unit 1 lecture notes intro to a & p
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Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology
Chapter 1
2
IntroductionIntroduction
Human Anatomy and Physiology:
study of the structure and function of the study of the structure and function of the human bodyhuman body
Human Anatomy and Physiology:
study of the structure and function of the study of the structure and function of the human bodyhuman body
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Importance of A & PImportance of A & P
• Understand how body responds to a Understand how body responds to a stimulusstimulus
• Understand basis of diseaseUnderstand basis of disease• Essential knowledge for health care workersEssential knowledge for health care workers• Improve your understanding of treatments, Improve your understanding of treatments,
advertisements, and reports as a advertisements, and reports as a patient/client/consumerpatient/client/consumer
• Understand how body responds to a Understand how body responds to a stimulusstimulus
• Understand basis of diseaseUnderstand basis of disease• Essential knowledge for health care workersEssential knowledge for health care workers• Improve your understanding of treatments, Improve your understanding of treatments,
advertisements, and reports as a advertisements, and reports as a patient/client/consumerpatient/client/consumer
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I. AnatomyI. Anatomy
• Scientific discipline that investigates Scientific discipline that investigates the structure of the bodythe structure of the body
– Anatomy = to dissect parts of the body for Anatomy = to dissect parts of the body for studystudy
• Scientific discipline that investigates Scientific discipline that investigates the structure of the bodythe structure of the body
– Anatomy = to dissect parts of the body for Anatomy = to dissect parts of the body for studystudy
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A. Structure & FunctionA. Structure & Function
• The structure of a body part is closely The structure of a body part is closely related to its functionrelated to its function
• Understanding this relationship makes Understanding this relationship makes learning anatomy easierlearning anatomy easier
• The structure of a body part is closely The structure of a body part is closely related to its functionrelated to its function
• Understanding this relationship makes Understanding this relationship makes learning anatomy easierlearning anatomy easier
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Types of Anatomical StudyTypes of Anatomical Study
B.B. SystemicSystemic – by systems ( – by systems (e.g.e.g. nervous) nervous)C.C. RegionalRegional – body areas ( – body areas (e.g. e.g. head)head)D.D. SurfaceSurface – external features ( – external features (e.g.e.g. bony bony
projections)projections)E.E. Anatomical ImagingAnatomical Imaging – pictures of internal – pictures of internal
structures (x-rays, ultrasound, magnetic structures (x-rays, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging)resonance imaging)
B.B. SystemicSystemic – by systems ( – by systems (e.g.e.g. nervous) nervous)C.C. RegionalRegional – body areas ( – body areas (e.g. e.g. head)head)D.D. SurfaceSurface – external features ( – external features (e.g.e.g. bony bony
projections)projections)E.E. Anatomical ImagingAnatomical Imaging – pictures of internal – pictures of internal
structures (x-rays, ultrasound, magnetic structures (x-rays, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging)resonance imaging)
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II. PhysiologyII. Physiology
• The study of natureThe study of nature
• The scientific discipline that deals with The scientific discipline that deals with the processes or functions of living the processes or functions of living thingsthings
• The study of natureThe study of nature
• The scientific discipline that deals with The scientific discipline that deals with the processes or functions of living the processes or functions of living thingsthings
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A. Major goals of physiologyA. Major goals of physiology
1.1. To understand and predict the body’s To understand and predict the body’s responses to stimuli.responses to stimuli.
2.2. To understand how the body To understand how the body maintains conditions within a narrow maintains conditions within a narrow range of values in the presence of a range of values in the presence of a continually changing environment.continually changing environment.
1.1. To understand and predict the body’s To understand and predict the body’s responses to stimuli.responses to stimuli.
2.2. To understand how the body To understand how the body maintains conditions within a narrow maintains conditions within a narrow range of values in the presence of a range of values in the presence of a continually changing environment.continually changing environment.
