types, structs, classes, objects

Types, Structs, Classes, Objects

CS101 2012.1

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Creating our own types Thus far, we have used

• primitive types (bool, int, float, long, double, etc.)• pair<T1, T2>• native arrays, vector<T>, matrix<T>• collections map<K,V>, multimap<K,V>

Why do we need our own type definitions?• More readable type names• Shorter type names• Pack diverse fields into one record (arrays store

only one type; maps, two)

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typedef “Comfort feature” Shorthand for types (n.) that are too long to

type (v.) again and again• typedef pair<string, int> WordCount;

Makes types more readable• typedef int Ticket;• typedef double Time;

Convention is to define our type names and class names starting with UpperCase

Variables start with lowerCase

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Struct Fields in a record: for each student

• Roll number (unique key)• Name• Date of birth …

For each customer• Ticket number• Arrival, service begin, departure times

Instead of separate collections with each field, use one collection of records, each record with fields

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Simple starting examples

struct Point { double x, y;};

struct Circle { Point center; double radius;};

Member or field type

Member or field name

Types you defined can be used thereafter in other types

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Member initialization and access Three styles of initialization

• Fill in all fields by name, separately• As expression

Circle{ {.6, .8}, 2 }• As declaration

Circle circ { {.6, .8}, 2 }; circ.radius, circ.center.x, etc.

• On both lhs and rhs Passing as parameters to functions

• Default is pass-by-value: copy everything• Can also pass by reference

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Class = Struct + ? Constructor(s)

• How to set up the initial configuration• Perhaps allocate memory

Destructors• Release resources and clean up state

Methods• Change the state of the struct members in clean,

controlled ways

Access control: public, protected, private Inheritance (extending classes)

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Point constructor and destructorstruct Point { double x, y; Point(double _x, double _y) { x = _x, y = _y; cout << "Point " << endl; } ~Point() { cout << "~Point " << endl; }}; Why do we need explicit constructors and

destructors if we already have initializers?

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Constructors Suppose we need the area of a circle often

struct Circle { Point center; double radius, area; } But we don’t want every declaration of a

circle variable to compute the area Let a circle compute its own area when it is

initialized (What happens when radius changes?)

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Example constructorstruct Circle { Point center; double radius, area; Circle(double cx, double cy, double rad) { center.x = cx, center.y = cy; radius = rad; area = pi * rad * rad; }};

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this Special variable representing (address of)

current object, available inside constructor, destructor, and methods

Point(double _x, double _y) { cout << "Point@" << this << "(" << _x << "," << _y << ")\n";

} Fields can also be written as this->x and this->y

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Initializing constant fieldsstruct Point { const double x, y; Point(double _x, double _y) : x(_x), y(_y) { /* nothing */ }}

Can never change x or y after a Point is constructed

But can you assign a whole Point variable? (let’s try and see)

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The copy constructor What happens when we sayPoint pt2 = pt1;

The “copy constructor” is invoked to construct a new Point pt2 out of pt1

Point(const Point& other) : x(other.x), y(other.y){ cout << "Point@" << this << " copied from " << &other << endl;

}

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Memory management When exactly are constructors and

destructors called? Consider this code:

Point pt1(3,4), pt2(5,5);vector<Point> points;points.push_back(pt1);points.push_back(pt2);cout << "exiting main\n";

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ExplanationPoint@0xbfa1e320(3,4)Point@0xbfa1e310(5,5)Point@0x963b008(3,4) copied from Point&0xbfa1e320(3,4)

Point@0x963b030(5,5) copied from Point&0xbfa1e310(5,5)

Point@0x963b020(3,4) copied from Point&0x963b008(3,4)

~Point@0x963b008(3,4)exiting main~Point@0x963b020(3,4)~Point@0x963b030(5,5)~Point@0xbfa1e310(5,5)~Point@0xbfa1e320(3,4)

Allocated on stack

Freed from stack

Native array in heapis getting extended; firstelement is copied over

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A first method (For mutable, not constant Points)void move(double dx, double dy) { x += dx, y += dy;}void print() { cout << x << ' ' << y << ' ';}void load() { cin >> x >> y;}

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Members and methods Methods are like functions except they have

access to the invisible variable this You don’t have to say this->x all the time,

if x is not otherwise defined in scope, x means this->x

What goes for members also goes for methods: can access this->meth(arg) as meth(arg)

meth(arg) and other.meth(arg) or otherp->meth(arg) are different• Same method invoked on different instances

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Inheritancestruct Point { double x, y;};struct ColoredPoint : public Point {

Color color;}Struct ColoredPointMass : public ColoredPoint {

double mass;}

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A vector that writes and reads itself Boost lets you read and write matrices, but

these are in textual format An integer that is 4 bytes in RAM may take

up to 11 bytes to store in decimal We would like to store in integer in 4 bytes in

a disk file too But we cannot directly view this file because

it does not have ASCII character codes in it To store a vector<int> to disk, we store

• The size in 4 bytes• Each element in 4 bytes

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Inherited class

class SerializableVector : public vector<int>{public:// store myself to named filevoid store(const char *fname);// load myself from named filevoid load(const char *fname);};

Base class fields and methods

remain available

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Warning: serializing pointer data Much harder game Pointer value is ephemeral, can change with

next invocation of code Want to save logical structure of queue or

tree etc. to disk, not actual pointers Generally means traversing whole data

structure systematically, giving logical IDs to each record

How about circular queues or other data structures with pointer cycles? Need to mark