turismo cultural: museos, patrimonio y empleabilidad
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turlsai
y tcrrltirli
turlsai
bukturnkpntrlai`li, auscisy capkcndlklmnm
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turlsaiy tcrrltirli
turlsaibukturnkpntrlai`li, auscisy capkcndlklmnm
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NS]ITCR
@urln Airrc Aikl`criZriecsirn mc Hlstirln N`tlfun mc knS`lvcrslmnm Tcy Gun` Bnrkis
Rnkvnmir Zcrckk IklvcrZriecsir mc Riblikifn mc knS`lvcrslmnm Tcy Gun` Bnrkis
C^SLZI MC L@UCR]LFNBL@Unkc`tl`n mckkIrtiL`vcstlfnmirn mc kn S`lvcrslmnm @cdrlgn
Bknrn Anrt` MuqucZriecsirn mc kn S`lvcrslmnm @cdrlgn
MLTCBBL@ MCK ZTI\CB]I CML]ITLNK
Cmunrmi KlznrrnkmcMlrcbtir mc Bi`iblalc`ti CIL
C`rlquc Ecrri]b`lbi mc L`vcstlfnbl` CIL
Eu`mnbl` CIL, 4:>2www.cil.cs
Anmrlm, 4:>2
BTML]IR
ZTI\CB]I FTELBI
dnsc >4 mlsci y biau`lbnbl`, s.k.
LRD@3:5>-26-2
MCZRL]I KCFNK
A-6>32
Kldri mlfltnk c`7http7//www.cil.cs/snvln/mibuac`ti/cil-8::2.
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@MLBC
ZTKIFI .............................................................................................................................. | 3 |
Bnptuki >
L@]TIMSBBL@ ................................................................................................................... |
6 |
Bnptuki 4
NKBN@BC \ AC]IMIKIFN MC CR]SMLI.................................................................. |
>2 |
Bnptuki 2
CK ]STLRAI BSK]STNK BIAI BN]CFITN MC N@KLRLR .................................. | >< |
>. Anrbi bi`bcptunk mck cstumli .......................................................................................... | 4> |
4. Kn trnmlbl` n`nktlbn mck ]urlsai Bukturnk c` Cspnn ........................................... | 48 |
2. Ck capkci c` ck ]urlsai Bukturnk biai idgcti mc cstumli ................................. | 23 |
=. ]c`mc`blns mck ]urlsai Bukturnk c` Cspnn .............................................................. | =: |
Bnptuki =
KN ITFN@LWNBL@ MCK ]STLRAI BSK]STNK ........................................................ | =3 |
>. Ck ausci biai Ntrnbtlvi ]urstlbi Bukturnk .............................................................. | =. Kns bnrnbtcrstlbns mc kn capkcndlklmnm c` ck ]urlsai Bukturnk ......................... | 2 |
DLDKLIFTNEN...................................................................................................................... | >4> |
TCKNBL@ MC ]NDKNR \ ELFSTNR ............................................................................... |
>4< |
NFTNMCBLALC@]IR ........................................................................................................... |
>22 |
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ZTKIFI
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| 5 |ZTKIFI
Ck biaprialsi mc kn Csbuckn mc Irfn`lznbl` L`mustrlnk bi` ck mcsnrrikki cbi`albi, kn
bihcsl` siblnk y tcrrltirlnk, ck capkci y kn sistc`ldlklmnm hn mnmi u` pnsi as lapuksn`-
mi kn brcnbl` mc u`n ucvn k`cn mc bi`iblalc`ti bc`trnmn c` ck ]urlsai y ck ]crrltirli.
C` ck anrbi mc cstc adlti mc l`tcrs cstrntflbi sc udlbn ck kldri ]urlsai Bukturnk.
Zntrlai`li, Auscis y Capkcndlklmnm. Rc trntn mc u`n l`vcstlfnbl` quc vn as nkk
mck bnapi bkslbi mck ]urlsai biai slstcan y scbtir mc nbtlvlmnm. @is l`trimubc c` ck
]urlsai Bukturnk biai csn eiran mc turlsai y mc vlngc nktcr`ntlvi, u`n aucstrn rcbl`
surflmn n ki knrfi mc kis nis 8:, y quc hiy cacrfc biai u` ynblalc`ti eu`mnac`tnk
mc brcnbl` mc vnkir, rlquczn, capkci y bihcsl` mck tcrrltirli.
Kn l`vcstlfnbl` rcekcgn kn cvikubl` quc ck ]urlsai Bukturnk hn vlvlmi n ki knrfi mc
cstns ktlans trcs mbnmns, ndn`mi`n`mi c`eiqucs mcsbrlptlvis y nmc`tr`misc c`
pkn`tcnalc tis as prieu`mis quc iercbc` kis mlnf`stlbis caprlbis y kns pripucstnsmc acgirn quc kn siblcmnm mcan`mn. Un as nkk mc kn bkslbn bi`bcpbl` mck turlsai
biai aitir mc mcsnrrikki pnrn nmc`trnrsc c` kis enbtircs mc kn l``ivnbl`, kn brcntlvl-
mnm y kn vlsl` sudgctlvn biai rcekcgi pcrsi`nk mc kis biapirtnalc tis n`tc kn bukturn
i kn cxprcsl` nrtstlbn. S`n kflbn trn`seiranbl` c` kns mcan`mns y cbcslmnmcs mc
kis turlstns quc bnmn mn dusbn` bi` as nhl`bi vlvlr u` turlsai cxpcrlc`blnk.
C` csc sc`tlmi, kis nutircs hn` mcsnrrikknmi u`n actimikifn cspcbelbn irlc`tnmn n
cxpkirnr kis Auscis y Bikcbbli`cs auscifrelbns mc Cspnn c`tc`mlmis biai u`
nbtlvi prlvlkcflnmi mck ]urlsai Bukturnk c` Cspnn, as nkk mc kis c`eiqucs pntrlai-
`lnkcs trnmlbli`nkcs. Nmcas, hn` bi`tnmi bi` kn pnrtlblpnbl` mc u`n utrlmn rcprcsc`-
tnbl` mc cxpcrtis, quc hn` npirtnmi u`n pcrspcbtlvn auktlmlac`sli`nk mc kn rcnklmnm
mc kis Dlc`cs mc L`tcrs Bukturnk Ulsltndkcs c` Cspnn y mc kns cstrntcflns mc euturi quc
pimr` iercbcr u` anyir pitc`blnk mc brcnbl` mc rlquczn y capkci. Mc kn an`i mc
u`n c`bucstn mlscnmn cspcbelbnac`tc pnrn cstc cstumli, ns biai mc kn cxpkirnbl`
bunkltntlvn mck mlsbursi y ipl`li`cs mc cstis cxpcrtis sc hn idtc`lmi u` mlnf`stlbi
irlfl`nk quc hnbc` mc cstn idrn u` trndngi pli`cri, bi` rcsuktnmis mc knrfi rcbirrlmi
c` ck bnapi mc kn rcknbl` c`trc ]urlsai Bukturnk y su pitc`blnk mc capkcndlklmnm.
Kis nutircs mc cstc cstumli, kn priecsirn @urln Aircr y ck priecsir Rnkvnmir Zcrckk,
ns biai su cqulpi, eiranmis c l`tcfrn`tcs mc kn as erubtecrn trnmlbl` nbnmal-
bn cspnikn hn` slmi bnpnbcs mc mnr u` snkti bunkltntlvi y npklbnr u`n actimikifn
bun`tltntlvn- bunkltntlvn bnpnz mc npklbnbli`cs aktlpkcs y nmnptndkcs n kn rcnklmnm
mc kis mlvcrsis cspnblis y tlcapis. Cstis mis enbtircs, tlcapi y cspnbli mial`n` y
bi`mlbli`n`, timnvn hiy, kn rcnklmnm mck slstcan turstlbi y su c`tir`i mc l`ekuc`bln.
Cstc trndngi vlc`c n slf`lelbnr, pir ki tn`ti, ck buapklalc`ti mck biaprialsi cstrntflbi
quc kn Csbuckn mc Irfn`lznbl` L`mustrlnk hn nsualmi bi` ck ]urlsai biai ck ]urlsai
biai slstcan trn`sbc`mc`tnk mc mcsnrrikki cbi`albi y brcnbl` mc capkci c` Cspnn.
Ecr`n`mi Dny` Anrl`
Mlrcbtir Fc`crnk mc kn Csbuckn mc Irfn`lznbl` L`mustrlnk
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> L@]TIMSBBL@
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| 8 | Bnptuki >L@]TIMSBBL@
Ck ]urlsai cs u`i mc kis aitircs quc lapuksn` ck mcsnrrikki mc kn cbi`ian au`mlnk,
tn`ti c` ki quc sc rcelcrc nk biacrbli l`tcr`nbli`nk mc scrvlblis biai n kn fc`crnbl`
mc capkci. Kn Irfn`lznbl` Au`mlnk mck ]urlsai (IA]) ki mcel`c bai7 u` ec`ac`i
siblnk, bukturnk y cbi`albi rcknbli`nmi bi` ck aivlalc`ti mc kns pcrsi`ns n kufnrcsquc sc c`buc`trn` eucrn mc su kufnr mc rcslmc`bln hndltunk pir aitlvis pcrsi`nkcs i mc
`cfiblis/priecsli`nkcs (Fkisnrli Dslbi IA]). Zcri gu`ti n cstn mcel`lbl` fc`rlbn,
mcsmc u` pu`ti mc vlstn n`nktlbi, ck ]urlsai rcspi`mc n u` kflbn irfn`lzntlvn quc
scf` Hnkk (vcr frelbi >) ipcrn biai u` slstcan biapkcgi quc c`fkidn pcrsi`ns,
aitlvnbli`cs, rcbursis, scrvlblis, primubtis, caprcsns, dc`celblis, nbtlvlmnm cbi`-
albn, bi` auktlpklblmnm mc nprixlanbli`cs y rcspucstns (Hnkk, 4::3).
C` Cspnn, pcsc n scr u` aitir mc kn cbi`ian, ck ]urlsai vlvc aiac`tis mc l`bcr-
tlmuadrc y mc bnadlis, trns kn eucrtc brlsls mck 4::8-4::: ck pns mc kn S`l` Curipcn quc
idtuvi as l`frcsis pir ]urlsai, scfulmi mc Ern`bln c Ltnkln. C` 4:>>, ck scbtir bi`sl-
ful snkvnr ck ni c` frn` pnrtc mcdlmi n kis nbi`tcblalc`tis nbncblmis c` tcrbcris
pnscs, nkfu`is mc ckkis biapctlmircs mcsmc u` pu`ti mc vlstn turstlbi.
Rl` cadnrfi, kis mntis as rcblc`tcs aucstrn` kn biapkcglmnm mc kn sltunbl` c` Cspn-
n y kn `cbcslmnm mc u` rcpkn`tcnalc`ti cstrntflbi fkidnk, biai bi`scbuc`bln mc kn
brlsls cbi`albn l`tcr`n y mc kn sltunbl` l`tcr`nbli`nk. Ns, ck pn`irnan cs titnkac`tcmlecrc`tc scf` hndkcais mc ]urlsai l`tcr`nbli`nk i mc ]urlsai nbli`nk. Kis mntis
as rcblc`tcs mc 4:>4 aucstrn` u` l`brcac`ti mc kns c`trnmns l`tcr`nbli`nkcs rcs-
pcbti nk ni n`tcrlir, bi`brctnac`tc u` 4,6% (Eri`tur, LC]), alc`trns quc c` bun`ti
nk fnsti turstlbi, kn vnrlnbl` l`tcrn`unk (anyi 4:>4) rcekcgn u` brcblalc`ti mck 6,32%
quc pucmc cxpklbnrsc tn`ti pir ck nuac`ti mc acri mc vlngcris biai pir ck pripli
nuac`ti mck fnsti acmli.
Mcsfrnblnmnac`tc kns cxpcbtntlvns sc hn` vlsti auy aimcrnmns c` rcknbl` nk ]urlsai
`nbli`nk biai bi`scbuc`bln mc kn brlsls l`tcr`n y ck mcsbc`si mc kis mcspknznalc`tis
mc kis cspnikcs, tn`ti mc`tri biai eucrn mc Cspnn>.
\ biai rcsuktnmi, kn dnkn`zn mc pnfis mck Rcbtir ]urstlbi c` ndrlk mck 4:>4 nrrigndn
u` snkmi pisltlvi mc >.8
> Kns ktlans c`bucstns pudklbnmns pir ck L`stltuti mc Cstumlis ]urstlbis aucstrn` kn frnvcmnm mc
kn brlsls cspnikn, bi` u` rctribcsi mc -4,3% l`tcrn`unk c` ck titnk mc vlngcs mc kis cspnikcs y u`
-2,=% mc kis vlngcs c` Cspnn (ecdrcri 4:>4)7 Aivlalc`tis ]urstlbis Cspnikcs, Mntis mc Biyu`-
turn, LC]. Necbtn as n kis aivlalc`tis c` Cspnn pirquc si` kis quc as hndltunkac`tc rcnklzn
kn bknsc acmln.
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| >% mck ZLD.
Mc cstn an`crn, ck ]urlsai c` Cspn-
n, pcsc n scr u` scbtir bknvc mc kn
nbtlvlmnm cbi`albn, `cbcsltn
rcmcel`lrsc c` irlfc`, mcstl`is y
cstrntcflns mcdlmi n kn frnvc brlslsl`tcr`n pcri tnadl` ck pripli bi`-
tcxti l`tcr`nbli`nk. Zir itrn pnrtc,
nmcas, Cspnn tlc`c quc scr
bnpnz mc pi`cr c` vnkir sus eirtn-
kczns, c` cspcblnk su slstcan eiran-
tlvi c` rcknbl` nk ]urlsai quc hnbc
quc cst mitnmn mc priecsli`nkcs
u`lvcrsltnrlis y mc fcstircs mc
cxtrnirml`nrln vnkn quc, c` duc`n acmlmn, cs ck enbtir quc sustc`t ck surflalc`ti mckis ]urlsais nktcr`ntlvis c` kis nis 8:.
\ cs c` ck anrbi mc cstns biirmc`nmns c` kns quc sc hn pkn`tcnmi ck cstumli ]urlsai
Bukturnk7 Zntrlai`li, Auscis y Capkcndlklmnm, c`tc`mlc`mi quc bi` k sc bi`trlduyc
n mcsnrrikknr u` mlnf`stlbi rckcvn`tc sidrc kn rcnklmnm mck scbtir mck ]urlsai Bukturnk
n kn vcz quc cxpkirn `ucvns k`cns mc trndngi c l`vcstlfnbl`.
Ck ]urlsai Bukturnk `nbc c l`tcfrn mis rcns, ]urlsai y Bukturn, quc hn` rcbirrlmi
mlstl`tns enscs mc cvikubl`, c`buc`tris y mcsc`buc`tris bi`bcptunkcs y tcrlbis pcri
tnadl` nmal`lstrntlvis y piktlbis. Zrctc`mcais rcspi`mcr n kn `cbcslmnm mc mcel`l-
bl` quc cstis tral`is y su biadl`nbl` hn` mcsnrrikknmi, mctcbtn`mi mcdlklmnmcs,
eirtnkczns, tc`mc`blns y ipirtu`lmnmcs, hnstn bi`elfurnr u`n bntcfirn mc ]urlsai, ck
]urlsai Bukturnk, hcrrnalc`tn mc biapctltlvlmnm y brcblalc`ti cbi`albi, y bi` u`
c`irac pitc`blnk mc fc`crnbl` mc capkci. Nu` bun`mi sc hn` kkcvnmi n bndi vnrlis
pkn`cs mcsmc ck ni 4:::4, y nbtunkac`tc cst l`tcfrnmi c` ck Zkn` @nbli`nk c L`tcfrnk
mck ]urlsai cspnik (4:>4->3), bnrcbc mc u`n eirauknbl` pripln tn` `cbcsnrln pnrn
ck scbtir caprcsnrlnk y priecsli`nk, nk cstnr kns biapctc`blns c` antcrln mc ]urlsai
4 Zkn` mc Lapuksi nk ]urlsai Bukturnk c Lmliatlbi 4::>-4::2.
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| >: | Bnptuki >L@]TIMSBBL@
y mc Bukturn, kis mis plknrcs, rcpnrtlmns c` mis bnapis y rcns dnstn`tc cstn`bis y
mlecrc`blnmis.