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B. Human PhysiologyB. Human Physiology
• The study of the processes and The study of the processes and functions of humans functions of humans
• The study of the processes and The study of the processes and functions of humans functions of humans
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C. Cellular and Systemic PhysiologyC. Cellular and Systemic Physiology
• The studies of physiology that The studies of physiology that emphasize specific organizational emphasize specific organizational levelslevels
• The studies of physiology that The studies of physiology that emphasize specific organizational emphasize specific organizational levelslevels
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III. Structural and Functional Organization
III. Structural and Functional Organization
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A. Six Structural LevelsA. Six Structural Levels
1.1. ChemicalChemical – interactions among atoms – interactions among atoms and their combinations into moleculesand their combinations into molecules
a.a. H, O, N, C = 96% of human bodyH, O, N, C = 96% of human body
2.2. CellCell – basic living units of organisms – basic living units of organismsa.a. Contain organelles which each have Contain organelles which each have
specific functionsspecific functions
1.1. ChemicalChemical – interactions among atoms – interactions among atoms and their combinations into moleculesand their combinations into molecules
a.a. H, O, N, C = 96% of human bodyH, O, N, C = 96% of human body
2.2. CellCell – basic living units of organisms – basic living units of organismsa.a. Contain organelles which each have Contain organelles which each have
specific functionsspecific functions
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Structural Levels, continued… Structural Levels, continued…
3.3. TissueTissue – a group of similar cells and – a group of similar cells and materials surrounding them that act materials surrounding them that act together to perform a common functiontogether to perform a common function
a.a. Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervousEpithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
3.3. TissueTissue – a group of similar cells and – a group of similar cells and materials surrounding them that act materials surrounding them that act together to perform a common functiontogether to perform a common function
a.a. Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervousEpithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
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Structural Levels, continued…Structural Levels, continued…
4.4. OrganOrgan – group of two or – group of two or more tissue types working more tissue types working together to perform a special together to perform a special functionfunction
a.a. Heart, lung, kidney, spleenHeart, lung, kidney, spleen
4.4. OrganOrgan – group of two or – group of two or more tissue types working more tissue types working together to perform a special together to perform a special functionfunction
a.a. Heart, lung, kidney, spleenHeart, lung, kidney, spleen
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Org
ans
Org
ans
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Structural Levels, continued…Structural Levels, continued…
5.5. Organ SystemOrgan System – group of organs – group of organs classified as a unit because of classified as a unit because of common function or set of functionscommon function or set of functions
5.5. Organ SystemOrgan System – group of organs – group of organs classified as a unit because of classified as a unit because of common function or set of functionscommon function or set of functions
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Organ Systems, continued…Organ Systems, continued…
a.a. Integumentary SystemIntegumentary System• Provides protectionProvides protection• Regulates temperatureRegulates temperature• Prevents water lossPrevents water loss• Produces vitamin D precursorsProduces vitamin D precursors• Skin, hair, nails, sweat glandsSkin, hair, nails, sweat glands
a.a. Integumentary SystemIntegumentary System• Provides protectionProvides protection• Regulates temperatureRegulates temperature• Prevents water lossPrevents water loss• Produces vitamin D precursorsProduces vitamin D precursors• Skin, hair, nails, sweat glandsSkin, hair, nails, sweat glands
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Organ Systems, continued…Organ Systems, continued…
b.b. Skeletal SystemSkeletal System• Provides protection & supportProvides protection & support• Allows body movementsAllows body movements• Produces blood cellsProduces blood cells• Stores minerals and fatStores minerals and fat• Bones, cartilages, ligaments, jointsBones, cartilages, ligaments, joints
b.b. Skeletal SystemSkeletal System• Provides protection & supportProvides protection & support• Allows body movementsAllows body movements• Produces blood cellsProduces blood cells• Stores minerals and fatStores minerals and fat• Bones, cartilages, ligaments, jointsBones, cartilages, ligaments, joints
