unit 4, genetics: part 2 dna / rna / protein synthesis

Unit 4, Genetics: Part 2

DNA / RNA / PROTEIN

SYNTHESIS

Journal Week: 17, Tuesday, January 6th

Monday: J: No School!J: Reflect on the first semester of Biology.

What was your semester grade? What grade did you get on your final? Are you happy with your performance? What topics do you still have questions about? What topics did you master? Did you have a different teacher? What did you/did you not like? How do you fit into the data on the board?

CW: Policy Discussion / Class Expectations / Set up Protein synthesis section

HW: None

Class Expectations

In your seat, ready at the bell. Notebook Out / Working on Journal Question /

Homework turned into basket/ Writing down HW for Day

Actively participating in class activities. Maintain notebook / take notes/ complete class

activities/ participate in class

Respect for all.Do your absolute best.

Participating / Completing all homework / staying organized / STUDYING.

Class Policies

Phones NONE. Unless I tell you it’s okay. Out during a test/quiz = 0

Homework Stamps

Due on the due date (posted on back wall & front board) You will receive the appropriate amount of stamps or an INC (it is either incomplete or

incorrect; you have until the end of the stamp collection to fix it and turn it back in) One day late rule applies Will not be accepted after that

Bathroom Potty passes

will be issued to each of you. DON’T LOSE IT! NO PASS = NO LEAVING THE ROOM. Passes will be collected at the end of the marking period. Each unused box= 2.5pts EC

Supplies BE RESPECTFUL or they GO AWAY! All supplies are numbered and belong in their appropriate basket. Do

NOT remove any supply from this room. Return always to correct place.

Where?

Keep My Binder? Bin in the back of the

room…your period #. KEEP NEAT PLEASE!!!

Supplies? In the Bin….or at the

student resource center. Please return supplies to correct locations

Kleenex? Front counter and my

deskExtra Copies

Student resource center

Band-aids? Ask me

Turn in Journals? Bin Labeled Honors on my

desk

Turn in other HW? Bin Labeled Honors on my desk

Pick up Graded Work? Black tiers with class #

Missing folder info? Large blue binder by my desk

(ask to use it)

DATE? Power Point

I have a “0”…and I did it.

Look in the “No Name” Bin Found it? Put your name on it and put it in the bin up

front!

Look in the Graded work Bin Found it? Put it in the bin up front…sorry I missed it.

Talk with me about it. Make sure you know what the assignment was, please

don’t say “I have a zero for something”. Talk at the beginning/end or when we have a free minute.

Resources

Website www.myteacherpages.com/webpages/channa

Remind 101 Text: @HannaBioH/ To: (754) 201-2505

Email Hannac@pcsb.org

INTERACTIVE NotebookInternetTutoring

Any time…just request it!

Journal Week: 17. Wednesday, January 7th

J: Brain Dump of 1st semester topics!CW: Review of Semester 1 TopicsHW: None

Protein Synthesis- Title AND Number EACH Page

Left Side, Pg # Right Side, Pg #

Codon chart, 13 RNA Notes, 14

Transcription Reinforcement, 15

Transcription Notes, 16

Translation Reinforcement, 17

Translation Notes, 18

Protein Synthesis Overview, 19

Transcription Lab Activity, 20

Gene Expression Reinforcement, 21

Mutations Notes, 22

Journal Week: 17, Thursday, January 8th

J: Bozeman- 10 fact- DNA & RNATI- noneCW: RNA Structure Notes (pg 14)HW: Interactive Reader (Read, highlight,

answer q’s) pgs 134-142 DUE T 1/13

Structures of DNA / RNA

RNASingle strandedSugar=Ribose

5 carbon sugarPhosphate groupBases: Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine

A=UC=G

DNADouble StrandedSugar = Deoxyribose

5 carbon sugar

Phosphate groupBases: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, & Thymine

A=T C=G

Types of RNA

Three main types:1. Messenger RNA2. 2.Transfer RNA3. Ribosomal RNA

Messenger RNA (mRNA) – carries DNA code (message) to ribosomes for translation

Transfer RNA(tRNA)

– brings amino acids to ribosomes for protein synthesis (making)

Ribosomal RNA(rRNA) – Ribosomes are made of rRNA and protein

Journal Week: 17, Friday, January 9th

J: What are the bases of RNA? What are the base pair combinations?

TI: NoneCW: Transcription Notes (pg 16),

Reinforecment (pg 15)HW: Reader Pages

Pgs. 134- 142 -> Read, Highlight, and Answer Questions DUE T 1/13

DNA -> RNAStep 1: Transscription

Transcription: RNA molecules are made by copying part of DNA nucleotide sequence into complementary mRNA sequenceOccurs in the Nucleus

1) RNA polymerase binds to DNA and separates strands

2) RNA polymerase uses one strand of DNA as a template ,then assembles nucleotides into a strand of mRNA

Note: Remember the change of the T base to URACIL!

How Does it Work?RNA Polymerase binds and starts at a region on the DNA known as a promoter

RNA strands are then edited Some parts are removed, called introns, which are not expressed

Parts that are left are called exons or expressed genes

Journal Week: 18, Monday, January 12th

J: Copy the following DNA strand and transcribe. (DNA mRNA)T A T T G G C A T G C G

TI: noneCW: Translation Notes (pg 18),

Reinforcement (pg 17)HW: Interactive reader pgs 134-142 DUE T

1/13, Transcription and Translation Coloring Wkst DUE W 1/14

RNA ProteinStep 2: Transllation

The cell uses mRNA to produce proteins

1.mRNA moves to the cytoplasm -> to ribosomes

2.tRNA “read” the mRNA codons and obtain the amino acid its coded for (using anticodon)

3.Ribosomes (rRNA) attach amino acids together forming a polypeptide chain (protein)

4.Polypeptide chain keeps growing until a stop codon is reached

The Genetic CodeThe language of mRNABased on the 4 bases of

mRNAA, U, G, C

Codons: “Words” -3 mRNA nitrogen base sequences

Example: aaacguucgccc aaa-cgu-ucg-

ccc The amino acids would

then be Lysine – Arginine – Serine - Proline

The Genetic Code

Ultimately, DNA & RNA provide the information for synthesizing proteins

There are 20 different amino acids ( the building blocks/ monomers of proteins)

To determine which amino acid the RNA strand codes for, We use Codon Charts (pg 13).