Mcsmc u` pu`ti mc vlstn bi`bcptunk, ck ]urlsai Bukturnk tlc`c c` su irlfc` kn Bukturnbuyi bi`suai vcrtcdrn, mc hcbhi, timns kns pnrbckns mc `ucstrn vlmn bitlmln`n dngi
aktlpkcs eirans (pntrlai`li, kc`fun, hdltis, brcnbli`cs nrtstlbns, trnmlbli`cs, fns-
tri`ian). Zcri n ckki hny quc nnmlr ck vlngc quc, c` s alsai, nmqulcrc biai u`bn
u`n mlac`sl` bukturnk n trnvs mc kns mlstl`tns cxpcrlc`blns quc kis vlngcris vlvc` n ki
knrfi mc kn cstn`bln. Cstn vlsl` napkln mck ]urlsai Bukturnk l`birpirn u`n mlac`sl` mc
acrbnmi y bi`suai (Bhcvrlcr y Bknlr-Rnlkkn`t, 4::5? Hcrrcri Zrlcti, 4:>>) n kn vcz quc
mcstnbn ck vnkir mck ]urlsai Bukturnk y mc su iecrtn biai hcrrnalc`tn mc bi`scrvnbl`
mck pntrlai`li (Tlbhnrms, 4::6). Nmcas, mcsmc cstn pcrspcbtlvn, sc mn pritnfi`lsai
nk vlsltn`tc c` kn brcnbl` mc aimckis mc vlsltn cxpcrlc`blnkcs y brcntlvis (BnanrcriLzqulcrmi y Fnrrlmi Rnan`lcfi, 4::=)2.
Zir timi ckki, ck prcsc`tc trndngi prlirlzn kis ntrnbtlvis turstlbis pntrlai`lnkcs, pntrl-
ai`li rcprcsc`tnmi pir kis auscis, bi` u`n vlsl` tcrrltirlnk y mc`tri mc u` adlti
anyirltnrlnac`tc pdklbi, pcri mi`mc kn caprcsn prlvnmn cst brcn`mi su cspnbli n
trnvs mc ucvis primubtis y ucvns eraukns mc fcstl` (Frceec, 4::
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| >> |]urlsai bukturnk.ZN]TLAI@LI, ASRCIR \ CAZKCNDLKLMNM
l`tcrprctnbl` ns biai n kis auscis bi`slmcrnmis ntrnbtlvis turstlbis pntrlai`lnkcs
y quc, c` ktlan l`stn`bln, vn` n bi`stltulr ck u`lvcrsi mck trndngi bun`tltntlvi.
FTELBI >
Ck ]urlsai biai slstcan. Kn l`bkusl` mck capkci y mck ]urlsai Bukturnk
Ulngc nk mcstl`i
Tcfl` rcbcptirn mc ]urlsai
Tcfl` fc`crnmirn mc ]urlsai
Biapirtnalc`ti mc kn mcan`mn7
Aitlvnbli`cs
Nbbcsldlklmnm
L`eiranbl`
Cxpcrlc`blns pnsnmns
Zrcecrc`blns
Cxpcbtntlvns c Lafc`cs
Nbtlvlmnmcs y cxpcrlc`blns
Zrimubtis c` mcstl`i7
L`mustrln ]urstlbn
L`erncstrubturn
]rndngi
Bnpltnk
Tcbursis-ntrnbtlvis
L`stltubli`cs
CapkciN`klsls mcan`mn
Iecrtn Mcstl`is
Caprcsns
L`stltubli`csNut`iais
Euc`tc7 Ckndirnbl` pripln n pnrtlr mck aimcki mc Hnkk, A. B. 4::3, ]iurlsa Tcthl`ol`f thc Riblnk Rblc`bc ie
Aidlklty,Zcnrsi`, Zrc tlbc Hlkk, 52.
Ck l`tcrs ktlai mck cstumli sc mlrlfc cspcbelbnac`tc nk n`klsls mc kn capkcndlklmnm,
ckcac`ti stc mc pnrtlbuknr rckcvn`bln sl tc`cais c` buc`tn quc sc trntn mc ]urlsaiBukturnk, u`n mlsblpkl`n rckntlvnac`tc rcblc`tc y mc mcel`lbl` biapkcgn. Mlelcrc ns
mc kis pkn`tcnalc`tis hndltunkcs sidrc kis n`klsls mck capkci c` ck ]urlsai quc sc
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| >4 | Bnptuki >L@]TIMSBBL@
mcsnrrikkn` mcsmc c`eiqucs bun`tltntlvis y cbi`ialblstns, pcsc nkfu`ns rcblc`tcs
pcrspcbtlvns siblnkcs y bukturnkcs (Knmol`, 4:>>). C` cecbti, ck nkti lvck mc biapctc`bln
l`tcr`nbli`nk, kn `cbcslmnm mc acgirnr kn biapctltlvlmnm n trnvs mc kn lapkcac`tn-
bl` mc piktlbns caprcsnrlnkcs y cmubntlvns c` rcknbl` nk ]urlsai, `cbcsltn` mc knckndirnbl` rlfurisn mc cstumlis prcvlis. Rc hn` vc`lmi primublc`mi auy cspcbel-
bnac`tc bnadlis c` kn eiranbl` turstlbn biai bi`scbuc`bln mc kn nmnptnbl` nk
Cspnbli mc Cmubnbl` Rupcrlir (mc Mlpkianmi n Frnmi? Astcrcs) quc ndrc` u`n
`ucvn pcrspcbtlvn pnrn kis cstumln`tcs pribcmc`tcs mc ]urlsai. Rc trntn mc cstumlis
quc caplczn` n fn`nr buitn mc acrbnmi gu`ti bi` kns c`scn`zns huan`stlbns mc
as knrfn trnmlbl`, timi ckki bun`mi kn rcknbl` c`trc `lvck mc cstumlis y trndngi/
pnri cst bknrnac`tc mcaistrnmn.
Cstnais, sl` mumn, n`tc u`n brlslscbi`albn sl` prcbcmc`tcs, pcri
tnadl` n`tc u`n brlsls siblnk y mc
bi`iblalc`ti, quc, sl` cadnrfi,
pucmc c`bi`trnr y c`buc`trn c` kn
mcan`mn turstlbn u`n pucrtn hnbln
ck euturi. Kn Bukturn y ck Zntrlai`li
Bukturnk sc bi`vlcrtc` c` kn dnsc
mck ]urlsai Bukturnk, ck bunk `cbc-
sltn, pucs, mc u` cstumli eu`mnac`-tnmi mc`tri mck napkli bnapi mck
]urlsai.
Kn capkcndlklmnm scr su cgc vcrtcdrnmir y ck l`struac`ti pnrn cstumlnr kn c`tlmnm c
lmc`tlmnm mck ]urlsai Bukturnk, quc c` nkfu`is bnsis, scr aubhi as quc u` scf-
ac`ti mc acrbnmi i u`n acrn suan mc primubtis. C` ck rcblc`tcac`tc pudklbnmi
Zkn` @nbli`nk c L`tcfrnk mck ]urlsai Cspnik sc scnkn kn lapirtn`bln mc kis rcbursis
bukturnkcs pnrn Cspnn, cs mcblr mc su iecrtn3, y sc hnbc nkusl` n k`cns cstrntflbns
sidrc c`eiqucs cxpcrlc`blnkcs y brcntlvis, fcstl` mc primubtis y n kis auscis
cspcbelbnac`tc. Ck capkci, kn u`lmnm mc acrbnmi, kn Anrbn Cspnn, kn birrcspi`sn-
dlklmnm prlvnmn-pdklbn y kn mcscstnbli`nklznbl` mck ]urlsai si` ckcac`tis bknvc n
mcsnrrikknr y n ckkis `is hcais nprixlanmi n trnvs mc kn actimikifn quc vcrtcdrn
cstc cstumli.
3 Cspnn cst pislbli`nmn c` kn 4 y 23 pislbl` mc kis >2< pnscs mck cstumli ]hc ]rnvck & ]iurlsa
Biapctltlvc`css Tcpirt 4:>> c` rcknbl` n kis rcbursis bukturnkcs y c` rcbursis nturnkcs rcspcbtlvn-
ac`tc. (Virkm Cbi`ialb Eirua, 4:>>). Tcbiflmi c` ck Z@L]. Ck Zkn` mc Lapuksi nk ]urlsai Bukturnk c
Lmliatlbi mc kn Rcbrctnrn mc Cstnmi mc Biacrbli y ]urlsai (4::>-4::2) yn scnkndn kn mlvcrslmnm
y napkltum mc kis rcbursis bukturnkcs (Zln`cs Kcnk, G. 4::=).
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4 NKBN@BC \ AC]IMIKIFNMC CR]SMLI
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| >= | Bnptuki 4NKBN@BC \ AC]IMIKIFN MC CR]SMLI
Ck idgctlvi mck prcsc`tc trndngi pcrslfuc mcsnrrikknr ck bi`bcpti mc ]urlsai Bukturnk
y su cvikubl` biai bntcfirn, n kn vcz quc su bi`brcbl` c` kis auscis mcsmc kn
pcrspcbtlvn mc kn capkcndlklmnm.
Cstc idgctlvi fc`crnk sc nrtlbukn c` tir`i n kis slfulc`tcs idgctlvis cspcbelbis7
Bnrnbtcrlznr ck ]urlsai Bukturnk mcsmc kn pcrspcbtlvn mc sus aimckis y piktlbns mc
fcstl`, ns biai mc sus rcmcs priecsli`nkcs.
Mcel`lr c l`vc`tnrlnr kis pcrelkcs priecsli`nkcs lapklbnmis c` ck ]urlsai Bukturnk bi`
cspcblnk hl`bnpl c` kis auscis biai ntrnbtlvi turstlbi pntrlai`lnk.
Lmc`tlelbnr kns eirtnkczns y mcdlklmnmcs mc kis pcrelkcs priecsli`nkcs c` rcknbl` bi`
kis lvckcs mc eiranbl` y bunklelbnbl` cxlflmns.
N`nklznr ck ausci biai ntrnbtlvi turstlbi pi`lc`mi c` rcknbl` su irfn`lznbl`
l`tcr`n bi` su scfac`tnbl` c` tral`is mc acri y pcrelk mc sus vlsltn`tcs, y timi
ckki mcsmc kn pcrspcbtlvn mc su irlc`tnbl` cstrntflbn hnbln ck ]urlsai Bukturnk y
su pitc`blnk mc capkcndlklmnm.
Znrn kn bi`scbubl` mc cstis idgctlvis sc hn mcsnrrikknmi u`n cstrntcfln actimikflbn
trln`fuknmn nrtlbuknmn c` tir`i n kns slfulc`tcs tb`lbns bun`tltntlvns y bunkltntlvns
mc l`vcstlfnbl 7
> N`klsls mc euc`tcs mibuac`tnkcs y cstnmstlbns.
4 C`trcvlstns c` prieu`mlmnm n u`n aucstrn cstrntflbn mc l`eiran`tcs mlrcbtis y
bknvc mck ]urlsai Bukturnk. C` cstc sc`tlmi ck cstumli hn l`birpirnmi n l`eiran`tcs
mc l`stltubli`cs tn`ti mck ]urlsai biai mc kn bukturn. C`tc`mcais quc bi` cstis brl-
tcrlis sc hn bi`elfurnmi u`n aucstrn mc pribcmc`bln trn`svcrsnk c l`tcfrnmirn buyi
mlsbursi sc hn bi`trnstnmi anrbnmnac`tc slf`lelbntlvi.
2 Frupis mc mlsbusl` c`trc cxpcrtis mck ]urlsai Bukturnk. Bi`brctnac`tc hcais
mcsnrrikknmi mis frupis mc mlsbusl`. Ck prlacr frupi hn slmi eiranmi pir l`eiran`tcs
vl`buknmis nk adlti mck ]urlsai Bukturnk mcsmc kn pcrspcbtlvn mck scbtir pdklbi, tn`ti
mcsmc ck ]urlsai biai mc kn bukturn, biai rcprcsc`tn`tcs mc irfn`lsais l`tcr`nbli-
`nkcs, l`stltubli`cs nbli`nkcs, bi`scgcrns, nyu`tnalc`tis y u`lvcrslmnmcs. Ck scfu`mi
frupi hn cstnmi biapucsti pir l`eiran`tcs mck scbtir prlvnmi, nfc`blns mc vlngcs,
hitckcs, caprcsns mc scrvlblis turstlbis, bi`suktirns, nut`iais y caprcsns mc ibli.
Hcais l`birpirnmi tnadl` n l`eiran`tcs lapklbnmis c` kis pribcsis mc bi`trntnbl`
mcsmc kn ptlbn mck scbtir prlvnmi, biai rcspucstn n kis pkn`tcnalc`tis mck Zkn` @nbli-`nk c L`tcfrnk mck ]urlsai (Z@L]) sidrc kn csbnsn bikndirnbl` c`trc nadis scbtircs,
pcri quc pnrn ck ]urlsai Bukturnk sc pkn`tcn` biai u` cgc l``ivnmir y prlirltnrli.
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| >3 |]urlsai bukturnk.ZN]TLAI@LI, ASRCIR \ CAZKCNDLKLMNM
= C`bucstn acmln`tc u` bucstli`nrli nutinmal`lstrnmi mc eiran tckcatlbn n u`n
aucstrn cstnmstlbnac`tc rcprcsc`tntlvn n kis mlrcbtircs i rcspi`sndkcs mc Biau-
`lbnbl` mc kis auscis y bc`tris mc L`tcrprctnbl`-Cspnblis Bukturnkcs mc Cspnn, n
pnrtlr mck Mlrcbtirli mc auscis y Bikcbbli`cs Auscifrelbns, mck Al`lstcrli mc Cmu-bnbl`, Bukturn y Mcpirtcs5. Znrtlc`mi mc u` u`lvcrsi mc >32: auscis (L@C, 4:>:),
mlbhi bucstli`nrli hn slmi buapklac`tnmi pir kis rcspi`sndkcs mc biau`lbnbl`
bi`eiran`mi u`n aucstrn mc >8:, mctcral`nmn bi` u` `lvck mc bi`eln`zn mck 5/>>/p>>/prl`blpnkcs/&I1pbnxls&@1&K1:6 Ulm mlsbusl` pfl`ns 4>-44.
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| >5 | Bnptuki 4NKBN@BC \ AC]IMIKIFN MC CR]SMLI
pnrn quc scn cstumlnmi y cmuquc y mckcltc nk pdklbi (Mcel`lbl` mck LBIA. Bmlfi
Mci`tikflbi, 44 bi`ecrc`bln mck LBIA Nustrln 4::6).
Cstns mis mcel`lbli`cs bi`elfurn` ck bnrbtcr pntrlai`lnk y siblnk (turstlbi-ntrnbtlvi)mck ausci biai l`stltubl`. \ c` tcrbcr kufnr, mlspi`cais mc kn Dnsc mc mntis mc
Auscis y Bikcbbli`cs auscifrelbns, dnsc mc kn c`bucstn, y quc sc pucmc bi`slmcrnr,
c` csc sc`tlmi, biai ck `lbi l`vc`tnrli idgctlvi mc ntrnbtlvis turstlbis bukturnkcs8.
Ri` lfunkac`tc kis auscis, u` cgc slf`lelbntlvi mc kn piktlbn cstntnk c` antcrln mc pntrl-
ai`li bukturnk, mc`tri mck Zkn` @nbli`nk c L`tcfrnk mck ]urlsai cspnik (4:>4-4:>3).
C` csc sc`tlmi kn c`bucstn prctc`mc bi`ibcr7
Ck pcrelk mc kn capkcndlklmnm c` kis auscis, tnani mc kn pkn`tlkkn mc trndngnmircsy su mlstrldubl` c` sus mlstl`tis mcpnrtnac`tis biai rcprcsc`tnbl` mck capkci
c` ck ]urlsai Bukturnk. Nmcas sc n`nklznr ck `lvck mc bunklelbnbl` cxlflmi n kis
capkcnmis mc kis auscis y su nmcbunbl` n kis pucstis.
Kn bnrnbtcrlznbl` mck ausci biai ntrnbtlvi turstlbi n trnvs mc su irfn`lznbl`
l`tcr`n, mcstnbn`mi ck pcsi mck Mcpnrtnac`ti mc Biau`lbnbl`-Mleusl`, su tlpi-
kifn, sus vlsltn`tcs y sus rcmcs mc bikndirnbl`.
Kn pcrbcpbl` pripln mc kis auscis mc bnrn nk ]urlsai y kns cstrntcflns mcsnrri-
kknmns c` rcknbl` bi` ck ]urlsai Bukturnk, cspcblnkac`tc kn bikndirnbl` c`trc kisauscis y kns l`stltubli`cs pdklbns y prlvnmns, y kns rcmcs priecsli`nkcs quc sc hn`
cstndkcblmi.