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Organ Systems, continued…Organ Systems, continued…
c.c. Muscular systemMuscular system• Produces body movementsProduces body movements• Maintains postureMaintains posture• Produces body heatProduces body heat• Muscles (attached to skeleton by Muscles (attached to skeleton by
tendons)tendons)
c.c. Muscular systemMuscular system• Produces body movementsProduces body movements• Maintains postureMaintains posture• Produces body heatProduces body heat• Muscles (attached to skeleton by Muscles (attached to skeleton by
tendons)tendons)
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Organ Systems, continued…Organ Systems, continued…d.d. Lymphatic systemLymphatic system
• Removes foreign substances from Removes foreign substances from blood and lymphblood and lymph
• Combats diseaseCombats disease• Maintains tissue fluid balanceMaintains tissue fluid balance• Absorbs fats from digestive tractAbsorbs fats from digestive tract• Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes,
and other lymphatic organsand other lymphatic organs
d.d. Lymphatic systemLymphatic system• Removes foreign substances from Removes foreign substances from
blood and lymphblood and lymph• Combats diseaseCombats disease• Maintains tissue fluid balanceMaintains tissue fluid balance• Absorbs fats from digestive tractAbsorbs fats from digestive tract• Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes,
and other lymphatic organsand other lymphatic organs
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Organ Systems, continued…Organ Systems, continued…
e.e. Respiratory systemRespiratory system• Exchanges oxygen and carbon Exchanges oxygen and carbon
dioxide between blood and airdioxide between blood and air• Regulates blood pHRegulates blood pH• Lungs and respiratory passagesLungs and respiratory passages
e.e. Respiratory systemRespiratory system• Exchanges oxygen and carbon Exchanges oxygen and carbon
dioxide between blood and airdioxide between blood and air• Regulates blood pHRegulates blood pH• Lungs and respiratory passagesLungs and respiratory passages
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Organ Systems, continued…Organ Systems, continued…
f.f. Digestive systemDigestive system• Performs the mechanical and Performs the mechanical and
chemical processes of digestion, chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wasteselimination of wastes
• Mouth, esophagus, stomach, Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organsintestines, and accessory organs
f.f. Digestive systemDigestive system• Performs the mechanical and Performs the mechanical and
chemical processes of digestion, chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wasteselimination of wastes
• Mouth, esophagus, stomach, Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organsintestines, and accessory organs
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Organ Systems, continued…Organ Systems, continued…
g.g. Nervous systemNervous system• Major regulatory system that detects Major regulatory system that detects
sensationssensations• Controls movements, physiologic Controls movements, physiologic
processes, and intellectual functionsprocesses, and intellectual functions• Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and
sensory receptorssensory receptors
g.g. Nervous systemNervous system• Major regulatory system that detects Major regulatory system that detects
sensationssensations• Controls movements, physiologic Controls movements, physiologic
processes, and intellectual functionsprocesses, and intellectual functions• Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and
sensory receptorssensory receptors
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Organ Systems, continued…Organ Systems, continued…
h.h. Endocrine systemEndocrine system• Major regulatory system that Major regulatory system that
influences metabolism, growth, influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other reproduction, and many other functionsfunctions
• Glands (Glands (e.g. e.g. pituitary) that secrete pituitary) that secrete hormoneshormones
h.h. Endocrine systemEndocrine system• Major regulatory system that Major regulatory system that
influences metabolism, growth, influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other reproduction, and many other functionsfunctions
• Glands (Glands (e.g. e.g. pituitary) that secrete pituitary) that secrete hormoneshormones
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Organ Systems, continued…Organ Systems, continued…
i.i. Cardiovascular systemCardiovascular system• Transports nutrients, waste Transports nutrients, waste
products, gases, and hormones products, gases, and hormones throughout bodythroughout body
• Plays role in immune response Plays role in immune response and body temperature regulationand body temperature regulation
• Heart, blood vessels, and bloodHeart, blood vessels, and blood
i.i. Cardiovascular systemCardiovascular system• Transports nutrients, waste Transports nutrients, waste
products, gases, and hormones products, gases, and hormones throughout bodythroughout body
