (2005) A conceptual framework for analysing policy maker's and industry roles and perspec7ves in the context of sustainable goods transporta7on In Barriers to sustainable transport : ins0tu0ons, regula0on and sustainability Rietveld, P. and Stough, R. (Eds) Spon, London, pp. 198-‐222.
Trend: Ver7cal integra7on
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How can the transporta7on industry meet these trends?
So…
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Image: Connected. 362/365 by AndYaDontStop on Flickr.com
It is 7me to connect the various parts and areas!
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Connected|Vehicle Seamless communica7on WiFi, 3G/4G, GPRS, Satellite, RFID etc.
First:
Replace current data with electronic alterna7ve
Then: Create new func7onality that uses the new infrastructure
GIS-‐services Vehicle management
Infotainment ”Run7me” cost/revenue 7cker
Subscribe to vehicle func7onality as needed, e.g. extra horse powers
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The role of a vehicle in the informa7on system
Data consumer: • Order data • Traffic data • Administra@ve data
Data producer: • Order data • Traffic data • Administra@ve data • Opera@on data
Today, most of this communica@on is carried out by phone, paper, and pencil. In the 70’s, radio communica@on was used, nothing of note has happened otherwise…
To meet future customer requirements, all of this communica@on needs to be electronic
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Connected|Business
When data becomes readily available, data
mining becomes possible Visualisa7ons and mash-‐ups to assist decision making
Large-‐scale and frequent route-‐ and load op7misa7ons New channels of
communica7on Wide contact surface to the surrounding world
Direct contact and dialougue with customers and other stakeholders
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Connected|Goods The goods will be able to inherit and process the state of their load carrier
The goods will, by their own accord, be able to change route and otherwise affect their movement
The RFID technology taken to the next level
True distributed decision making
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Connected|Infrastructure
Slot management
Conges7on control
Dynamic road pricing
Disturbance management
Handling of permits
Decision support data
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Image: Connected. 362/365 by AndYaDontStop on Flickr.com
Security x Safety x Reliability x Sustainability Cost
Transport Quality =
vehicle km
tonne km
MAX
Transport Equa7on =
Image: fruit salad by fishbone1 on Flickr.com
Transport Future: Connected Goods Vehicle Business Infrastructure
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And finally… The Internet became accesible for Swedish consumers around 15 years ago
A (bad and expensive) mix between Teletext and the Yellow Pages
Not very preby
Only nerds owned computers
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And finally… Today, 15 years later, we have
sites like Google Flu Trends Based on what people google and where their computer is located
Two weeks ahead of the official flu tracker
www.google.org
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How will we use the technology in 15 years?
Thank you!
Per Olof Arnäs
per-‐olof.arnas@trb.se @Dr_PO
Image: The Girl and the iPad by niclindh on Flickr.com (CC-BY,NC,SA)
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