Ck bucstli`nrli cst eiranmi pir >3 prcfu`tns, >= bcrrnmns y u`n ndlcrtn. Ru cstrubturn
ndirmn prifrcslvnac tc kis idgctlvis mck cstumli n pnrtlr mc kis slfulc`tcs brltcrlis7
Kns prlacrns prcfu`tns c`bunmrn` ck ausci c` ck mcstl`i turstlbi y c` kn rcfl`,
y kis rcknbli`n bi` kns Mcbknrnbli`cs mc Dlc`cs Zntrlai`li pir kn S@CRBI, u`n mc
kns pisldkcs hcrrnalc`tns mc fcstl` turstlbn mc kis mcstl`is.
S` scfu`mi dkiquc mc prcfu`tns sc rcelcrc n kn irfn`lznbl` mc kis auscis hnblc`mi
hl`bnpl c` ck `acri mc vlsltn`tcs, ki quc pcraltc vnkirnr su lapnbti c` rcknbl`
bi` ck ]urlsai.
Rc hn` l`trimublmi u`n scrlc mc prcfu`tns rcecrlmns nk Mcpnrtnac`ti mc Biau`l-
bnbl` y Mleusl` mc`tri mck bi`tcxti fc`crnk mck ausci, ns biai bucstli`cs rckn-
8C` ipislbl` n kis Dlc`cs mc L`tcrs Bukturnk, quc sc hn` bi`slmcrnmi ercbuc`tcac tc y buyn eu`bl``i cs turstlbn7 vlm l`ernkn mlsbusl`.
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| >6 |]urlsai bukturnk.ZN]TLAI@LI, ASRCIR \ CAZKCNDLKLMNM
bli`nmns bi` kis `lvckcs mc bunklelbnbl` cxlflmis c` kis mlstl`tis mcpnrtnac`tis,
nmcbunbl` mc nkfu`ns tltuknbli`cs, biapctc`blns y pcrelkcs priecsli`nkcs.
Ck ktlai dkiquc mc prcfu`tns sc bc`trn cspcbelbnac`tc c` ck ]urlsai Bukturnk y
n`nklzn kis bi`tnbtis l`stltubli`nkcs y caprcsnrlnkcs biai ckcac`tis eu`mnac`tnkcspnrn kn brcnbl` mc rcmcs y frupis mc trndngi. Rc pkn`tcn` bucstli`cs rcecrlmns n kn
pripln pcrbcpbl` mck ausci c` rcknbl` bi` ck ]urlsai y n kns pisldkcs cstrntcflns
y nbbli`cs mc acgirn, nmcas mc u`n prcfu`tn mlrcbtn sidrc ck pislbli`nalc`ti.
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2 CK ]STLRAI BSK]STNKBIAI BN]CFITN MC
N@KLRLR
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| 4: | Bnptuki 2CK ]STLRAI BSK]STNK BIAI BN]CFITN MC N@KLRLR
Mcsmc kn N`tlfcmnm, kns vlsltns bukturnkcs hn` slmi u`n mc kns aitlvnbli`cs pnrn
aubhis vlngcris y cstn bi`cxl` sc hn lmi hnblc`mi as `tlmn n pnrtlr mck Tc`n-
blalc`ti y, sidrc timi, bi` kis mc`ial`nmis vlngcs mck Frn`m ]iur
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| 4> |]urlsai bukturnk.ZN]TLAI@LI, ASRCIR \ CAZKCNDLKLMNM
>. Anrbi bi`bcptunk mck cstumli
Ck prl`blpli mc pritcbbl` mck pntrlai`li cs ck quc anrbn ck irlfc` mc kns prlacrns
mcel`lbli`cs. Nmcas, n ki knrfi mc kns ktlans mbnmns mck slfki XX, eucri` npnrcblc`mi`ucvns eirans mc vlmn, c` u` bi`tcxti mc bnadlis siblnkcs, bukturnkcs y cbi`albis.
Kn pidknbl` nuac`t sus rcbursis cbi`albis, ns biai su lvck cmubntlvi y buktu-
rnk. Bi` cstis bnadlis sc tcstlai`lnr` `ucvis hdltis mc vlngcs y u`n tc`mc`bln n kn
ernfac`tnbl` mc kns vnbnbli`cs, u` l`tcrs pir kis vlngcs birtis mc el` mc scan`n, i
kn dsqucmn mc vnbnbli`cs nbtlvns, nmcas mc u` mcsci mc nprc`mcr murn`tc ck tlca-
pi kldrc. S`n acgirn cvlmc`tc c` ck slstcan mc trn`spirtcs enblklt timi cstc pribcsi
y brc kns dnscs y ck c`tir`i envirndkcs pnrn ck mcsnrrikki mc kis kknanmis ]urlsais
nktcr`ntlvis, c`trc kis quc sc sltundn c`ti`bcs ck ]urlsai Bukturnk.
Ck ckcac`ti mlecrc`blnmir euc c`ti`bcs kn eiran mc nbcrbnrsc n kn bukturn, prcsc`t`misc
biai u`n nbtlvlmnm mlecrc`blnmn mck ]urlsai mc ansns prititplbi mc kis nis 5:. Ck
]urlsai Bukturnk cs u`n eiran mc bi`tnbtnr bi` ck pnsnmi y mc pritcfcrki y, c` csc bi`-
tcxti, sc lapuksnr` kis prlacris trndngis mc l`vcstlfnbl` sidrc cstc ec`ac`i cacr-
fc`tc (Rlkmckdcrf, >
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| 44 | Bnptuki 2CK ]STLRAI BSK]STNK BIAI BN]CFITN MC N@KLRLR
Znrnkcknac`tc, `is c`bi`trnais
bi` ck bi`bcpti mc vlngc y mc mcs-
pknznalc`ti, c` rcknbl` bi` ck
]urlsai Bukturnk. Ru mcel`lbl`hndn capcznmi n l`mcpc`mlznrsc
mck pntrlai`li y n c`fkidnr n kn
Bukturn c` u` sc`tlmi as fkidnk7
timis kis aivlalc`tis mc pcrsi-
`ns bi` mcstl`i n ntrnbtlvis buktu-
rnkcs bi`brctis, biai sltlis mc
l`tcrs pntrlai`lnk, an`lecstnbli-
`cs nrtstlbns y bukturnkcs, cxpisl-
bli`cs mc nrtc y tcntri, c` blumnmcs udlbnmns c` pnscs quc `i si` su kufnr hndltunkmc rcslmc`bln (Tlbhnrms, >
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| 42 |]urlsai bukturnk.ZN]TLAI@LI, ASRCIR \ CAZKCNDLKLMNM
FTELBI 4
L`tcrprctnbl` mck Acrbnmi mc kn Bukturn
]urlsai Bukturnk
Zrimubbl` Bi`suaiZnslvi Nbtlvi
]urlsaiZntrlai`lnk
]urlsaiNrtstlbi
]urlsaiBrcntlvi
Bukturn idkc
Bukturn pipuknr
Bukturn bitlmln`n
Euc`tc7 Ckndirnbl` pripln n pnrtlr mc Bhcvrlcr y Bknlr-Rnlkkn t, 4::8762.
Kis c`eiqucs mck ]urlsai Bukturnk si` auktlmlsblpkl`nrcs. Rl` cadnrfi, pir kn cstrubtu-
rnbl` mc cstn bntcfirn, kn capkcndlklmnm sc hn mcsnrrikknmi cspcblnkac`tc c` tir`i
nk pntrlai`li y n kn Bukturn. Crn kn rcspucstn n kn iecrtn mc dlc`cs pntrlai`lnkcs, mc
dlc`cs bukturnkcs y n su cbcslmnm mc pritcfcrkis, ns biai n kn mcan`mn brcblc`tc mc
bi`suai mc bukturn. Zir ckki, ck capkci c` ck ]urlsai Bukturnk cst mctcral`nmi pir
ck kufnr mi`mc sc hn primublmi y sc primubc kn iecrtn, c` kis mcstl`is y pir kn fcs-
tl` bi` brltcrlis biai kn l`tcrprctnbl`, kn sistc`ldlklmnm, kn nutc`tlblmnm (Aisbnrmi,4::>), cs mcblr, cspcblnkac`tc rcknbli`nmi bi` kis mcstl`is. Zir itrn pnrtc, itrn k`cn
l`tcrcsn`tc sc fc`crn mcsmc kn mcan`mn, kns eirans mc bi`suai, c` ck bi`iblalc`ti
mc kis bi`sualmircs, i ck anroctl`f.
Ck bnapi mc kn iecrtn, tn`ti kn primubbl` biai su fcstl`, cs u`i mc kis plknrcs
csc`blnkcs. Cs, mc hcbhi, ck quc hn pcraltlmi ck mcsnrrikki mck ]urlsai. Mcsmc ck
bnapi mc kn iecrtn, sc rcbi`ibc quc timi ck pntrlai`li cs susbcptldkc mc scr bi`-
vcrtlmi c` u` primubti turstlbi mc bi`suai, y quc u`n duc`n pkn`lelbnbl` turstlbn
prcvln cs `cbcsnrln n kn brcnbl` mc kis primubtis (]rcsscrrns y Antnankn, 4::3).C` ck alsai sc`tlmi sc hn` pistuknmi Ri`clri y Knbistn pi`lc`mi mc rcklcvc quc
kn ibl` mc pitc`blnklmnm mck rcbursi cs ki quc pkn`tcn kn mlelbuktnm c` kis cstumlis
sidrc ]urlsai Bukturnk (Ri`clri y Knbistn, >
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| 4= | Bnptuki 2CK ]STLRAI BSK]STNK BIAI BN]CFITN MC N@KLRLR
quc buc`tn, hnbc` pisldkc kn nbtlvlmnm turstlbn y kn sntlsenbbl` mc kns cbcslmnmcs
mc kn mcan`mn>=.
Cs ki quc sudynbc tnadl` trns knmcel`lbl` mc kn S`l` Curipcn
sidrc ]urlsai Bukturnk. Cstn nkumc
n trcs bi`mlbli`cs7 u` mcsci mc buk-
tlvnrsc (bi`ibcr y biaprc`mcr kis
idgctis, kns idrns y kis hiadrcs)?
ck usi mc u` rcbursi quc tc`fn u`
slf`lelbnmi bukturnk (ai`uac`ti,
idrn mc nrtc, cspcbtbuki, l`tcr-
bnadli mc lmcns)? y kn l`tcrvc`bl`mc u` l`tcracmlnrli, pcrsi`n, mibu-
ac`ti csbrlti i antcrlnk numlivl-
sunk>3. Mc hcbhi, scr c` cstc pribcsi mc primubbl` y trn`seiranbl` mc rcbursis c`
primubtis nptis pnrn ck bi`suai mi`mc rnmlquc u`n mc kns mcdlklmnmcs mck ]urlsai
Bukturnk cspnik (Zln`cs Kcnk, 4::=).
Bi` cstn l`tcrvc`bl` y mlvcrslelbnbl` sc idtc`mr kn dnsc mc kn iecrtn, ndlcrtn n kn
fcstl` y n kn primubbl` mc bnrn n kn nbtlvlmnm turstlbn. Rc kc bi`bcmc n kn iecrtn u`
vnkir, as nkk mc su slf`lelbnmi hlstrlbi y nrtstlbi, bi`vlrtl`mikc c` u` ntrnbtlvipnrn kn siblcmnm, y pnrn ck ]urlsai, nk scr idgcti mc bi`suai.
Hudi u`is prlacris trndngis mc l`vc`tnrli y bntnkifnbl` c` kis prlacris nis
(Nshwirth, >. Cstn mcel`lbl`, n`tlfun, tlc`c timn kn vlfc`bln c` bun ti nkumc n cstc pribcsi mc bi`strubbl`
y mc brcnbl`. Nkumc n cstc primubti.
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| 43 |]urlsai bukturnk.ZN]TLAI@LI, ASRCIR \ CAZKCNDLKLMNM
Itrns pripucstns mlecrc`blnri` c`trc kis rcbursis scf` su eu`bl` (cmubntlvn i mc
c`trctc`lalc`ti), i scf` kn cspcblnklznbl` mc kis pdklbis>5.
C` csc sc`tlmi, kns mlecrc`blnbli`cs mc kis rcbursis y sus idgctlvis tnadl` sc nmc`-trnrn` c` ck bnapi priecsli`nk. Rc ldn` n mctcral`nr blcrtis pcrelkcs pnrn kis priecsli-
`nkcs mck bnapi mc kn Bukturn y mck pntrlai`li bun`mi kis idgctlvis eucrn` cmubntlvis,
y rcecrlrsc n priecsli`cs mck ]urlsai pnrn kns eu`bli`cs kmlbis, mc anroctl`f y mc
bi`suai cxpcrlc`blnk, scf` ck frelbi 2.
Ck LBIAIR tnadl` hnrn cstn nkusl` n kns priecsli`cs cspcbelbns sidrc su tcatlbn
mc bi`scrvnbl` c l`tcrprctnbl`. C` 4::8, rcmnbtnrn kn Bnrtn pnrn kn L`tcrprctnbl` y
Zrcsc`tnbl` mc Rltlis mc Zntrlai`li Bukturnk c` kn >5 Nsnadkcn mck LBIAIR udcb
(Bn`nm) y, c` csc mibuac`ti, nmcas mc sc`tnr kns dnscs sidrc kn L`tcrprctnbl`,bltnrn n kis priecsli`nkcs biai L`trprctcs mck Zntrlai`li.
FTELBI 2
Rckcbbl` mc u` Ntrnbtlvi ]urstlbi
Unkircs
Idgctlvis
Zrimubti ]urstlbi
Bi`scrvnmircs,fcstircs bukturnkcs
HlstirlnCmubnbl`
Zrlirlmnmcs7L`tcrprctnbl`,
Cxpcrlc`bln
Zriecsli`nkcsmc kn L`mustrln
mck ]urlsai
C`trctc`lalc`tibukturnk
Zrlirlmnmcs7Anroctl`f,
biapctltlvlmnm
Euc`tc. Ckndirnbl` pripln n pnrtlr mc Gn`sc -Ucrdcoc y Klcvils, >
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| 45 | Bnptuki 2CK ]STLRAI BSK]STNK BIAI BN]CFITN MC N@KLRLR
Zcri mc cstn ensc mc bi`strubbl` pnrn ck ]urlsai, n pnrtlr mck rcbursi, surflr` aktl-
pkcs priecsli`nkcs cxpcrtis mc rcns rcknbli`nmns bi` kis rcbursis-ntrnbtlvis turstlbis,
timnvn sl` n`nklznr. Mc hcbhi, nbtunkac`tc, kn mlecrc`blnbl` c`trc ]urlsai Bukturnk
mc primubtis i ]urlsai Bukturnk mc cxpcrlc`blns cst mctcral`nmi tnadl` pir u`nscrlc mc pnutns caprcsnrlnkcs y mc fcstl`. N lvck mc primubti y mc mcstl`i, bi`tnais
bi` u` cstumli cspcbelbi, ck mc kis Ipcrnmircs ]urstlbis cspcblnklznmis c` ]urlsai
Bukturnk (Cstumli, 4::3). Cstc cstumli bi`bkuyc quc `i cxlstc` ipcrnmircs cspcblnkl-
znmis c` ]urlsai Bukturnk c` Cspnn. Rc trntn mc ]iur Ipcrnmircs fc`crnklstns quc
pucmc` prifrnanr nkfu`is primubtis quc sc pucmc` bi`slmcrnr mc ]urlsai Bukturnk.
Ki quc suckc` prifrnanr cstns nfc`blns si` primubtis mc frn` bi`suai i mc l`tcrs
fc`crnk (Cstumli, 4::3).
Zcri kn iecrtn mc ]urlsai Bukturnk-]urlsai Zntrlai`lnk i cs u`n primubbl` pnslvn,c` an`is `lbnac`tc mc kis nfc`tcs c` mcstl`i i mc kis nfc`tcs mc vlngcs, quc hcais
vlsti quc i si` cspcblnklstns. Hn surflmi u` ]urlsai Cxpcrlc`blnk c` dnsc n kn cxpc-
rlc`bln mck vlsltn`tc murn`tc kn vlsltn i u` ]urlsai brcntlvi, n pnrtlr mc kn pnrtlblpnbl`
mck vlsltn`tc i mc kis vnkircs caibli`nkcs.