Codon Charts

3 RNA bases= Codon

Journal Week: 18, Tuesday, January 13th

J: Where does transcription take place? What is the outcome? Where does translation take place? What is the outcome?

TI- Interactive Reader pgs 134- 142CW: Protein Synthesis Overview (pg 19),

Transcription & Translation Lab Activity (pg 20)

HW: Finish Lab Activity DUE W 1/14, Transcription and Translation Coloring Wkst DUE W 1/14, RNA & Protein Synthesis Quiz F 1/13

Sketch Sketch this this picture picture onto pg onto pg 1919- Include - Include lables!lables!

Journal Week: 18, Wednesday, January 14th

J: What is the amino acid sequence for this DNA sequence? TTA GCG ATG GCA AAC

TI- Check Transcription Lab Activity (10 pts), Transcription and Translation Coloring Wkst

CW: Transcription and Translation Work DayHW: Finish Worksheet DUE Th 1/15, Protein

Synthesis Quiz FRI 1/16

Journal Week: 18, Thursday, January 15th

J: Are all mutations harmful? Why, or why not? What are the potentially harmful effects of mutations?

TI- Transcription and Translation worksheetCW: Mutation Notes (pg 22), Gene

Expression reinforcement (pg 21)HW: Quiz on DNA & RNA Tomorrow!!

MutationNow and then cells make an oops when copying

their own DNAThese mistakes are called mutations

MutationsMutations are changes in the are changes in the genetic materialgenetic material

On average a mutation occurs onceOn average a mutation occurs once

every 1000 basesevery 1000 bases

MutationsGene mutations Gene mutations result from changes in a result from changes in a single genesingle gene

Chromosomal mutations involve changes in the whole chromosomes

Gene MutationPoint MutationPoint Mutation – Affect one – Affect one nucleotide, occurs at a single nucleotide, occurs at a single point on the gene point on the gene

SubstitutionsSubstitutions- 1 base changed to - 1 base changed to anotheranother

Gene Mutation

Frameshift MutationFrameshift Mutation – Inserting an – Inserting an extra nucleotide or deleting a extra nucleotide or deleting a nucleotide causes the entire code to nucleotide causes the entire code to “shift” “shift” Addition- a base is insertedAddition- a base is inserted Deletion- a base is removedDeletion- a base is removed

What’s the difference you ask???

Start with substitutionDNA: TACTAC G GCCAA TGGTGG AAT AATmRNA: AUG CGU ACC UUAA.A’s:

SubstitutionDNA: TACTAC G GTTAA TGGTGG AAT AATmRNA:mRNA:A.A’s:A.A’s:What happened!?! What type of gene mutation What happened!?! What type of gene mutation

is this? Point or frame shift?is this? Point or frame shift?

How about another example

DNA: TACTAC CGA TGG AAT CGA TGG AATmRNA: AUGAUG CGU ACC UUA CGU ACC UUA

A.A.A’S: Met Met - Arg - Thr - Leu- Arg - Thr - Leu

InsertionInsertion

DNA:DNA: TATATT CCG ATG GAA T CCG ATG GAA T

mRNA:mRNA:

A.A’s:A.A’s:This is a type of mutation?

Do You Remember….?

What was the second kind of gene mutation?Chromosomal

Chromosomal mutations Chromosomal mutations involve involve changes in the whole changes in the whole chromosomeschromosomes

There are four types of chromosomal mutationDeletion, Duplication, Insertion, and Translocation

Chromosomal Mutation- DRAW THIS

A B C D E F

A C D E F

Chromosomal Mutation- DRAW THIS

A B C D E F

A B C D E FB

Chromosomal Mutations- DRAW THIS

InversionInversion- Reverse the - Reverse the direction of parts of direction of parts of chromosomeschromosomes

A B C D E F

A BCDE F

Chromosomal Mutation- DRAW THIS

TranslocationTranslocation- Part of - Part of one chromosome breaks one chromosome breaks off and attaches to off and attaches to another another A B C D E F

A B C KJ L

G H I D E F

Chromosomal Mutation

So… Which type would you Rather Have Now?

Point or Frameshift?

Gene Regulation

In simple cells (prokaryotic) lac genes which are controlled by stimuli, turn genes on and off

In complex cells (eukaryotic) this process is not as simplePromoter sequences regulate gene

operation

So… Which type would you Rather Have Now?

Point or Frameshift?

Examples

Albinism- unable to produce pigment

One person in 17,000 in the U.S.A. has some type of albinism.

Hypertrichosis(Werewolf Syndrome)- excessive growth of hair

Progeria- premature aging

1 in 4 to 8 million children

Marfans Syndrome- disorder of the connective tissues

Polymelia- extra limbs

Aren't you lucky?

Journal Week: 18, Friday, January 16th

J: Quiz reflection- 3 sentencesTI- noneCW: Quiz On DNA & RNA & Protein

SynthesisHW: Mutations Wkst due Tues 1/20 (No

School Monday)