• Plays role in immune response Plays role in immune response and body temperature regulationand body temperature regulation
• Heart, blood vessels, and bloodHeart, blood vessels, and blood
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Organ Systems, continued…Organ Systems, continued…
j.j. Urinary systemUrinary system• Removes waste products from Removes waste products from
bloodblood• Regulates blood pH, ion balance, Regulates blood pH, ion balance,
and water balanceand water balance• Kidneys, urinary bladder, and ducts Kidneys, urinary bladder, and ducts
that carry urinethat carry urine
j.j. Urinary systemUrinary system• Removes waste products from Removes waste products from
bloodblood• Regulates blood pH, ion balance, Regulates blood pH, ion balance,
and water balanceand water balance• Kidneys, urinary bladder, and ducts Kidneys, urinary bladder, and ducts
that carry urinethat carry urine
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Organ Systems, continued…Organ Systems, continued…
h.h. Reproductive System (Female)Reproductive System (Female)• Produces oocytesProduces oocytes• Site of fertilization and fetal developmentSite of fertilization and fetal development• Produces milkProduces milk• Produces hormones that influence sexual Produces hormones that influence sexual
function and behaviorsfunction and behaviors• Ovaries, vagina, uterus, mammary glands, Ovaries, vagina, uterus, mammary glands,
and associated structuresand associated structures
h.h. Reproductive System (Female)Reproductive System (Female)• Produces oocytesProduces oocytes• Site of fertilization and fetal developmentSite of fertilization and fetal development• Produces milkProduces milk• Produces hormones that influence sexual Produces hormones that influence sexual
function and behaviorsfunction and behaviors• Ovaries, vagina, uterus, mammary glands, Ovaries, vagina, uterus, mammary glands,
and associated structuresand associated structures
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Organ Systems, continued…Organ Systems, continued…
h.h. Reproductive System (Male)Reproductive System (Male)• Produces and transfers sperm Produces and transfers sperm
cells to femalecells to female• Produces hormones that Produces hormones that
influence sexual functions and influence sexual functions and behaviorsbehaviors
• Testes, accessory structures, Testes, accessory structures, ducts, and penisducts, and penis
h.h. Reproductive System (Male)Reproductive System (Male)• Produces and transfers sperm Produces and transfers sperm
cells to femalecells to female• Produces hormones that Produces hormones that
influence sexual functions and influence sexual functions and behaviorsbehaviors
• Testes, accessory structures, Testes, accessory structures, ducts, and penisducts, and penis
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Structural Levels, continued…Structural Levels, continued…
6.6. OrganismOrganism – any living thing – any living thing considered as a wholeconsidered as a whole
a.a. Unicellular, multicellularUnicellular, multicellular
b.b. Human organism is a complex of organ Human organism is a complex of organ systems that are mutually dependent on systems that are mutually dependent on one anotherone another
6.6. OrganismOrganism – any living thing – any living thing considered as a wholeconsidered as a whole
a.a. Unicellular, multicellularUnicellular, multicellular
b.b. Human organism is a complex of organ Human organism is a complex of organ systems that are mutually dependent on systems that are mutually dependent on one anotherone another
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IV. Characteristics of LifeIV. Characteristics of Life
A.A. Six Essential Characteristics of LifeSix Essential Characteristics of Life1.1. OrganizationOrganization – an organism’s parts are – an organism’s parts are
interrelatedinterrelateda.a. All living things are composed of cellsAll living things are composed of cells
2.2. Metabolism (Energy)Metabolism (Energy) – ability to use energy – ability to use energy to perform vital functions such as growth, to perform vital functions such as growth, movement, and reproductionmovement, and reproductiona.a. Energy from sun (plants) or food (animals)Energy from sun (plants) or food (animals)
A.A. Six Essential Characteristics of LifeSix Essential Characteristics of Life1.1. OrganizationOrganization – an organism’s parts are – an organism’s parts are
interrelatedinterrelateda.a. All living things are composed of cellsAll living things are composed of cells
2.2. Metabolism (Energy)Metabolism (Energy) – ability to use energy – ability to use energy to perform vital functions such as growth, to perform vital functions such as growth, movement, and reproductionmovement, and reproductiona.a. Energy from sun (plants) or food (animals)Energy from sun (plants) or food (animals)
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Six Essential Characteristics of Life, continued…Six Essential Characteristics of Life, continued…
3.3. HomeostasisHomeostasis – ability of an organism to sense – ability of an organism to sense changes in the environment and make the changes in the environment and make the adjustment that help maintain its lifeadjustment that help maintain its life
