tx history-ch-20.4

Chapter 20: The Indian Wars

Section 4: The Indian Wars End in Texas

Fighting on the Rio Grande

•Mangas Coloradas, an Apache chief, was a mentor to Victorio

•Mangas Coloradas killed by U.S. soldiers

•Apache ordered to move to reservations in New Mexico

Fighting on the Rio Grande

•Victorio—Apache leader who fled into Mexico & conducted raids across the Rio Grande

Victorio

Fighting on the Rio Grande

• More troops sent to Rio Grande area

• Army chased Victorio for two years

• Troops part of the 9th & 10th Cavalries and 24th & 25th Infantry Regiments

Fighting on the Rio Grande

•Buffalo Soldiers—name that American Indians gave to African American troops Stamp commemorating

the Buffalo Soldiers

Fighting on the Rio Grande

• Henry O. Flipper—first black graduate of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point who took part in raids against the Apache while stationed at Fort Davis

Henry O. Flipper

Fighting on the Rio Grande

• Troops trailed Apache for weeks at a time

• Crossed back into Mexico

• Raids stopped when Mexican troops became involved

• Victorio died in 1880

Reservation Life

•Forced to take up farming

•Poor soil

•Little experience raising crops

Reservation Life

•Government did not supply food

•1883: Federal government banned many Indian religious practices

•Forced to traditional ceremonies in secret

Reservation Life

• 1875: Parker surrenders & moves to reservation

• Worked to better relations between federal government & Indians

• Went to Washington D.C. to negotiate

Quanah Parker

Reservation Life

•Indians on reservations shared the land they farmed

•Some government officials believed Indians would be better off owning land

Reservation Life

•Dawes General Allotment Act—U.S. law passed in 1887 that divided up reservation lands for American Indians and promised the citizenship

Reservation Life

• Many Indians did not receive enough land to sustain themselves

• Government sold remaining land after dividing land

• Indians not granted citizenship until 1924

Reservation Life

•By the 1880s most American Indians were gone from Texas

•Opened vast amounts of land to farming, ranch, & settlement

Reservation Life

Farming Traditional Culture

Ownership of Land