S` dlc` pntrlai`lnk i bukturnk pucmc npiynr su ntrnbtlvi c` cxpcrlc`blns pnsnmns, necb-
tlvns y nbuauknmns (kn lanfc` mck alsai), i c` enbtircs l`tcr`is mck bnapi mc kn tian
mc mcblsli`cs mck vlsltn`tc scfurlmnm, pcrtc`c`bln y nair, nuticstlan, nbtunklznbl`,
csttlbns, bi`iblalc`ti y biaprc`sl` (Bnanrcri Lzqulcrmi, F. y Fnrrlmi Rnan`lcfi,A.G., 4::=). Cstn l`tcrnbbl` c`trc ck Zntrlai`li, kn Bukturn, y kis turlstns tlc`c kufnr
tnadl` c` kn ensc prcvln nk vlngc, slc`mi kn mcan`mn aubhi as pnrtlblpntlvn, mcsmc
l`bkusi ck irlfc` mck vlngc hnstn ck mcstl`i.
Rc trntn mc `ucvns eirans mc ]urlsai Bukturnk, mc bknrn bi`scbuc`bln pnrn ck scbtir
priecsli`nk, pntrlai`lnk, bukturnk, turstlbi y biau`lbntlvi. Ck ]urlsai Bukturnk y ck
capkci sc udlbnr` tnadl` c` ck irlfc` mck vlngc.
Bi`ibcr kn mcan`mn cs, pucs, u` cgc csc`blnk mck ]urlsai Bukturnk. C` kn nbtunklmnm, kn
frn` anyirn mc kis nutircs trndngn` bi` u` n`klsls mc kn scfac`tnbl` bia`ac`tc
nbcptnmn c` dnsc n kn l`tc`slmnm mc kn aitlvnbl`-cxpcrlc`bln y quc rcpcrbutc c` kns
vlsltns rcnklznmns y kn l`tc`slmnm mc kns vlsltns. C`bi`trnais nk turlstn mckldcrnmi y nk
turlstn eirtulti bi` mlecrc`tcs frnmis mc aitlvnbl` bukturnk c` kn vlsltn, biai u`n mc kns
biirmc`nmns y, pir itrn pnrtc, kis mlecrc`tcs frnmis mc cxpcrlc`blns kkcvnmns n bndi>6.
Ck n`klsls nbtunk sidrc ]urlsai Bukturnk7 Zntrlai`li, Auscis, Capkcndlklmnm pripi`c
pucs kns aitlvnbli`cs y ck biapirtnalc`ti biai enbtircs mctcral`n`tcs mc kn mcan`-
>6IA], 4::3, Ck ]urlsai urdn`i y kn bukturn, Kn cxpcrlc`bln curipcn, Anmrlm.
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| 46 |]urlsai bukturnk.ZN]TLAI@LI, ASRCIR \ CAZKCNDLKLMNM
mn. \ c` csc anrbi, sc hn` pkn`tcnmi nmcas bi`mlbli`n`tcs biai ck ckcac`ti tlcapi
c` kn cxpcrlc`bln bukturnk mc kn vlsltn, nmcas mc an`tc`cr kn lapirtn`bln mc kn Bukturn,
Bukturn quc pucmc rcsuktnr scr bnmn vcz as cxpcrlc`blnk (Lsnnb, 4::8). ]nadl` sc
hn l`trimublmi kn vnkirnbl` mck slf`lelbnmi mc kns mcbknrnbli`cs mc kn S@CRBI c` ckbnsi mc Blumnmcs Zntrlai`li mc kn Huan`lmnm (Birmc`tc Timrfucz, A., ct nk., 4:>>)>8.
Rc mcsprc`mc mc cstis cstumlis u`n fcstl` mc kis mcstl`is as dc`celblisn nbirmc
bi` kis l`tcrcscs y scfac`tis mc kis vlsltn`tcs, frelbi =.
FTELBI =
]lpikifn mc kis turlstns bukturnkcs as bia`ac`tc rcbi`iblmn
Zrieu`mn
Zrieu`mn
]urlstn bukturnk pir bnsunklmnm ]urlstn bukturnk mckldcrnmi
]urlstn bukturnkeirtulti
]urlstn bukturnkmc dngn l`tc`slmnm
]urlstn bukturnkquc vlsltn
kufnrcs mc l`tcrs
Dslbn Ckcvnmn
Lapirtn`bln mc kn Bukturn c` kn ckcbbl` mc u` mcstl`i
Cxpcrlc`bln
Euc tc7 Ckndirnbl` pripln n pnrtlr mc AbOcrbhcr y Mu Bris, 4::4
Auy kcgis hn` qucmnmi nquckkis cstumlis sidrc aitlvnbli`cs, cstumlis c` quc kis
turlstns crn` n`nklznmis prbtlbnac`tc nk anrfc` mck mcstl`i y quc sc hn` vc`lmi rcnkl-
zn`mi murn`tc kis nis 8Unkirnbl` quc hcais l`trimublmi isitris c` ucstri n`klsls bun`tltntlvi.>
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| 48 | Bnptuki 2CK ]STLRAI BSK]STNK BIAI BN]CFITN MC N@KLRLR
tlc`c cbcslmnm mc pnrtlblpnr c` kn vlmn bukturnk mck c`tir`i y piscc u` rnmli mc nbbl`
klaltnmi n u`is >:: Oa. Ck ktlai scfac`ti dlc` lmc`tlelbnmi cs ck mc kis bklc`tcs
crumltis quc vlngn` sikis y dusbn` pcrsi`nk cspcblnklznmi quc kc fnrn`tlbc u` ckcvnmi
`lvck mc bnklmnm (Ditc, >
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| 4. Rcr` scfulmis pibi mcspus pir ck Bi`frcsi irfn`lznmi pir ]urcspnn c`
4::> mi`mc sc pripusi mcel`lr ck ]urlsai Bukturnk biai u` vlngc, n kufnrcs mlecrc`tcs
mc kn rcslmc`bln hndltunk, aitlvnmi pir ck mcsci mc bi`ibcr biaprc`mcr cstumlnr
itrns bukturns, cxpcrlac`tnmi prl`blpnkac`tc c` kns nbtlvlmnmcs bukturnkcs (]urcspnn,4::>, ]urlsai Bukturnk, Bi`frcsi), y c` k sc pkn`tcnri` timns kns tcatlbns, primubtis
y rcbursis vl`buknmis nk ]urlsai Bukturnk.
Kis frn`mcs cgcs mck ]urlsai Bukturnk cspnik eucri` lapuksnmis c` ck anrbi mck Zkn`
L`tcfrnk mc Bnklmnm mck ]urlsai Cspnik (ZLB]C, 4:::-4::5) y mck Zkn` mck Lapuksi
mck ]urlsai Bukturnk c Lmliatlbi (4::4-4::2). Cstis pkn`cs crn` ck rcsuktnmi mc
n`klsls prcvlis c` kis quc sc mctcbtnri` biai mcdlklmnmcs, kis melblts mc iecrtn, kn
nusc`bln mc u` bntkifi biapkcti mc rcbursis bukturnkcs, u`n mcelblc`tc nbbcsldlklmnm
n kis rcbursis y kn fcstl` turstlbi-bukturnk. Lfunkac`tc, sc mcstnb biai prl`blpnkmcdlklmnm, kn enktn mc trn`seiranbl` mc `ucstris rcbursis c` primubtis nptis pnrn
ck bi`suai pir kis vlngcris, pridkcans mc fcstl` bukturnk, mc pkn`lelbnbl`, mc pri-
aibl`, y kn l`trimubbl` mc `ucstris rcbursis c` kis bn`nkcs biacrblnkcs (Zln`cs
Kcnk, 4::=).
Ns sc pripuslcri` u`n scrlc mc Cgcs mc acgirn447
Acmlmns pnrn cstlauknr kn brcnbl` mc kn iecrtn y acgirnr kn cxlstc`tc.
Rc`sldlklznbl` rcspcbti nk ]urlsai Bukturnk y n kn cstrubturnbl` mck scbtir.
Acmlmns pnrn kn acgirn mc kn celbnbln mck scbtir.
Acgirn mc kn l`eiranbl` bukturnk.
Zkn` mc anroctl`f.
C`scn`zn mck cspnik biai rcbursi mlecrc`blnmi.
Biirml`nbl` mc acmlmns c`bnal`nmns n kifrnr kn laprcsbl`mldkc bikndirnbl` c`trc
kns nmal`lstrnbli`cs c l`mustrlns rcspi`sndkcs mc kn fcstl` y bi`trik mc kis rcbursis
bukturnkcs, y mc cstis bi` ck scbtir prlvnmi.
4>Ucrn Tcdikki, E.? Mvlkn Kl`nrcs, G.A.? >5>->68? Ulmnks y Bnsckkns, M. > mc
ndrlk mc >
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| 2: | Bnptuki 2CK ]STLRAI BSK]STNK BIAI BN]CFITN MC N@KLRLR
C` csc aiac`ti, Cspnn cstndn bknslelbnmn biai ck = mcstl`i turstlbi au`mlnk, nu`-
quc `i crn u`n anrbn rcnkac`tc mc ]urlsai Bukturnk (]rcsscrrns, Antnankn, 4::3).
Kn lanfc` mc Cspnn biai mcstl`i bukturnk cst, mc hcbhi, slc`mi c`eibnmn c` kn
nbtunklmnm, hnbln ck ]urlsai urdn`i, Dnrbcki`n, Anmrlm, kns Blumnmcs Zntrlai`li mckn Huan`lmnm, y blumnmcs bi` ai`uac`tis rckcvn`tcs biai Frn`nmn y kn Nkhnadrn.
Cspnn hn trndngnmi cspcblnkac`tc c` kis Zkn`cs mc Zriaibl`, biai ck Zkn` mc
Zriaibl` L`tcr`nbli`nk mc ]urlsai Bukturnk 4:>:-4:>4 quc kn`z ck Al`lstcrli mc
L`mustrln, Biacrbli, ]urlsai, dnsnmi c` u`n scrlc mc primubtis7 Auscis, Nrtcs Csb-
`lbns, Tutns Bukturnkcs, Kufnrcs Zntrlai`li mc kn Huan`lmnm, ]urlsai Lmliatlbi c
L`mustrlns Numlivlsunkcs.
Nbtunkac tc, ck Zkn` @nbli`nk c L`tcfrnk mck ]urlsai cspnik (Z@L]) sc rcelcrc n u`niecrtn ank pislbli`nmn c` kis acrbnmis l`tcr`nbli`nkcs, n kn `cbcslmnm mc acgirn mc
kis ntrnbtlvis turstlbis y mc su fcstl`, nk Zntrlai`li Bukturnk, @nturnk y C`ifnstri`-
albi. Cspcblnkac tc pnrn ck Zntrlai`li Bukturnk, cstc Zkn` ac`bli`n c` prlacr kufnr
kis Auscis y kis Ai`uac`tis mck Zntrlai`li @nbli`nk42.
Rcrn l`ndnrbndkc hnbcr u`n s`tcsls mc kis nvn`bcs c` ]urlsai Bukturnk mcsmc kis
prlacris cstumlis, sl dlc` sc pucmc` mcstnbnr vnrlis cgcs tcatlbis quc sc hn` mcsn-
rrikknmi murn`tc kn ktlan mbnmn mck slfki XX.
Ns cxlstc ck cgc cspcbelbi quc vl`buk pntrlai`li, blumnmcs y ]urlsai urdn`i quc
capcznri` n bi`slmcrnrsc ntrnbtlvis y mcstl`is turstlbis (]riltli Ul`ucsn, >34? ]riltli ]irrnkdn, K. 4:>4, Kns
blumnmcs pntrlai`li mc kn huan`lmnm mc kn rcfl` turstlbn mc Anmrlm7 lvckcs acmlis mc eu`bli`nklmnm
y nmcbunbl` turstlbn mck pntrlai`li, Znpcrs mc ]urlsac, 3>>, 4:>4, >:2>,
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| 2> |]urlsai bukturnk.ZN]TLAI@LI, ASRCIR \ CAZKCNDLKLMNM
]urlsai nrqucikflbi (]rcsscrrns, 4::8? Airrc y Gla`cz Fulgnrri, G., 4::6)43, i n
pnrtlr mck pntrlai`li l`mustrlnk (Zrcz Facz, AZ.? Znrmi Ndnm, 4:>:), c` rcknbl`
bi` kns rcfli`cs mc l`tcrlir, rcfli`cs mi`mc csis pntrlai`lis sc pimn` prcsc`tnr
biai biapkcac`tnrlcmnm i biai u`n ipirtu`lmnm pnrn, n trnvs mc u`n pkn`lelbnbl`,fc`crnr primubtis y ipirtu`lmnmcs45.
C` csc sc`tlmi, mcsmc kns Biau`lmnmcs Nut`ians sc hn` kkcvnmi n bndi l`lblntlvns
mc l`tcfrnbl` mck ]urlsai Bukturnk c` Zkn`cs mc Mcsnrrikki rcfli`nkcs, c` Zkn`cs
mc Mcsnrrikki Ristc`ldkc, biai pir cgcapki c` N`mnkubn (Ucrmufi Rn`tis y Znriml
kvnrcz, 4:>>). Cstis pntrlai`lis tlc`c` eu`mnac`tnkac`tc u` c`eiquc rcfli`nk, y ski
cxbcpbli`nkac`tc sc hn` pkn`tcnmi biai lanfc` mc u` mcstl`i, nk ac`is c` tlcapis
rcblc`tcs. C` csc sc`tlmi, ck tcan mc kns Tutns Bukturnkcs, Bnal`i mc Rn`tlnfi y kn
bi`trivcrtlmn Tutn mc kn Zkntn, antcrlnklzn` kns mlelbuktnmcs mc biirml`nbl` mc knfcstl` turstlbn y bukturnk (Rn`tis Rikkn, 4::5? Hcr``mcz Tnarcz, 4:>>? Airrc, 4:>4).
C` bun`ti n kis auscis, cstis bi`stltuyc` tnadl` iecrtn turstlbn. Kis auscis, nu`-
quc c` kis prlacris cstumlis sc l`tcfrnri` c`trc kis ntrnbtlvis (Ditc, >), i rcfli`cs qucdusbn` cstrntcflns turstlbns sc hn` npiynmi, c`trc itrns nbbli`cs, c` kn bi`strubbl`
mc cspnblis auscstlbis (Hcrrcri Zrlcti ct nk, >).
Erc`tc n cstn lapirtn`tc iecrtn tn` bnrnbtcrstlbn mck ]urlsai Bukturnk cspnik, ck cgc
L mck Zkn` mck ]urlsai Bukturnk c Lmliatlbi sc rcecrn n kn `cbcslmnm mc acgirnr kn
iecrtn i n kn brcnbl` mc u`n ucvn iecrtn. Ck nbtunk Zkn` @nbli`nk c L`tcfrnk mck ]urls-
ai cspnik pkn`tcn kn iecrtn c` u`n mlrcbbl` slalknr. Cs rckcvn`tc, c` csc sc`tlmi,
n`nklznr kis cstumlis quc sc hn` kkcvnmi n bndi sidrc kn iecrtn c` u` sc`tlmi fkidnk.
Kis prlacris trndngis, quc n`nklznri` n Cspnn biai pitc`bln c` tral`is mc ]urls-
ai Zntrlai`lnk, sc bc`trnri` y gustlelbnri` cstn rlquczn n pnrtlr mc kis auscis, mc
kis Dlc`cs Zntrlai`li mc kn Huan`lmnm y mck pntrlai`li c` fc`crnk, l`bkuyc`mi kn
nrqucikifn (Bnstri Airnkcs, >
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| 24 | Bnptuki 2CK ]STLRAI BSK]STNK BIAI BN]CFITN MC N@KLRLR
Dlc`cs Zntrlai`li mc kn Huan`lmnm, Dlc`cs mcbknrnmis mc L`tcrs Bukturnk, pcri l`tri-
mubc ck ckcac`ti mc vlsltndlklmnm quc supi`c ck `acri mc vlsltn`tcs mc kis auscis
y ai`uac`tis as vlsltnmis, biai enbtir turstlbi, nmcas mc n`klsls tcrrltirlnkcs y
cstnbli`nkcs (Ditc, >>), (nmcas mc kis
ecstlvnkcs), biai u`lvcrsi mc cstumli mcsmc u` pu`ti mc vlstn bun`tltntlvi. C` itri
trndngi sidrc kn Biau`lmnm mc Anmrlm, sc n`nklz kn eu`bli`nklmnm turstlbn tian`mi
biai dnsc kis Dlc`cs mc L`tcrs Bukturnk (]riltli, 4:>:). Kn ckcbbl` mc kis DLB sc
46C` csc sc`tlmi, kis Dlc`cs Zntrlai`li mc kn Huan`lmnm si` sckcbbli`nmis n pnrtlr mc brltcrlis buktu-rnkcs pir kn Bi`vc`bl` mck Zntrlai`li Au`mlnk y, ski rcblc`tcac`tc, cst c` cstumli su biapi`c`tc
turstlbi7 Mibuac`ti L`struac`ti @irantlvi sidrc Zrcscrvnbl` mck Zntrlai`li y ck mcsnrrikki sistc`ldkc
mck ]urlsai, pnrn ck 4:>2(cstumlis tb`lbi c` bursi pir pnrtc mck Bi`scgi cgcbutlvi mc kn S`csbi).