4.4. GrowthGrowth – ability of an organism to increase in size – ability of an organism to increase in size (partially or totally)(partially or totally)
a.a. Either by increasing cell number or cell sizeEither by increasing cell number or cell size
3.3. HomeostasisHomeostasis – ability of an organism to sense – ability of an organism to sense changes in the environment and make the changes in the environment and make the adjustment that help maintain its lifeadjustment that help maintain its life
4.4. GrowthGrowth – ability of an organism to increase in size – ability of an organism to increase in size (partially or totally)(partially or totally)
a.a. Either by increasing cell number or cell sizeEither by increasing cell number or cell size
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Six Essential Characteristics of Life, continued…Six Essential Characteristics of Life, continued…
5.5. CellsCells – all organisms are made of one more – all organisms are made of one more cellscells
6.6. ReproductionReproduction – the formation of new cells or – the formation of new cells or organismsorganisms
a. Sexual or asexual reproduction a. Sexual or asexual reproduction
5.5. CellsCells – all organisms are made of one more – all organisms are made of one more cellscells
6.6. ReproductionReproduction – the formation of new cells or – the formation of new cells or organismsorganisms
a. Sexual or asexual reproduction a. Sexual or asexual reproduction
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B. Environmental Requirements of Organisms
B. Environmental Requirements of Organisms
Organisms Organisms requirerequire certain factors in their environment certain factors in their environment or surroundings:or surroundings:
1.1. WaterWater2.2. FoodsFoods3.3. OxygenOxygen4.4. Heat – energy from metabolic reactionsHeat – energy from metabolic reactions5.5. PressurePressure
a.a. Atmospheric Atmospheric breathing breathingb.b. Hydrostatic Hydrostatic blood pressure blood pressure
Organisms Organisms requirerequire certain factors in their environment certain factors in their environment or surroundings:or surroundings:
1.1. WaterWater2.2. FoodsFoods3.3. OxygenOxygen4.4. Heat – energy from metabolic reactionsHeat – energy from metabolic reactions5.5. PressurePressure
a.a. Atmospheric Atmospheric breathing breathingb.b. Hydrostatic Hydrostatic blood pressure blood pressure
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V. Homeostasis – Maintenance of LifeV. Homeostasis – Maintenance of Life
• The existence and maintenance of a The existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within relatively constant environment within the bodythe body
– Narrow range of conditions (Narrow range of conditions (variablesvariables))• Temperature, volume, chemical contentTemperature, volume, chemical content
– Set pointSet point = ideal normal value = ideal normal value– Normal rangeNormal range = range of values in which = range of values in which
an organism can operate normallyan organism can operate normally
• The existence and maintenance of a The existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within relatively constant environment within the bodythe body
– Narrow range of conditions (Narrow range of conditions (variablesvariables))• Temperature, volume, chemical contentTemperature, volume, chemical content
– Set pointSet point = ideal normal value = ideal normal value– Normal rangeNormal range = range of values in which = range of values in which
an organism can operate normallyan organism can operate normally
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Examples: Cold = shiver
Hot = sweat
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D. Negative FeedbackD. Negative Feedback• Maintains homeostasis by resisting Maintains homeostasis by resisting
deviation from the set pointdeviation from the set point1.1. Three components:Three components:
a.a. ReceptorReceptor – monitors the value of a – monitors the value of a variablevariable
b.b. Control centerControl center – establishes the set point – establishes the set point around which the variable is maintainedaround which the variable is maintained
c.c. EffectorEffector – can change the variable – can change the variable
• Maintains homeostasis by resisting Maintains homeostasis by resisting deviation from the set pointdeviation from the set point
1.1. Three components:Three components:a.a. ReceptorReceptor – monitors the value of a – monitors the value of a
variablevariableb.b. Control centerControl center – establishes the set point – establishes the set point
around which the variable is maintainedaround which the variable is maintainedc.c. EffectorEffector – can change the variable – can change the variable
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Negative Feedback, continued…Negative Feedback, continued…
Hole’s Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 8th ed., Shier, et al, 2003, McGraw-Hill Higher Education2.2. Example:Example:
• Stimulus/ResponseStimulus/Response: exercise increases HR : exercise increases HR and blood pressure increasesand blood pressure increases
