trusting a robot as a user versus as a...

TrustingaRobotasaUserVersusasaTeammatePaulRobinette,MichaelNovitzky,MichaelR.Benjamin

LaboratoryforAutonomousMarineSensingSystems(LAMSS)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,MIT

paulrobi@mit.edu,novitzky@mit.edu,mikerb@mit.edu

AbstractThe human's role in human-robot interaction likely affectstheir trust in the robot. For example, prior work has shownthat humans who are expected to use features of anautonomous robot tend to be more trusting than humans whooperate a robot. In this paper, we discuss this prior work andits extensions into human-robot teaming. Our testenvironment is an on-water game of capture the flag wherehumans in motorized kayaks work with autonomous surfacevehicles against a similar opposing team.

OngoingWorkExperimentingwithtrustversusdifferentlevelsofautonomyExploringdifferentroleshumansandrobotscanplayonateam:• Humanleader,humanandrobotsubordinates• Robotleader,humanandrobotsubordinates• Robotsaswingmen• Human-humanwingmenwithrobot-robotwingmenManipulatingcommunicationreliabilityduringthecompetition

SponsorsDARPATTO,ONR311,Battelle

TeammateTrustInongoingworkfortheAquaticusproject,weinvestigatethetrustbetweenhumansandtheirrobotteammates

HumanspilotMokais(motorizedkayaks)andcommunicateovervoice

Robotsusespeechtotextandtexttospeechtocommunicatewithhumans

Willthehumanovertrustateammate?Wemeasuretrustusing:• Post-experimentsurveys(Shaefer)• Frequencyofcommunicationwithrobot• Levelofrobotautonomypreferredbyhumanteammate• NumberoftimeshumanlooksatrobotWealsoinvestigatehumancognitiveworkloadduringtheexperiment

Inourtestbed,twohumansandtworobotsplaycapturetheflagagainstanotherfourentityteamontheCharlesRiverinfronttheoftheMITSailingPavilion.

Regardlessoftherobot’spriorbehavior,EVERYparticipantfollowedtherobot’sguidance

Doesthisovertrustextendintootherdomains?

Therobotfirstguidedaparticipanttoameetingroominanon-emergencyscenario

UserTrustinEmergenciesPriorworkfoundthatuserstendtoovertrustrobotsinemergencies

Theroboteither:• Drovestraighttothemeetingroom,or• Detouredthroughanotherroomandspunin

circlesbeforereachingthemeetingroom

Aftertheparticipantsatinthemeetingroomandclosedthedoor,artificialsmokefilledthehallwayandtriggeredafirealarmParticipantsexitedtheroomandfoundtherobotguidingthemtoanunmarked,previouslyunknownexit.

Control Room

Meeting Room

Other Room

Dark Room

To Front Exit

BackExit

RobotStart

Position

Efficient Path

Circuitous Path

Obstruction

RobotEmergency

Position

EmergencyExit Sign