C` csc sc`tlmi, sc cst` mcsnrrikkn`mi Tcmcs mc bi`iblalc`ti biai kn Tcm S@L]VL@ mc ]urlsai,
Bukturn, Mcsnrrikki, nsiblnmn kns btcmrns S@CRBI y quc mlrlfc kn S`lvcrslt Znrls Rirdi``c, Ern`bln.
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| 22 |]urlsai bukturnk.ZN]TLAI@LI, ASRCIR \ CAZKCNDLKLMNM
gustlelbndn c`ti`bcs c` u` ne` prbtlbi y ipcrntlvi pucsti quc cst` l`vc`tnrlnmis
y si` bun`tlelbndkcs.
Rl` cadnrfi, nu`quc ck ]urlsai Bukturnk cs ck rcsuktnmi mc kn l`tcrnbbl` mc kn Bukturny mck ]urlsai y su iecrtn sc bi`siklmn mcsmc ck adlti bukturnk, kis u`lvcrsis n`tcs
bltnmis si`, c` su irlfc`, u`lvcrsis bukturnkcs, bi` u`n eu`bl` mc bi`scrvnbl`, mc
pritcbbl`, biai si` kis Dlc`cs mc L`tcrs Bukturnk48y biai ki si` kns Mcbknrnbli`cs
mc kn S@CRBI. Aubhis Dlc`cs mc L`tcrs Bukturnk `i si` ntrnbtlvis turstlbis y sc
hnbc `cbcsnrln kn brcnbl` mc vcrmnmcris rcbursis cspcbelbis, buyi l`vc`tnrli euc
pkn`tcnmi c` 4::= (Zln`cs Kcnk, 4::=). N ttuki mc cgcapki, bi`vlc`c scnknr bai kn
Biau`lmnm mc Anmrlm piscc as mc =3: Dlc`cs mcbknrnmis (DLB) i l`binmis c` as
mc >:: au`lblplis, pir timn kn biau`lmnm, bun`mi kn nbtlvlmnm turstlbn sc kibnklzn c`
auy pibis au`lblplis, cspcblnkac`tc c` Anmrlm bnpltnk, y au`lblplis biai Nkbnk mcHc`nrcs, Dultrnfi, Bhl`bh`, Ck Csbirlnk y Nrn`gucz. C` ck alsai sc`tlmi pimrnais
nkumlr n kis Dlc`cs mck Zntrlai`li Au`mlnk4
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| 2= | Bnptuki 2CK ]STLRAI BSK]STNK BIAI BN]CFITN MC N@KLRLR
Rl` cadnrfi, kis auscis, biai cxpklbnais c` kn actimikifn, rc`c` timns kns bi`-
mlbli`cs pnrn scr ntrnbtlvis turstlbis pntrlai`lnkcs. Zir su bi`bcptunklznbl`, si`
rcbursis i ntrnbtlvis turstlbis pntrlai`lnkcs bi` u`n bnrfn auy rckcvn`tc mc mleusl`.
Kis auscis scf` kn KZHC/83 nrt. 55, si` kns l`stltubli`cs mc bnrbtcr pcran`c`tcquc nmqulcrc`, bi`scrvn`, l`vcstlfn`, biau`lbn` y cxhldc` pnrn el`cs mc cstumli, cmu-
bnbl` y bi`tcapknbl`, bi`gu`tis y bikcbbli`cs mc vnkir hlstrlbi, nrtstlbi, blc`telbi
y tb`lbi i mc bunkqulcr itrn `nturnkczn bukturnk2:. As bi`brctn cs kn Kcy mc auscis
mc Anmrlm, KZH , rcbi`iblc`mi, pir itrn pnrtc, su pnpck biai l`stltubli`cs mc bi`scrvnbl`.
Kn eu`bl` siblnk pdklbn npnrcbc
bknrnac`tc tn`ti c` cstn mcel`lbl`biai c` kn quc npirtn ck anrbi mck
LBIA. Kn brcnbl` mc kn Tcm mc
auscis (TM >2:3/4::L`stltubli`cs pcran`c`tcs, sl` el`nklmnm mc kubri, nk scrvlbli mc kn siblcmnm y mc su mcsnrrikki, ndlcr-tns nk pdklbi, quc rc`c` u` bi`gu`ti mc dlc`cs bukturnkcs aucdkcs, l`aucdkcs c l`antcrlnkcs, kis
bi`scrvn`, kis mibuac`tn` y cstumln`, kis cxhldc` y mleu`mc` su bi`iblalc`ti pnrn kn l`vcstlfnbl`,
kn c`scn`zn y ck fizi l`tckcbtunk y csttlbi y bi`stltuyc` u` cspnbli pnrn kn pnrtlblpnbl` bukturnk,
kmlbn y blc`telbn mc kis blumnmn`is.
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| 23 |]urlsai bukturnk.ZN]TLAI@LI, ASRCIR \ CAZKCNDLKLMNM
Ck ausci npnrcbc tnadl` biai u` ntrnbtlvi turstlbi c` kn C`bucstn mc Hdltis Buk-
turnkcs y Zrbtlbns Bukturnkcs c` Cspnn, kkcvnmn n bndi pir ck Al`lstcrli mc Bukturn.
Znrn ck pcrlimi 4:>:-4:>>, ck 48,2% mc kns pcrsi`ns quc vlsltnri` auscis ki hlblcri`
c` su blumnm, ck 42,4).
Cstis brltcrlis si` kis quc gustlelbn` `ucstrn ckcbbl` mc kis auscis biai ntrnbtlvis
turstlbis pnrn ck n`klsls bun`tltntlvi.
2. Ck capkci c` ck ]urlsai Bukturnk biai idgcti mc cstumli
C` tral`is fc`crnkcs, kis mntis sidrc ]urlsai y Capkci c` Cspnn pribcmc` mc
kn C`bucstn mc Zidknbl` Nbtlvn y mc kns Nktns c` kn Rcfurlmnm Riblnk. Rc mctcral-
`n` bknrnac`tc nquckkis scbtircs rcbi`iblmis trnmlbli`nkac tc biai brcnmircs mc
capkci mlrcbti nsiblnmis nk ]urlsai. Ns sc vl`bukn` scbtircs biai kn Histckcrn,
kis Rcrvlblis mc Nkignalc`ti, kis Rcrvlblis mc bialmns y dcdlmns, kis ]rn`spirtcs mc
vlngcris, y Itrns Nbtlvlmnmcs. @i cxlstc `l`fu`n bntcfirn quc sc pucmn rcknbli`nr
bi` ck ]urlsai Bukturnk.
24Rc pkn`tcn tnadl` kn l`tcrprctnbl` mck Zntrlai`li biai eiran mc brcnbl` mc Ntrnbtlvis turs-tlbis. Zcri sc trntn mc kn l`tcrvc`bl` c` u` Dlc` pntrlai`lnk quc yn cxlstc, `i kn brcnbl` mc u` Dlc`
Zntrlai`lnk ucvi.
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| 25 | Bnptuki 2CK ]STLRAI BSK]STNK BIAI BN]CFITN MC N@KLRLR
C` pnrnkcki n csis mntis fc`crnkcs, sc hn` mcsnrrikknmi cstumlis sidrc ck capkci c`
ck scbtir turstlbi, n`klsls nsiblnmis n kis nkignalc`tis, rcbursis, rcbursis huan`is
y pcrelkcs siblimcaifrelbis. Ck prlacri mntn mc kis nis 8: c` ck Tcl`i S`lmi y
cst irlc`tnmi nk n`klsls mc kis pcrelkcs priecsli`nkcs (Nlrcy y @lfhttl`fnkc, >). Ckrcsuktnmi euc u`n bknslelbnbl` mck scbtir c`7 Capkci c` Irfn`lznbli`cs pnrn mcstl`is
turstlbis, Ntrnbtlvis ]urstlbis, Nfc`blns mc Ulngcs c L`tcracmlnbl`. Rc irmc`ndn`
tnadl` kns mlstl`tns eu`bli`cs y lvckcs priecsli`nkcs, pnrn mcmlbnrsc pistcrlirac`tc
n kis priecsli`nkcs mc kis quc sc idtuvi su Eiranbl`, sus Zcrelkcs Riblimcaifrelbis
y sus Bnrrcrns priecsli`nkcs. Cstc trndngi pkn`tc ck ]urlsai biai u`n l`mustrln y
`i ki c`eibn rcnkac`tc biai Rlstcan, mi`mc bndc` aubhns bntcfirns c`trc ckkns ck
]urlsai Bukturnk. Blcrti cs quc mc`tri mc cstn pripucstn, sc pimrn hnbcr u`n sckcb-
bl` mc nquckkis rcknbli`nmis mc an`crn as cspcbelbn bi` kis primubtis turstlbis
nktcr`ntlvis y bi` mcstl`is bukturnkcs, pcri scrn slcaprc u`n nprixlanbl`.
Kis rcblc`tcs cstumlis sidrc capkci c` ck ]urlsai pkn`tcn` `ucvns k`cns mc trndngi
biai kns rcecrlmns nk bnpltnk huan`i, nk vnkir cbi`albi, n kn aivlklmnm y ck f`cri
(Knmol`, 4:>>), alc`trns quc u`n rcblc`tc l`vcstlfnbl` sidrc capkci y ]urlsai c`
Cspnn rcpkn`tcn bi`bcptis nmaltlmis hndltunkac`tc biai kis ekugis mc capkci y su
cstnbli`nklmnm, cspcblnkac`tc (Anki, 4:>>).
Bun`mi ck ]urlsai Bukturnk capc-
z n bi`elfurnrsc surfl kn `cbcsl-mnm mc bc`trnrsc c` ck capkci. Mc
eiran nlsknmn, bi`tnais bi` nkfu-
`n ac`bl` y pripucstn sidrc kn
lapirtn`bln quc ck ]urlsai Buktu-
rnk tlc`c pnrn ck capkci c` ck Bial-
t mc kns Tcfli`cs mc >
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| 26 |]urlsai bukturnk.ZN]TLAI@LI, ASRCIR \ CAZKCNDLKLMNM
rcbtis sc hn` idtc`lmi nk n`nklznr kis lapnbtis cbi`albis y siblnkcs mck pntrlai`li.
C`trc kis capkcis mlrcbtis mcstnbn` cspcblnkac`tc kis quc cst` u`lmis n kis Ai`u-
ac`tis Hlstrlbis ndlcrtis nk pdklbi slfulc`mi u`is mctcral`nmis brltcrlis, capkcis
c` ck Bc`trc mcs Ai`uac`ts @ntli`nux, capkci c` kns nmal`lstrnbli`cs rcfli`nkcsc`bnrfnmns mck pntrlai`li, funs mck pntrlai`li, cspcblnkac`tc. Kis capkcis l`mlrcbtis
si` qulzs aubhi as kcgn`is (bi`scrvnbl`, rcstnurnbl`) (Zntl` ct nk., 4:>4), pcri
tnadl` sc ac`bli`n` kis capkcis turstlbis u`lmis nk pntrlai`li (nkignalc`tis, nfc`-
blns mc vlngcs, trn`spirtcs, rcstnurnbl`), i kn eiranbl` c l`vcstlfnbl` (Frceec, 4::4
2=http7//www.umf.cmu/tndlm/8=2:8A:8>:&kn`funfc1cs-CR
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| 28 | Bnptuki 2CK ]STLRAI BSK]STNK BIAI BN]CFITN MC N@KLRLR
quc scrn` kn Zkn`lelbnbl` y kis Zrimubtis. Kns irfn`lznbli`cs y caprcsns l`vikubrnmns
scrn`7 Ielbl`ns mc ]urlsai (Mlrcbtir, Tcspi`sndkc, L`eiranmir), ausci, ynblalc`ti
nrqucikflbi, bc`tri bukturnk, cxpislbli`cs, cspcbtbukis, Dlc`cs Zntrlai`li mc kn
Huan`lmnm. Kis pucstis mc trndngi pitc`blnkcs scrn` kis mc Mlrcbtir, Tcspi`sndkc mcIelbl`n, L`eiranmir, ]b`lbi Nscsir mc Fcstl` mc Zntrlai`li Bukturnk, Fun l`trprctc,
Fun nbiapnn`tc, Fun cspcblnklznmi (N@CBN, 4::4, >>>->>4) y bi` as prcblsl` sc
mctnkknri` kis pucstis mc ]b`lbi nscsir mc fcstl` mck pntrlai`li bukturnk, Gcec
mc ucvis primubtis y Fun l`trprctc.
Kn elfurn mck Fun cs ck capkci quc mc eiran as rcltcrntlvn sc nsibln bi` ck ]urlsai
Bukturnk. C` kns prlacrns rcu`li`cs sidrc ]urlsai Bukturnk sc prcsc`tnri` vnrlis n`klsls
sidrc kis Funs mc ]urlsai (Nkts, 4::>).
Kis Kldris Dkn`bis mc kn N@CBN eucri` u`n cxbckc`tc euc`tc. C` rcknbl` n kis pcrelkcs
mc mcan`mn mc capkci, kis cstumlis prcvlis rcnklznmis bi` ibnsl` mc kn lapkn`tn-
bl` mc kis Frnmis mc Hlstirln y mc Hlstirln mck Nrtc sidrc kn capkcndlklmnm mc sus
cfrcsnmis aucstrn` u` kufnr prcecrc`tc pnrn kn Fcstl` y kn Mleusl`. Ns kn Fcstl`
mck Zntrlai`li ibupn u` bunrti kufnr mctrs mc kn c`scn`zn, kn nrqucikifn y kn
l`vcstlfnbl`, titnklzn`mi u` 4% (N@CBN, 4::=), mctrs mc kn L`vcstlfnbl`-C`scn`zn (45%) y mc kn Bi`scrvn-bl` (43%). Cstc ktlai mnti cs cspcblnkac`tc rckcvn`tc yn quc kn mleusl` (ck ]urlsai
Bukturnk), nu`quc c` tcrbcr kufnr, kkcfn n ibupnr bnsl u` tcrbli mck pirbc`tngc mc kis
cfrcsnmis mc Hlstirln mck Nrtc.
Rl` cadnrfi, pnrn kns caprcsns, c` u` cstumli sidrc kis ]iur Ipcrnmircs y Nfc`blns mc
Ulngcs mc ]urlsai Bukturnk, sc mcstnbn kn csbnscz mc priecsli`nkcs y mc caprcsns cspc-
blnklznmns c` ]urlsai Bukturnk pnrn kns cstrubturns rcbcptlvns mc l`tcrlir (Cstumli, 4::3).
Zir pnrtc mc kis auscis cs mi`mc
yn mlspi`cais mc nkfu`is cstumlis
prcvlis sidrc pcrelkcs priecsli`nkcs
as ngustnmis y mi`mc pimcais
hnkknr n`tcbcmc`tcs auy sklmis
pnrn ucstri trndngi. Bi`elfurn` u`
u`lvcrsi mc n`klsls bcrrnmi pucsti
quc kis auscis hn` bi`elfurnmi u`
bucrpi nut`iai mcsmc ck
slfki XLX, vl`buknmi bi` ck Zntrlai-
`li, hn` tc`lmi su pripli bucrpi mc
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| 2:).
Cstis mcpnrtnac`tis tlc`c` mctnkknmns sus csbnkns y pucstis. Ns ck Mcpnrtnac`ti
c`eibnmi nk Zdklbi cst bi`stltulmi pir ck Mlrcbtir, ck Cmubnmir, ck L`eiranmir, ck
Tcknbli`cs Zdklbns, ck rcspi`sndkc mc Fcstl` mc Anroctl`f, ck Gcec mc vc`tns, ck
Fcstir mck scrvlbli mc vlsltn`tc. Cstc mcpnrtnac`ti cs `ucvnac`tc ck tcrbcr mcpnrtn-
ac`ti, gu`ti bi` ck scbtir mc Bi`scrvnbl`-l`vcstlfnbl`, y kn pnrtc mc Nmal`lstrnbl`
(Rbhknttcr, 4::8). Itris cstumlis biai ck quc sustc`tn kn dnsc mc mntis mck Al`lstcrli
mc Cmubnbl`, Cmubnbl`, Bukturn y Mcpirtc, BukturnDnsc, quc hcais tianmi biai
dnsc mc cstumli, ski sc rcelcrc` n bnrfis y `lvckcs7 Mlrcbtir, Zcrsi`nk cspcblnklznmiy pcrsi`nk nmal`lstrntlvi23.