• ReceptorReceptor: blood vessels near heart: blood vessels near heart• Control centerControl center: brain receives message and : brain receives message and
sends message to decrease HRsends message to decrease HR• EffectorEffector: heart decreases HR: heart decreases HR• ResponseResponse: blood pressure decreases: blood pressure decreases
2.2. Example:Example:• Stimulus/ResponseStimulus/Response: exercise increases HR : exercise increases HR
and blood pressure increasesand blood pressure increases• ReceptorReceptor: blood vessels near heart: blood vessels near heart• Control centerControl center: brain receives message and : brain receives message and
sends message to decrease HRsends message to decrease HR• EffectorEffector: heart decreases HR: heart decreases HR• ResponseResponse: blood pressure decreases: blood pressure decreases
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Negative Feedback, continued…Negative Feedback, continued…
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E. Positive FeedbackE. Positive Feedback
• Mechanism by which any deviation Mechanism by which any deviation from an ideal normal value or set point from an ideal normal value or set point is made greateris made greater
– Does Does notnot maintain homeostasis maintain homeostasis
• Mechanism by which any deviation Mechanism by which any deviation from an ideal normal value or set point from an ideal normal value or set point is made greateris made greater
– Does Does notnot maintain homeostasis maintain homeostasis
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Positive Feedback, continued…Positive Feedback, continued…
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VI. Terminology and the Body PlanVI. Terminology and the Body Plan
• Etymology = the origin of a word– Example: Dorsal (dorsum, back)
• Etymology = the origin of a word– Example: Dorsal (dorsum, back)
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A. Directional TermsA. Directional Terms
1.1. Anatomic Position – Anatomic Position – standing erect with standing erect with the arms at the sides the arms at the sides and palms turned and palms turned forwardforward
1.1. Anatomic Position – Anatomic Position – standing erect with standing erect with the arms at the sides the arms at the sides and palms turned and palms turned forwardforward
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Directional Terms, continued…Directional Terms, continued…
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Directional Terms, continued…Directional Terms, continued…
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Directional Terms, continued…Directional Terms, continued…
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B. Body Parts and RegionsB. Body Parts and Regions
Anterior ViewAnterior View
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Body Parts and Regions, continued…Body Parts and Regions, continued…
Posterior ViewPosterior View
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Body Parts and Regions, continued…Body Parts and Regions, continued…
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C. PlanesC. Planes• Imaginary flat Imaginary flat
surfaces surfaces used to “look used to “look inside” and inside” and observe the observe the body’s body’s structuresstructures
• Imaginary flat Imaginary flat surfaces surfaces used to “look used to “look inside” and inside” and observe the observe the body’s body’s structuresstructures
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Planes, continued…Planes, continued…
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D. Body Cavities
D. Body Cavities
1.1. Thoracic cavityThoracic cavitya.a. Boundaries: rib cage and diaphragmBoundaries: rib cage and diaphragmb.b. Contains: mediastinum, pericardial cavity Contains: mediastinum, pericardial cavity
(heart), left and right pleural cavities (heart), left and right pleural cavities (lungs)(lungs)
c.c. MediastinumMediastinum contains esophagus, contains esophagus, trachea, blood vessels, thymus, hearttrachea, blood vessels, thymus, heart
1.1. Thoracic cavityThoracic cavitya.a. Boundaries: rib cage and diaphragmBoundaries: rib cage and diaphragmb.b. Contains: mediastinum, pericardial cavity Contains: mediastinum, pericardial cavity
(heart), left and right pleural cavities (heart), left and right pleural cavities (lungs)(lungs)
c.c. MediastinumMediastinum contains esophagus, contains esophagus, trachea, blood vessels, thymus, hearttrachea, blood vessels, thymus, heart
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2.2. Abdominal CavityAbdominal Cavitya.a. Boundaries: abdominal musclesBoundaries: abdominal musclesb.b. Contains: stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, and kidneysContains: stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, and kidneys
3.3. Pelvic CavityPelvic Cavitya.a. Bones of pelvisBones of pelvisb.b. Contains: urinary bladder, part of large intestine, internal reproductive Contains: urinary bladder, part of large intestine, internal reproductive
organsorgans
4.4. Abdominopelvic Cavity: Abdominopelvic Cavity: abdominal and pelvic cavitiesabdominal and pelvic cavities