Tcspcbti n kn eiranbl`, u`i mc kis cgcs mc n`klsls y mc rcsuktnmis, kis Zkn`cs mc
Cstumlis, pcsc n tc`cr nkfu`n eiranbl` huan`stlbn (Airrc, 4::5), capcirnri`
bi` kn lapkn`tnbl` mc kis Frnmis. Rus bnrc`blns cst` slc`mi biapc`snmns pir kis
pisfrnmis y astcrcs c` ]urlsai Bukturnk, quc prctc`mc` mnr cstn eiranbl` alxtn
c`eibnmn nk ]urlsai Bukturnk25. Zcri pir itrn pnrtc, kis bnadlis c` kn eiranbl` turs-
tlbn biai bi`scbuc`bln mc kn nmnptnbl` nk Cspnbli mc Cmubnbl` Rupcrlir ndrc`
u`n `ucvn pcrspcbtlvn pnrn kis cstumln`tcs pribcmc`tcs mc ]urlsai, gu`ti bi` kns
c`scn`zns huan`stlbns mc as knrfn trnmlbl`, bun`mi kn rcknbl` c`trc `lvck mc
cstumlis y trndngi/pnri cst bknrnac`tc mcaistrnmn.
C` mcel`ltlvn, mc kis n`tcbcmc`tcs tcrlbis y caprlbis mlspi`ldkcs c` rcknbl` nk bnsi
cspnik, pimcais bi`trnstnr quc `i cxlstc u`n nbitnbl` bknrn mck ]urlsai Bukturnk
biai idgcti mc cstumli. Rc n`nklzn ck primubti turstlbi y ck tcrrltirli l`bkusi bi` pcr-
23http7//www.abu.cs/bukturndnsc/bfl/ua9A1/t>>/p>>&I1bukturndnsc&@1&K125Mcstnqucais ck Zisfrnmi c` ]urlsai Bukturnk mc kn S`lvcrslmnm mc Dnrbcki`n, mc kn S`lvcrslmnm mcFlri`n7 http7//fulntltuknbli`cs.bruc.irf/pistfrnmis4:>:/l`mcx.htak
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| =: | Bnptuki 2CK ]STLRAI BSK]STNK BIAI BN]CFITN MC N@KLRLR
elkcs priecsli`nkcs nsiblnmis, pcri sl` u`n nsiblnbl` bknrn nk idgcti ]urlsai Bukturnk.
Zrlan` kis cstumlis bun`tltntlvis y gcrnrqulznmis mi`mc kn cvnkunbl` mc kis cfrcsnmis
cs bknvc. Mcsmc ck pu`ti mc vlstn mck Zntrlai`li kis c`eiqucs si` bknrnac`tc eu`bli-
`nkcs y c` csc sc`tlmi cxlstc` pnrnkcklsais bi` ck pkn`tcnalc`ti mc `ucstri cstumli,nu`quc sl` kn npklbnbl` turstlbn.
Cs pir cstns rnzi`cs pir kns quc c` `ucstri trndngi, mcsmc u` pu`ti mc vlstn n`nktl-
bi, ck capkci cacrfc biai ckcac`ti bihcsli`nmir mck ]urlsai Bukturnk bi` ck el`
mc pimcrki bnrnbtcrlznr nmcbunmnac`tc y bi`siklmnrki biai u` idgcti mc cstumli
rnzi`ndkcac`tc nbitnmi.
=. ]c`mc`blns mck ]urlsai Bukturnk c` Cspnn
Kn biapkcgn bi`bcptunklznbl` mck ]urlsai Bukturnk sc rcekcgn, lfunkac`tc, c` kis mntis
bun`tltntlvis mc kis quc mlspi`cais sidrc cstn bntcfirn.
Ns, c` rcknbl` bi` ck ]urlsai
cxtrn`gcri, mlspi`cais mc l`eir-
anbl` sidrc kis turlstns cxtrn`gc-
ris quc vlsltn` Cspnn bi` u`naitlvnbl` bukturnk. Rcf` ck L`s-
tltuti mc Cstumlis ]urstlbis, c`
4:>>, 35,6 alkki`cs mc turlstns
cxtrn`gcris vlsltnri` Cspnn, u`
6,5% as quc c` 4:>:26. Rndcais
quc mc cstis, 6%
sidrc ck titnk mc kis turlstns rcbldlmis. Kn tnsn mc vnrlnbl` rcspcbti n 4:>: euc mck45%, auy supcrlir nk nuac`ti c` ck `acri titnk mc turlstns quc, biai hcais vlsti
euc mck 6,5%. Mc hcbhi, ck `acri mc vlngcris pir aitlvis bukturnkcs hn vc`lmi brc-
blc`mi c` kis ktlais nis, cxbcpti c` 4::> hn nuac`tnmi u` ,=%. Nmcas, bi`ibcais ck
pcrelk mck turlstn acmli quc birrcspi`mc n u` hiadrc, pribcmc`tc mc Ern`bln, bi`
26L`stltuti mc ]urlsai mc Cspnn. ]urlsai Bukturnk mc ]urlstns cxtrn`gcris ni 4:>>, ibtudrc 4:>4 (Ckni 4:>4 tcral`n bi` u` l`brcac`ti mck 4,6% c` ck acri mc vlsltn`tcs7 http7//www.lct.tiurspnl`.cs/
cs-CR/cstnmlstlbns/eri`tur/ac`sunkcs/@itn%4:mc%4:biyu`turn%4:mc%4:Eri`tur.%4:Mlblcadrc%4:
4:>4.pme, mnti rcbl` pudklbnmi).
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| => |]urlsai bukturnk.ZN]TLAI@LI, ASRCIR \ CAZKCNDLKLMNM
cmnm biaprc`mlmn c`trc kis 43 y == nis, quc vlngn sl` pnquctc turstlbi y quc vlsltn
Bntnkun28.
Rl` cadnrfi, cxlstc itrn vnrlndkc auy rckcvn`tc quc cs kn quc hnbc rcecrc`bln n kn rcn-klznbl` mc nbtlvlmnmcs bukturnkcs. C` cstc bnsi, 4> nkf` tlpi mc nbtlvlmnm bukturnk, cs mcblr u` 34% mc kis turlstns y u` 5>,6% mck titnk
mc kis turlstns quc vlngnri` pir ibli, rcbrci y vnbnbli`cs. Zir nbtlvlmnmcs bukturnkcs sc
c`tlc`mc vlsltns n auscis, pucdkis, ai`uac`tis, ecstlvnkcs mc aslbn, pcrn, tcntri
y itrns nbtlvlmnmcs bukturnkcs. C` cstc bnsi, ck l`brcac`ti, c` ck pcrlimi 4::3-4:>>
cs cqulvnkc`tc nk l`brcac`ti mck `acri mc turlstns. Rc hn mcel`lmi u` pcrelk tnadl`
pnrn cstis vlngcris. Birrcspi`mc n u`n augcr, drlt`lbn, quc vlc`c c` nvl`, bi` cmnm
biaprc`mlmn c`trc kis 43 y == nis, y csbifc Bntnkun biai mcstl`i.
Nu`quc sc mlspi`c mc as mntis sidrc acmli mc trn`spirtc hndltunk y irfn`lznbl`
mck vlngc, ck mnti as rckcvn`tc cs ck fnsti rcecrlmi n cstns mis vnrlndkcs. Znrn kis vlngcs
pir aitlvnbl` bukturnk bi` trn`spirtc l`bkulmi, ck fnsti titnk euc mc 8.3:: alkki`cs
c` ck 4:>>, cs mcblr u` >5,>% mck fnsti titnk. C`trc ck 4::3-4:>> ck l`brcac`ti c` fnsti
c` vlngcs bukturnkcs hn slmi mck >=3% erc`tc n u` nuac`ti mck > nsbc`ml n curis, u` 35,=% as nkti quc c` ck rcsti mc kis vlngcs. Rl` cadnrfi, c` cstis vlngcs
kn cstn`bln acmln cs l`ecrlir2: mns y bi` u` fnsti acmli mc =88 curis.
Nk anrfc` mc kn l`eiranbl` cspcbelbn sidrc ck fnsti turstlbi y vlngcris, mc cstn
prcsc`tnbl` mc mntis sc mcrlvn u`n bknrn mlecrc`blnbl` c`trc mis tlpis mc turlstns7
28Ern`bln, Nkcan`ln y Tusln si` kis pnscs calsircs quc as hn` brcblmi fkidnkac`tc c` ]urlsai
cxtrn`gcri y Bntnkun ck mcstl`i quc as hn brcblmi7 http7//www.lct.tiurspnl`.cs/cs-CR/cstnmlstlbns/
eri`tur/ac`sunkcs/@itn%4:mc%4:biyu`turn%4:mc%4:Eri`tur.%4:Mlblcadrc%4:4:>4.pme
2>
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| =4 | Bnptuki 2CK ]STLRAI BSK]STNK BIAI BN]CFITN MC N@KLRLR
kis turlstns bukturnkcs bun`mi kn bukturn cs su aitlvnbl` dslbn y kis turlstns quc
ibnsli`nkac`tc pucmc` bi`sualr bukturn. Cstis mis tlpis mc turlstns, bi` mlecrc`blns
bunkltntlvns, nmcas mc bun`tltntlvns, pucmc` scr kn dnsc mc mlecrc`tcs cstrntcflns
turstlbns c` kis mcstl`is.
Mcsmc ck pu`ti mc vlstn mc kis mcstl`is turstlbis, mcstnbn` Anmrlm mi`mc u` 23,3% mc
kis turlstns vl`lcri` pir aitlvis bukturnkcs, mcspus Bntnkun bi` u` 22,4%, N`mnkubn
u` >5,=% y kn Biau`lmnm Unkc`bln`n bi` u` >>,2%, c` 4:>>. Kis mntis pudklbnmis mck 4:>4
bi`elran` kn eirtnkczn mc Bntnkun pcri tcstlai`ln` u` mcsbc`si mc Anmrlm y N`mnkubn=:.
C` bun`ti nk ]urlsai `nbli`nk, sc pcrelkn` kns alsans biau`lmnmcs nut`ians, nu`-
quc sc l`birpirn Bnstlkkn y Kc`. Bntnkun, N`mnkubn, Bnstlkkn y Kc` y Anmrlm qucmn`
pislbli`nmns biai kns prl`blpnkcs rcbcptirns mc vlngcs pir aitlvis bukturnkcs mc kisrcslmc`tcs c` Cspnn (LC], Enalkltur, 4:>: y 4:>>). Cs tn`ti as rckcvn`tc bun`ti ck
titnk mc vlngcs mcsblc`mc c` Anmrlm y Bnstlkkn y Kc` c` csis nis, alc`trns quc kis
aitlvis bukturnkcs sc an`tlc`c`.
C` ki quc rcspcbtn nk ]urlsai `nbli`nk, sc an`tlc`c kn alsan mlecrc`blnbl` c`trc
vlngcs pir aitlvnbli`cs bukturnkcs y vlngcs mi`mc sc rcnklzn` nbtlvlmnmcs bukturnkcs.
C` 4:>>, ck `acri mc vlngcs pir aitlvnbli`cs bukturnkcs brcbl mc 8.>28.225 c` 4:>:
n 8.35:.448. (vcr tndkn >).
]NDKN >
Ulngcs mc rcslmc`tcs c` Cspnn
]itnk mc vlngcs pir ibli, rcbrci i
vnbnbli`cs
]itnk mc vlngcs pir aitlvnbli`cs
bukturnkcs
4:>: 4:>> 4:>: 4:>>
N`mnkubn >2.255.6>> >=.28:.3=< >.323.822 >.563.:>4
Bnstlkkn y Kc` .::8 83:.22=
Bntnkun >2.2.:62 >=.3:6.446 85>.52: >.::>.>>68 2.246.3=5 658.3:< 6=:.235 64.pme
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| =2 |]urlsai bukturnk.ZN]TLAI@LI, ASRCIR \ CAZKCNDLKLMNM
Kis mntis mc ]urlsai Bukturnk si` rcl`tcrprctnmis trn`svcrsnkac`tc pir ck Al`lstcrli
mc Cmubnbl`, Bukturn y Mcpirtc, quc hn brcnmi u`n bntcfirn kknanmi ]urlsai Buk-
turnk y kis l`tcfrn c` su Dnsc mc mntis mc BukturnDnsc. C` ckkn hny mlspi`ldkcs mntis
sidrc ]urlsai Bukturnk mcsmc kn pcrspcbtlvn siblimcaifrelbn mc kis vlngcris, y mntisscbu`mnrlis rcecrlmis nk `acri mc vlngcs y nk fnsti nsiblnmi, mcklaltnbli`cs c`trc
]urlsai nbli`nk c l`tcr`nbli`nk, sidrc kis nkignalc`tis y kns eirans mck vlngc=>.
BukturnDnsc pi`c mc an`lelcsti quc c` mlblcadrc mc 4:>>, kis vlngcs bukturnkcs rcprc-
sc`tnri` u`n pnrtc rckcvn`tc mck titnk mc vlngcs7 N`mnkubn (>6,4%), Bntnkun (>4,6%),
Bnstlkkn y Kc` (%) y kn Biau`lmnm mc Anmrlm (8,6%). C` pirbc`tngc mc fnsti, c`
rcknbl` bi` ck fnsti titnk c` vlngcs, kn Biau`lmnm mc Anmrlm sc sltn c` prlacr kufnr
bi` u` >4,8%, erc`tc n u`n acmln c`trc ck < y ck >:% mc kns itrns 2 biau`lmnmcs (Buk-
turnDnsc).
Mc cstis mntis sc mcmubc kn biapkcglmnm mck ]urlsai Bukturnk c` su bun`tlelbnbl`
biai bi`scbuc`bln mc su mcklaltnbl`, cspcblnkac`tc c` kn aitlvnbl` mc kis vlsltn`-
tcs, hcbhi quc sc hn rcsuckti bi` kn brcnbl` mc mis bntcfirns, kn aitlvnbl` bukturnk
y kn prbtlbn mc nbtlvlmnmcs.
Ns pucs, sc tcstlai`ln` u`is mcstl`is bukturnkcs, nu`quc mlecrc`tcs scf` hndkcais
mc ]urlsai l`tcr`nbli`nk i miastlbi y, pir itrn pnrtc, kn tc`mc`bln nk brcblalc`ti
mc nquckkis mcstl`is mcpc`mlc`tcs mck ]urlsai cxtrn`gcri. C` sc`tlmi bi`trnrli, scmctcbtn u`n brlsls mc kis mcstl`is mcpc`mlc`tcs mck ]urlsai `nbli`nk, kis mc l`tcrlir,
nu`quc hndkcais mc u` turlstn bukturnk, pir ki fc`crnk, fc`crnmir mc as fnsti.
Ns ck vlngcri quc vlngn l`mlvlmunkac`tc cs u` frn` ntrnbtlvi pnrn kis mcstl`is pir kn
lapirtn`bln mck fnsti mlnrli, pcsc n kn murnbl` as birtn mc kns cstn`blns. C` bna-
dli, ck turlstn quc prbtlbn nbtlvlmnmcs bukturnkcs, as nustcri c` tral`is mc fnsti,
pcran`cbc as tlcapi y cs aubhi as `uacrisi.
]n`ti u`n mc kns eirans mc ]urlsai Bukturnk biai kn itrn pucmc` vcrtcdrnr `ucstri
trndngi c` bun`ti n kn rckcvn`bln cbi`albn mc cstn eiran mc ]urlsai y su rc`tndlkl-
mnm, pcri mcel`c` mlstl`tns nbtunbli`cs.
=>http7//www.abu.cs/bukturndnsc/pme/actimikifln]6Z6.pme
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= KN ITFN@LWNBL@MCK ]STLRAI BSK]STNK
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| =5 | Bnptuki =KN ITFN@LWNBL@ MCK ]STLRAI BSK]STNK
Ck ]urlsai Bukturnk hn mnmi kufnr n u`n auy knrfn trnmlbl` tcrlbn, tn`ti pir su mcel`l-
bl` biai pir su bi`bcpti, n`klsls y c`eiqucs. Rl` cadnrfi, sc trntn mc u` bi`bcpti
auy piklmrlbi, l`bkusi pnrn kis cxpcrtis quc pnrtlblpnri` c` kis frupis mc mlsbusl`
y c` kns c`trcvlstns, timis ckkis priecsli`nkcs mc cstc scbtir. Rc hn biapridnmi quc`i cxlstc u`n u`n`lalmnm mc brltcrlis n kn hirn mc mctcral`nr ck slf`lelbnmi mck ]urls-
ai Bukturnk sl`i quc su mcel`lbl` sc pimn ndirmnr mcsmc mlecrc`tcs pcrspcbtlvns.
Rc npirtnri` mlvcrsns mcel`lbli`cs. Znrn nkfu`is cxpcrtis ck ]urlsai Bukturnk sc pkn`-
tcndn biai u`n nktcr`ntlvn nk Rik y Zknyn, cs mcblr, rcbirmn`mi su udlbnbl` mc`tri
mc kis aivlalc`tis turstlbis nktcr`ntlvis, pnrn rplmnac`tc l`trimublr y nsiblnr kn
pnkndrn Bukturn, quc cstnr auy klfnmn nk au`mi mc kns nrtcs y tnadl` n kn lmcn fkidnk
mc bukturn y mlserutc7
Cs nquckki quc tlc`c u` antlz nrtstlbi, auslbnk rcknbli`nmi bi` nrtcs, bi` blc`-
blns, bi` csi cs ck ]urlsai Bukturnk u`n nktcr`ntlvn nk Rik y Zknyn i n kn ai`tnn
(Nfc`bln mc Ulngcs)
]urlsai buyi idgctlvi eu`mnac`tnk cs vcr i mlserutnr mc kn Bukturn, kn Bukturn c`tc`-
mlmn c` u` sc`tlmi auy napkli mcsmc vlsltns n pnrngcs i c`tir`is hlstrlbis i qul`
vn n u` ecstlvnk mc tcntri, u` bl`c vlsltns fnstri`albns timi cs Bukturn (Nmal-
`lstrnbl` Bc`trnk, rcn mc Auscis)
C` csc sc`tlmi, kis pnrtlblpn`tcs hn` rcburrlmi ercbuc`tcac`tc n c`uacrnr kis ntrnb-
tlvis quc bi`eiran` kn dnsc mc kn iecrtn mc cstc scfac`ti turstlbi pnrn mcel`lr ck
]urlsai Bukturnk. Ns hndkndn` mc bukturn c` ck sc`tlmi napkli, primubbl` nrtstlbn,
l`mustrlns bukturnkcs, pnrngcs hlstrlbis, pntrlai`li, tcntri, pcri tnadl` hnbn` rcec-
rc`blns nk pntrlai`li y, ndnrbndn`, i ski cspcbtbukis y cxpcrlc`blns sl`i timns kns
tlpikifns mc pntrlai`li, tn`ti antcrlnk i l`antcrlnk, biai bukturnk y `nturnk, pucsti
quc irfn`lsais l`tcr`nbli`nkcs biai kn S@CRBI l`bkuyc` c` su klstnmi Rltlis @ntu-
rnkcs. Kis pnrtlblpn`tcs l`slstc` mc eiran rcltcrntlvn c` nquckkis ntrnbtlvis y dlc`cs
pntrlai`lnkcs al`irltnrlis u ikvlmnmis7
Bi`slmcrnr ck ]urlsai Bukturnk `i ski biai pntrlai`li tn`fldkc sl`i tnadl`
l`tn`fldkc y csn mcel`lbl` `i hn bnmi c` kn ac`tc mc timis kis pkn`lelbnmircs
(Nmal`lstrnbl` Bc`trnk, rcn mc ]urlsai)
]imi ck pntrlai`li scf` kn S@CRBI mc`tri mc kn klstn mc pntrlai`lis au`mlnkcs
c`trn, timi, tn`ti bukturnk biai `nturnk, biai kis Znrqucs `nturnkcs(Nmal`lstrn-
bl` Bc`trnk, rcn mc Bukturn)
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| =6 |]urlsai bukturnk.ZN]TLAI@LI, ASRCIR \ CAZKCNDLKLMNM
Zcri gu`ti bi` cstis ntrnbtlvis, kn pidknbl` rcslmc`tc tnadl` cs bi`slmcrnmn pnrtc
mc kn iecrtn mc kn blumnm. Mc hcbhi, cs u` plknr eu`mnac`tnk mck mcstl`i n kn hirn mc
aistrnr u`n lanfc` nandkc y pirquc sus bistuadrcs sc bi`vlcrtc`, n su vcz, c` u`
ntrnbtlvi as. Kis dc`celblis mck ]urlsai tlc`c` quc lr hnbln kn pidknbl` kibnk y hnblnkns bistuadrcs, nut`tlbns an`lecstnbli`cs siblnkcs quc sc bi`vlcrtc` n su vcz c`
ckcac`tis pntrlai`lnkcs.
C` cstc sc`tlmi, sc lmc`tlelbn stc biai u` ]urlsai as rcspctuisi y ac`is l`vnslvi
bi` kis rcslmc`tcs quc ck mc Rik y Zknyn, bltnmi `ucvnac`tc c` bi`trnpislbl` nk
]urlsai Bukturnk. Lfunkac`tc, ck ]urlsai Bukturnk sc pislbli`n erc`tc nk Rik y Zknyn,
c` cstc aiac`ti, pir su bnklmnm y su sistc`ldlklmnm pnrn ck mcstl`i7
cxpcrlc`bln mck ]urlsai Bukturnk biaprc`mc timis kis nspcbtis mc kn blumnm, kn nbtl-
tum mc kis rcslmc`tcs, cstnmi mc kns l`erncstrubturns (Caprcsn Rcrvlblis ]urstlbis)
hnbc biapntldkc ck ]urlsai anslvi bi` kn pritcbbl` mck pntrlai`li y quc kis
dc`celblis rcvlcrtn` c` kn pripln biau`lmnm(Irfn`lsai L`tcr`nbli`nk, Bukturn)
C` mcel`ltlvn, sc mcel`c ck ]urlsai Bukturnk biai u` aimcki turstlbi mlecrc`tc, as
u`lmi nk bi`bcpti mc sistc`ldlklmnm c` bi`trnpislbl` bi` ck ]urlsai mc Rik y Zknyn,
lmc`tlelbnmi bi` ck ]urlsai mc ansns.
@i idstn`tc, kn sistc`ldlklmnm pucmc lr u`lmn tnadl` n kn rc`tndlklmnm c` kis primubtis
bukturnkcs. Ns, sl dlc` kis cxpcrtis hn` nkumlmi nk ]urlsai biai mlserutc mc kn bukturn,
biai u`n cxpcrlc`bln, pnrtc mc ckkis i ikvlmn` su vcrtlc`tc as klfnmn n kn cbi`ian
y n kn siblcmnm mc bi`suai, birrlc`tc quc bi`slmcrn ck ]urlsai Bukturnk biai u`
scbtir cbi`albi bnpnz mc fc`crnr rlquczn7
rcknbli`nmi bi` timi nquckki quc si` kufnrcs n kis quc sc nbumc bi` u` idgctlviprlirltnrli mc bi`sualr Bukturn i nu`quc i scn su idgctlvi prlirltnrli sc bi`suac
Bukturn(S`lvcrslmnm, rcn mc ]urlsai)
`i hny quc ikvlmnr quc ck ]urlsai cs u` scbtir cbi`albi kucfi kns aitlvnbli`cs
pucmc` scr aktlpkcs(Fun turstlbi)
Ns pucs, trns ck ]urlsai Bukturnk, kis cxpcrtis pnrtlblpn`tcs mcstnbn` kis slfulc`tcs
tral`is y bi`bcptis bknvc7 timn eiran mc Bukturn, rlquczn y vnrlcmnm mc ntrnbtlvis buk-
turnkcs, pidknbl` kibnk, sistc`ldlklmnm, bi`suai mc Bukturn, cxpcrlc`bln mc kn Bukturn.
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| =8 | Bnptuki =KN ITFN@LWNBL@ MCK ]STLRAI BSK]STNK
Kn ipl`l` mc kis cxpcrtis cs bnsl
u``lac rcspcbti n kn cvikubl` mck
]urlsai Bukturnk. C` su frn` anyi-
rn ipl`n` quc, c` kis ktlais nis,su mcsnrrikki hn slmi auy pisltlvi,
sidrc timi mcsmc ck pu`ti mc vlstn
cbi`albi, bun`mi kn mcan`mn
nuac`t, bnadli quc sltn` c` ck
irlfc` mc su mcsnrrikki. Kn pucstn
c` vnkir mck ]urlsai Bukturnk hn
tc`lmi u` lapirtn`tc mcsnrrikki c`
kis ktlais >3 nis y nbtunkac`tc
cs u` primubti bnri, cspcblnkac`tc ck ]urlsai rcknbli`nmi bi` ck nrtc. ]nadl` scmcstnbn ck bnadli c` ck `lvck mc prcpnrnbl` mc kis turlstns y kn bi`slfulc`tc nmnptn-
bl` pir pnrtc mc kis priecsli`nkcs.
Tcspcbti n kn biyu`turn mck ]urlsai Bukturnk c` kn nbtunklmnm, hn hndlmi ac`is u`n-
`lalmnm, nprcbl`misc mlecrc`tcs pu`tis mc vlstn scf` sc privc`fn mck scbtir mc
kn bukturn i mck scbtir mck ]urlsai. C` cstc sc`tlmi, hny quc mcstnbnr quc nquckkis
cxpcrtis pcrtc`cblc tcs nk scbtir mc kn bukturn (auscis) hn` l`slstlmi c` kn brcblc`tc
prcmlkcbbl` quc cxlstc c` kis auscis mc tltuknrlmnm cstntnk pir ck ]urlsai y kis vlsl-
tn`tcs. Rcnkn` quc sc bnrcbc mc cstumlis cspcbelbis sidrc ckki pcri hn` aistrnmiaubhi l`tcrs c` su rcnklznbl`, tn`ti sidrc ck ]urlsai y kis auscis, biai sidrc ck
lapnbti mck ]urlsai c` kis auscis7
sc hn lmc`tlelbnmi quc hny turlstns () as i ac`is sc cstlan quc hny u` 2: i =:%
mc turlstns cxtrn`gcris quc vn` n auscis () c` ck ausci mc Arlmn i mc Nktnalrn
cstc pirbc`tngc nuac`tn `itndkcac`tc(Nmal`lstrnbl` Bc`trnk, rcn mc Auscis)
C` `ucstris auscis `i hny mntis cspcbelbis sidrc ck lapnbti mck ]urlsai c` ckcapkci(Nmal`lstrnbl` Bc`trnk, rcn mc Auscis)
Cstn nelranbl` bil`blmc bi` kn rcekcxl` hcbhn mcsmc kn nmal`lstrnbl` turstlbn qulc`
mcstnbn quc sc hn cxpcrlac`tnmi u` bnadli mc ac`tnklmnm c` bun`ti nk bi`bcpti
mck ]urlsai pir pnrtc mck scbtir mc kn bukturn. \n i sc rcknbli`n tn`ti nk ]urlsai bi`
u`n nac`nzn sl`i biai u`n ipirtu`lmnm mc mcsnrrikknr ck scbtir bukturnk7
hny biai u` bnadli mc ac`tnklmnm mc Bukturn hnbn ki turstlbi pirquc rcnkac`tc scbi`slmcrndn ck ]urlsai biai mcprcmnmir(Nmal`lstrnbl` Bc`trnk, rcn mc ]urlsai)
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| =. Ck ausci biai Ntrnbtlvi ]urstlbi BukturnkKis auscis y bikcbbli`cs auscifrelbns vn` n npirtnr ck bi`iblalc`ti mc kn irfn-
`lznbl` mc cstc tlpi mc ntrnbtlvi bukturnk turstlbi, su tlpikifn c` rcknbl` bi` su
mlstrldubl` fcifrelbn pir biau`lmnmcs nut`ians y pir mcstl`is turstlbis, y kn
scfac`tnbl` pir vlsltn`tcs rckcvn`tcs pir su slf`lelbnmi turstlbi. Zir itrn pnrtc,
tnadl` mctcral`nrcais kis pnractris mc fcstl` turstlbn mc cstis ntrnbtlvis, tn`ti
l`tcr`is biai cxtcr`is, kis mcpnrtnac`tis i su vl`buknbl` bi` kns mcbknrnbli`cs mc
Dlc`cs Zntrlai`li mc kn Huan`lmnm pir kn S@CRBI. Mc cstc bi`iblalc`ti l`tcr`i sc
hn` lmc`tlelbnmi timns kns rcmcs, nbbli`cs y pislbli`nalc`ti quc bi`elfurn` ck ]urlsai
Bukturnk biai bntcfirn mc n`klsls ns biai kns cstrntcflns mc acgirn.
]NDKN 4
]lpikifn mc auscis c`bucstnmis, c` pirbc`tngc
]lpikifn mc ausci %
Nrqucikflbi 42,2
Nrtc Bi`tcapir`ci 8,2
Nrtcs Mcbirntlvns 4,8
Dckkns Nrtcs :,:
Ct`ifrnen y N`tripikifn >4,4
Fc`crnk 3,5
Hlstirln 8,4.
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| 3: | Bnptuki =KN ITFN@LWNBL@ MCK ]STLRAI BSK]STNK
C` prlacr kufnr, hcais bnrnbtcrlznmi kn aucstrn mc auscis c`bucstnmn pir su tlpi-
kifn (tndkn 4). Znrn mcel`lr mlbhn tlpikifn sc hn utlklznmi kn Dnsc mc Mntis mc kis
Auscis y Bikcbbli`cs Auscifrelbns mc Cspnn, quc sc nbtunklzn bnmn mis nis pir
ck Al`lstcrli mc Cmubnbl`, Bukturn y Mcpirtc. Kis auscis quc as prcsc`bln tlc`c`si` kis auscis Nrqucikflbis, bi` u` 42%, scfulmis mc kis auscis Ct`ifrelbis y
N`tripikflbis (>4%), kis Cspcblnklznmis (>:%), kis mc Dckkns Nrtcs y kis mc Hlstirln
(4%), Biau`lmnm Unkc`bln`n
(>4%), Bntnkun (>:%) y Bnstlkkn y Kc` (>:%). Bndc mcstnbnr kn nktn pnrtlblpnbl` mc
kis auscis fnkkcfis quc rcprcsc`tn` bnsl ck >>% mc kn aucstrn idtc`lmn. Anmrlm, bi` u`
6% rcspcbti nk titnk mc rcspucstns, sc c`buc`trn c` u` scxti kufnr. Kns = biau`lmnmcs
nut`ians as vl`buknmns bi` ck ]urlsai Bukturnk, Bntnkun, N`mnkubn, Bnstlkkn y Kc`
y Anmrlm, sc c`buc`trn` c`trc kns 5 biau`lmnmcs bi` as prcsc`bln c` ck bi`gu`ti
mc rcspucstns idtc`lmns.
Cstn mlstrldubl` mc rcspucstns bil`blmc, c` fc`crnk, bi` kn prcsc`bln mc u` anyir
`acri mc auscis c` nkfu`ns Biau`lmnmcs Nut`ians. Ns kn Biau`lmnm Unkc`bln
nbuaukn as mc u` >2% mc kis auscis `nbli`nkcs, N`mnkubn u` >4%, Bnstlkkn y Kc`
bnsl u` >2%, Anmrlm u` 8% y Bntnkun as mc u` 6%.
=4Cstn mlstrldubl` pirbc`tunk mc rcspucstns i rcprimubc cxnbtnac`tc ck u`lvcrsi mc auscis cxls-tc`tc c` Cspnn c` tral`is mc su tlpikifn. Mc hcbhi, c` `ucstri, pns kis auscis nrqucikflbis
rcprcsc`tn` u` >4% mck titnk? kis Ct`ifrelbis y N`tripikflbis u` >6%? kis Cspcblnklznmis u` >:%, kis
mc Dckkns Nrtcs u` >3%? kis auscis mc Hlstirln u` 6% y kis mc Nrtc Bi`tcapir`ci u` 8: bucstli`nrlis
buapklac`tnmis birrcbtnac`tc, mctcral`nmis auscis l`vltnmis eirankac`tc n pnrtlblpnr c` ck cstu-
mli, el`nkac`tc `i ki hn` hcbhi. Kn sidrcrcprcsc`tnbl` el`nk mc mctcral`nmns tlpikifns mc auscis
sc mcrlvn mc u` anyir l`tcrs mc kis alsais pir pnrtlblpnr c` u` cstumli sidrc ]urlsai Bukturnk, yn
scn pirquc sc bi`slmcrn quc ck ausci pnrtlblpn`tc yn cst pislbli`nmi biai u` ntrnbtlvi i pirquc
sc pcrbldc biai u`n ipirtu`lmnm mc acgirn cstrntflbn.