2.2. Abdominal CavityAbdominal Cavitya.a. Boundaries: abdominal musclesBoundaries: abdominal musclesb.b. Contains: stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, and kidneysContains: stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, and kidneys
3.3. Pelvic CavityPelvic Cavitya.a. Bones of pelvisBones of pelvisb.b. Contains: urinary bladder, part of large intestine, internal reproductive Contains: urinary bladder, part of large intestine, internal reproductive
organsorgans
4.4. Abdominopelvic Cavity: Abdominopelvic Cavity: abdominal and pelvic cavitiesabdominal and pelvic cavities
D. Body Cavities
D. Body Cavities
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E. Serous MembranesE. Serous Membranes
1.1. Visceral serous membranesVisceral serous membranes cover cover organs (the “viscera”)organs (the “viscera”)
2.2. Parietal serous membranesParietal serous membranes form the form the outer wall of a fluid-filled cavityouter wall of a fluid-filled cavity
3.3. A A cavitycavity is the fluid-filled space between is the fluid-filled space between the serous membranesthe serous membranes
1.1. Visceral serous membranesVisceral serous membranes cover cover organs (the “viscera”)organs (the “viscera”)
2.2. Parietal serous membranesParietal serous membranes form the form the outer wall of a fluid-filled cavityouter wall of a fluid-filled cavity
3.3. A A cavitycavity is the fluid-filled space between is the fluid-filled space between the serous membranesthe serous membranes
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4. Thoracic Cavity and Membranes4. Thoracic Cavity and Membranes
a.a. Pericardial CavityPericardial Cavity surrounds the heartsurrounds the heart
i.i. Visceral pericardium Visceral pericardium covers heartcovers heart
ii.ii. Parietal pericardium lines Parietal pericardium lines pericardial cavitypericardial cavity
b.b. Pleural CavityPleural Cavity surrounds each lungsurrounds each lung
i.i. Visceral pleura cover Visceral pleura cover lungslungs
ii.ii. Parietal pleura line pleural Parietal pleura line pleural cavitycavity
a.a. Pericardial CavityPericardial Cavity surrounds the heartsurrounds the heart
i.i. Visceral pericardium Visceral pericardium covers heartcovers heart
ii.ii. Parietal pericardium lines Parietal pericardium lines pericardial cavitypericardial cavity
b.b. Pleural CavityPleural Cavity surrounds each lungsurrounds each lung
i.i. Visceral pleura cover Visceral pleura cover lungslungs
ii.ii. Parietal pleura line pleural Parietal pleura line pleural cavitycavity
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5. Abdominopelvic Cavity and Membranes
5. Abdominopelvic Cavity and Membranes
a.a. Peritoneal CavityPeritoneal Cavity surrounds the many organs in surrounds the many organs in the abdominopelvic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity and the inferior surface of the the inferior surface of the diaphragmdiaphragm
i.i. Visceral peritoneum covers Visceral peritoneum covers organsorgans
ii.ii. Parietal peritoneum lines Parietal peritoneum lines peritoneal cavityperitoneal cavity
• Pleural CavityPleural Cavity surrounds surrounds each lungeach lung
i.i. Visceral pleura cover lungsVisceral pleura cover lungsii.ii. Parietal pleura line pleural Parietal pleura line pleural
cavitycavity
a.a. Peritoneal CavityPeritoneal Cavity surrounds the many organs in surrounds the many organs in the abdominopelvic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity and the inferior surface of the the inferior surface of the diaphragmdiaphragm
i.i. Visceral peritoneum covers Visceral peritoneum covers organsorgans
ii.ii. Parietal peritoneum lines Parietal peritoneum lines peritoneal cavityperitoneal cavity
• Pleural CavityPleural Cavity surrounds surrounds each lungeach lung
i.i. Visceral pleura cover lungsVisceral pleura cover lungsii.ii. Parietal pleura line pleural Parietal pleura line pleural
cavitycavity
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Abdominopelvic Cavity and Membranes, continued…Abdominopelvic Cavity and Membranes, continued…
ii.ii. MesenteriesMesenteries – 2 layers – 2 layers of fused peritoneum that of fused peritoneum that hold abdominal organs in hold abdominal organs in place; provide passage place; provide passage for blood vessels and for blood vessels and nervesnerves
iii.iii. Retroperitoneal organsRetroperitoneal organs – organs “behind” – organs “behind” parietal peritoneumparietal peritoneum
• Kidneys, adrenal glands, Kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, parts of pancreas, parts of intestines, and bladderintestines, and bladder
ii.ii. MesenteriesMesenteries – 2 layers – 2 layers of fused peritoneum that of fused peritoneum that hold abdominal organs in hold abdominal organs in place; provide passage place; provide passage for blood vessels and for blood vessels and nervesnerves
iii.iii. Retroperitoneal organsRetroperitoneal organs – organs “behind” – organs “behind” parietal peritoneumparietal peritoneum
• Kidneys, adrenal glands, Kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, parts of pancreas, parts of intestines, and bladderintestines, and bladder
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