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| 3> |]urlsai bukturnk.ZN]TLAI@LI, ASRCIR \ CAZKCNDLKLMNM
Mlecrc`tc cs ck bnsi mc Fnklbln quc, bi` npc`ns ck 3% mc kis auscis, hn fc`crnmi as
mck >:% mc kns rcspucstns, aistrn`mi u` frn` l`tcrs y ml`nalsai hnbln ck ]urlsai
Bukturnk. Bnstlkkn Kn An`bhn prcsc`tn kn sltunbl` bi`trnrln, auy pibis bucstli`nrlis
buapklac`tnmis c` rcknbl` bi` ck `acri mc auscis bi` kis quc buc`tn. C` ck als-ai sc`tlmi, @nvnrrn, Aurbln, Nsturlns y Nrnf` nbuaukn`, rcspcbtlvnac`tc, ck = y ck
5% mck titnk mc rcspucstns supcrn`mi ck pcsi rckntlvi quc sus auscis rcprcsc`tn`
c` rcknbl` nk rcsti mc Cspnn.
]NDKN 2
Mlstrldubl` fcifrelbn mc kis auscis c`bucstnmis, c` pirbc`tngc
Biau`lmnm Nut`ian %
N`mnkubn >>,6
Nrnf` 3,5
Nsturlns =,=
Dnkcnrcs 4,4
Bn`nrlns 4,4
Bn`tndrln >,6
Bnstlkkn y Kc` :,:
Biau`lmnm Unkc`bln`n >>,6
Cxtrcanmurn 2,2
Fnklbln >:,5
Biau`lmnm mc Anmrlm 6,4
Aurbln 5,6
@nvnrrn ,5
Zns Unsbi 3,:
Kn Tlign >,6
Acklkkn ,5
Euc`tc7 C bucstn CIL. Zntrlai`li, Auscis y Capkcndlklmnm, 4:>4.
Itri mc kis brltcrlis as rckcvn`tcs n kn hirn mc cvnkunr kis auscis biai ntrnbtlvi
turstlbi tlc`c quc vcr bi` ck `acri mc vlsltn`tcs. Ns, ck frelbi 3 sc rcelcrc prc-
blsnac`tc nk `acri mc kis vlsltn`tcs quc n`unkac`tc rcbldc` kis auscis. Hcaisbntcfirlznmi ck `acri mc vlsltn`tcs c` trcs scfac`tis quc birrcspi`mc` n trcs
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| 34 | Bnptuki =KN ITFN@LWNBL@ MCK ]STLRAI BSK]STNK
bntcfirns dlc` mlecrc`blnmns7 kis auscis quc rcbldc` ac`is mc 3:.::: vlsltn`tcs
n`unkcs? kis auscis quc rcbldc` c`trc 3:.::: y 3::.:::, y nquckkis frn`mcs auscis
n kis quc nbumc` as mc 3::.::: bnmn ni. Kis mntis rcbiflmis rcspcbti nk acri
mc vlsltn`tcs l`mlbn` quc as mc mis tcrblis mc kis auscis cstumlnmis (5
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| 32 |]urlsai bukturnk.ZN]TLAI@LI, ASRCIR \ CAZKCNDLKLMNM
udlbnmis c` kns blumnmcs, rcknbli`nmis bi` eirans auy bi`brctns mc ]urlsai, biai
ck ]urlsai Srdn`i.
FTELBI 5
Zcrelk mc kis vlsltn`tcs, c` pirbc`tngc
Anyirltnrlnac`tc rcslmc`tc (43,5%)
Lfunk pripirbl` mc rcslmc`tcs
y `i rcslmc`tcs (=,=%)
Anyirltnrlnac`tc i rcslmc`tcs (53%)
@s/@b (3%)
=,=%
3%
53%
43,5%
Euc`tc7 C bucstn CIL. Zntrlai`li, Auscis y Capkcndlklmnm, 4:>4.
Zir itrn pnrtc, ck pcrelk mc cstis vlsltn`tcs cst mctnkknmi c` ck frelbi 5. Hnbcais rcec-
rc`bln n timis kis vlsltn`tcs, mlecrc`bln`mi c`trc kis quc si` rcslmc`tcs mc kn kibnklmnm
y kis quc i, slc`mi cstis ktlais kis quc pimcais lmc`tlelbnr biai anyirltnrlnac`tc
turlstns y/i cxbursli`lstns. Ck n`klsls mc kis bucstli`nrlis buapklac`tnmis hn mnmi
biai rcsuktnmi quc c` ck 53% mc kis auscis, kis vlsltn`tcs si` anyirltnrlnac`tc
`i rcslmc`tcs, alc`trns quc bnsl c` ck 45% mc ckkis, kis rcslmc`tcs si` kis vlsltn`tcs
anyirltnrlis. C` cstc frelbi sc mcel`c` kis pirbc`tngcs mc auscis mi`mc si` anyi-
rn u`n u itrn tlpikifn mc vlsltn`tcs. C` ckkn sc rcekcgn tnadl` quc c` u` pirbc`tngc
pcquci mck =%, kis auscis rcbldc`, nprixlanmnac`tc c` lfunk pripirbl`, tn`tisrcslmc`tcs biai `i rcslmc`tcs.
Kn tndkn = mctnkkn kn mlstrldubl` mc kis vlsltn`tcs, slfulc`mi kn tlpikifn capkcnmn c` kn
tndkn 4 y quc sc birrcspi`mc bi` kn bknslelbnbl` mc kn Dnsc mc Mntis mc BukturnDnsc
mck Al`lstcrli mc Cmubnbl`, Bukturn, Mcpirtcs.
Rc pucmc idscrvnr quc cxlstc u` frupi mc auscis eiranmis pir kis auscis mc Ct`i-
frnen y N`tripikifn? Blc`bln y ]cb`ikifn, Bnsn-ausci, buyn anyirn (8:-
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| 3= | Bnptuki =KN ITFN@LWNBL@ MCK ]STLRAI BSK]STNK
Itri frupi rckcvn`tc cstnrn bi`stltulmi pir nquckkis auscis biai kis auscis
Nrqucikflbis, mc Nrtcs Mcbirntlvns, Cspcblnklznmis, mc Hlstirln, y Itris. Cstis auscis
prcsc`tn` u`n bnrnbtcrlznbl` as hctcrif`cn. Cxlstlr` c` pcqucns kibnklmnmcs,
vlsltnmis pir ac`is mc 3:.::: vlsltn`tcs (c`trc ck 5: y ck 63% mc kis auscis c`bucstn-mis) pcri tnadl` hndr auscis mc tnani acmln`i (c`trc 43-=:%) nk quc nbbcmcr
ck scfac`ti mc pdklbi biaprc`mlmi c`trc kis 3:.::: y 3::.::: vlsltn`tcs.
]NDKN =
]lpikifn mc auscis mlstrldulmis pir ck `acri mc vlsltn`tcs n`unkcs,c` pirbc`tngc
Ulsltn`tcs n`unkcs
]lpi mc ausci ;3:.::: 3:.:::-3::.::: 03::.:::
Nrqucikflbi 53,< 2=,> ,:
Nrtc Bi`tcapir`ci 5:,: 45,6 >2,2
Nrtcs Mcbirntlvns 5:,: =:,: ,:
Dckkns Nrtcs =>,4 34,< 3,5,6 ,:
Blc`blns y ]cb`ikifn 82,2 >5,6 ,:
Blc`blns @nturnkcs c Hlstirln @nturnk 3:,: 3:,: ,:
Cspcblnklznmi 5>,> 22,2 3,5
Ct`ifrnen y N`tripikifn 5,6 8,2
Euc`tc7 C`bucstn CIL. Zntrlai li, Auscis y Capkcndlklmnm, 4:>4.
Cspcblnkac`tc slf`lelbntlvi cs ki quc kn tndkn = mctnkkn rcecrc`tc n kis auscis mc
Nrtc Bi`tcapir`ci. Rl dlc` rc`c` kns bnrnbtcrstlbns mck frupi n`tcrlir auscis
pcqucis y acmln`is tnadl` c`bi`trnais ck scfac`ti mc as mc 3::.::: vlsl-
tn`tcs, birrcspi`mlc`tc n kis frn`mcs auscis mc Nrtc Bi`tcapir`ci sltunmis c`
kns frn`mcs blumnmcs. Zir ckki, sc mlstrlduyc` c`trc kis trcs scfac`tis y ndnrbn` timi
ck ndn`lbi auscstlbi.
S` bnsi mlecrc`tc cs ck mc kis auscis mc Dckkns Nrtcs. Ck scfac`ti mc ausci acmln`i,
c`trc 3:.::: y 3::.::: vlsltn`tcs, cs ck quc hn mnmi kufnr n u` anyir `acri mc
rcspucstns (as mc u` 34%), hnblc`mi mc cstn tlpikifn u`n bntcfirn auy cspcb-
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| 33 |]urlsai bukturnk.ZN]TLAI@LI, ASRCIR \ CAZKCNDLKLMNM
elbn, quc pimcais rcknbli`nr bi` ck c`trnanmi urdn`i mc tnani acmli, y mc frn`
lapirtn`bln pnrn ucstri n`klsls mck ]urlsai Bukturnk. Cstc tlpi mc auscis, biai kis
auscis mc Nrtc Bi`tcapir`ci, pucmc` biaprc`mcr timi ck cspcbtri mc auscis,
mcsmc kis pcqucis hnstn kis quc rcbldc` u` acri n`unk mc vlsltn`tcs supcrlir n kis3::.:::. Mc hcbhi, ski c`bi`trnais c` cstn tndkn = bi`tnmns bntcfirns mc auscis
quc hnyn` nbiflmi n as mc 3::.::: vlsltn`tcs7 auscis mc Nrtc Bi`tcapir`ci,
auscis mc Dckkns Nrtcs, ausci Cspcblnklznmi y Itris.
Zir ktlai, kis auscis mc Blc`blns @nturnkcs c Hlstirln @nturnk i si` auy uacrisis
pcri tnadl` sc rcpnrtc` cqultntlvnac`tc c`trc kis auscis pcqucis y kis acmln`is.
]NDKN 3
Zcrelk mck vlsltn`tc mc kis auscis mlstrldulmis pir su ck `acri mc vlsltn`tcs
n`unkcs, c` pirbc`tngc
Ulsltn`tcs n`unkcs
Zcrelk mck vlsltn`tc ;3:.::: 3:.:::-3::.::: 03::.::: ]itnk
Anyirltnrlnac`tc rcslmc`tc 5::,:
43,8
Lfunk pripirbl` mc rcslmc`tcs y`i rcslmc`tcs
83,6=,=,24:,:
>::,:2,
5=,8
48,=
5=,6
2,=
8:,:
>::,:
53,4
@s/@b 33,5
=,>
==,=
6,8
,:
,:
>::,:
3,>
]itnk 58,3
>::,:
48,6
>::,:
4,8
>::,:
>::,:
>::,:
Euc`tc7 C bucstn CIL. Zntrlai`li, Auscis y Capkcndlklmnm, 4:>4.
C` bun`ti nk pcrelk mck vlsltn`tc, kn tndkn 3 aucstrn quc ck pcrelk mc `i rcslmc`tc cs ck
as bia` y ck quc tlc`c anyir prcsc`bln c` timis kis auscis, nk anrfc` mc buk scn
su tnani. C` tir`i nk 53% mc kis auscis mc ac`is mc 3:.::: vlsltn`tcs y mc c`trc
3:.::: y 3::.::: rcbldc` anyirltnrlnac tc `i rcslmc`tcs. Csti birridirn ck mnti
quc idtuvlais sidrc ck pcrelk mck `i rcslmc`tc n lvck fkidnk c` kis auscis mc Cspnn.
^ucrcais mcstnbnr auy cspcblnkac`tc ck mnti quc sc nprcbln c` kn tndkn 3 rcecrc`tc n
kis auscis mc as mc 3::.::: vlsltn`tcs. Tcbldc` anyirltnrlnac`tc `i rcslmc`tcs,c` u` 8:% mc kis auscis, nu`quc c` u` 4:% rcbldc` c` lfunk pripirbl` n rcslmc`tcs
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| 35 | Bnptuki =KN ITFN@LWNBL@ MCK ]STLRAI BSK]STNK
y n `i rcslmc`tcs. C` cstc bnsi, cstnrnais hndkn`mi mc kis frn`mcs auscis y cstis,
n lvck mc vlsltn`tcs, si` pcrbldlmis biai u` ntrnbtlvi turstlbi.
]NDKN 5
]lpikifn mc auscis mlstrldulmis pir ck pcrelk mck vlsltn`tc, c` pirbc`tngc
Zcrelk mck vlsltn`tc
]itnk]lpi mc ausci
Anyirltnrlnac`tc
rcslmc`tc
Lfunk pripirbl`
mc rcslmc`tcs y
`i rcslmc`tcs
Anyirltnrlnac`tc
`i rcslmc tcs @s/@b
Nrqucikflbi >5,6
>3,4
6,>
26,3
62,8
45,3
4,=
>>,>
>::,:
42,2
Nrtc Bi`tcapir`ci 22,2
>:,4,3
=5,6
5,:
>2,2
44,4
>::,:
8,2
Nrtcs Mcbirntlvns 4:,:
4,4
4:,:
>4,3
5:,:
4,5
,:
,:
>::,:
4,8
Dckkns Nrtcs 34,
>>,8
44,4
>::,:
,6
,:,:
>::,:2,2
Blc`blns @nturnkcs c
Hlstirln @nturnk
43,:
4,4
,:
,:
3:,:
>,6
43,:
>>,>
>::,:
4,4
Cspcblnklznmi >5,6
5,3
3,5
>4,3
64,4
>>,>
3,5
>>,>
>::,:
>:,:
Ct`ifrnen y
N`tripikifn
44,6
>:,2,6
=,3
>>,>
>::,:
>4,4
Fc`crnk 3:,:
>:,:,:
>>,>
>::,:
3,5Hlstirln >8,8
5,3
>4,3
43,:
58,8
::,:
8,3,=
=,2
,:
,:
8=,5
::,:
6,4
]itnk 43,5
>::,:
=,=
>::,:
53,:
>::,:
3,:
>::,:
>::,:
>::,:
Euc`tc7 C`bucstn CIL. Zntrlai li, Auscis y Capkcndlklmnm, 4:>4.
Kn tndkn 5 mn u` pnsi as nk rcknbli`nr kis tlpis mc auscis bi` ck `acri vlsltn`tcs
quc rcbldc` n`unkac`tc (rcslmc`tcs-`i rcslmc`tcs). Mcstnbn u` frupi mc auscis
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| 36 |]urlsai bukturnk.ZN]TLAI@LI, ASRCIR \ CAZKCNDLKLMNM
quc, bi` u` pirbc`tngc supcrlir nk 6:%, rcbldc` anyirltnrlnac`tc `i rcslmc`tcs. Rc
trntn mc kis auscis Nrqucikflbis (62%), kns Bnsn auscis (%), kis Cspcblnklznmis
(64%), kis auscis mc Ct`ifrnen y N`tripikifn (64%) y Itris (8=%). Cstc frupi mc
auscis npnrcbc bknrnac`tc irlc`tnmi nk turlstn y/i nk cxbursli`lstn.
Rc trntn mc auscis mc ucvn pkn`tn, bi`strulmis c` ecbhns rcblc`tcs pnrn ipcrnr biai
ntrnbtlvis turstlbis y pnrn mcsnrrikknr u` mcstl`i. Zcri nmcas, cstc mnti tnadl` hny
quc pi`crki c` rcknbl` bi` kn tcatlbn alsan mc cstis auscis quc, sl` mumn, ntrnc
n vlsltn`tcs eir`cis. Csc cs ck bnsi mc kn nrqucikifn, kn bnsn-ausci, kn ct`ifrnen y
itrns cspcblnklznmis mc nadlc`tcs rurnkcs y tcatlbns kibnkcs.
Kis auscis mc Nrtcs Mcbirntlvns, nu` bun`mi `i npnrcbc` tn` anyirltnrlnac`tc
vlsltnmis pir `i rcslmc`tcs, sc nprixlan` n cstc frupi c` tn`ti c` bun`ti prcmial-`n` nquckkis vlsltnmis pir `i rcslmc`tcs, y kis auscis quc rcbldc`
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