unit i: grammar
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Unit I: Grammar
Parts of SpeechBasic Sentence Parts and
PatternsPhrases and Clauses
Avoiding Sentence Errors
Parts of Speech Nouns Pronouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs Prepositions Conjunctions Interjections!
Nouns Names a person, place, or thing PERSON: woman, cousin, pilot, Mr.
Lopez, Aunt Margaret PLACE: university, Main Street,
desert, Chesapeake Bay, Ohio
Concrete and Abstract Nouns CONCRETE: Something you can see, touch,
taste, hear, or smell pitchfork garlic critic bruise ________________ ________________ ________________
ABSTRACT: Some-thing nonphysical, that you cannot perceive through your 5 senses
patriotism era career immortality ___________________ ___________________ ___________________
Singular and Plural NounsSingular Regular
NounsIrregular
Plural Regular
Nouns Irregular
Collective Nouns
valley mouse valleys mice council
ash ox ashes oxen delegation
sky nucleus skies nuclei entourage
Common and Proper Nouns playwright island building ________________ ________________ ________________
William Shakespeare
Maui, Sicily Taj Mahal, Eiffel
Tower _________________
_ _________________
_ _________________
_
PARTS OF SPEECH
Pronouns Take the place of nouns
Jan and Ken went to the dance. They thought it was great.
Antecedents-nouns the pronouns are representing Graduating high school is something
all seniors want to do. It is only accomplished by some.
Personal PronounsSINGULAR PLURAL
First Person I, me, my, mine
we, us, our, ours
Second Person
you, your, yours
you, your, yours
Third Person he, she, it, him, her, his, her, hers, its
they, them, their, theirs
Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns REFLEXIVE: Adds essential
information to a sentence. Cats clean themselves carefully after
each meal. INTENSIVE: Usually can be
removed. You yourself agreed that the house
needs painting.
Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns
SINGULAR PLURAL
First Person myself ourselves
Second Person
yourself yourselves
Third Person himself, herself, itself
themselves
Other Pronouns Demonstrative—Located before or
after antecedents: this, that, these, those That is an ambulance siren.
Relative—Relates the pronoun to another idea: which, who, whom, whose We began reading Anthem, which is by Ayn
Rand. Interrogative—Begins a question:
what, which, who, whom, whose What fell from that ledge?
Other Pronouns
Demonstrative This, that, these, those,
Relative Which, who, whom, whose
Interrogative Which, who, whom, whose
Indefinate Pronouns
Refers to persons, places, or things in a more general way than a noun does.
I.e. Everyone has to go to the football game this Friday.
Indefinite PronounsSingular Plural Singular or
Pluralanother, anybody, anyone, anything, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, little, much, neither, nobody, no one, nothing, one, other, somebody, someone, something
bothfewmanyothersseveral
allanymoremostnonesomesuch
PARTS OF SPEECH
Verbs Word or group of words that shows
action The dog raced across the field. Students will smile for their pictures
today. A sentence is not complete without a
verb.
Action Verbs Linking Verbs
Tell what action something is performing: The dancer will
attempt a daring leap.
The kettle whistled incessantly.
I considered my decision carefully.
Connects a subject to a word that describes the subject, usually at the end of the sentence. Jennifer was a
senior. The man looks
busy. ACTION: The man
looked for a taxi. She appeared
unkind. ACTION: He
appeared on stage at the concert.
The forms of BEam can be has beenare could be had beenis may be could have beenwas might be may have beenWere must be might have beenbe shall be shall have beenbeing should be should have beenare being will be will have beenis being would be would have beenwas being have been
Other linking verbsappear look soundbecome remain stayfeel seem tastegrow smell turn
Transitive Verbs Transitive verbs direct action
toward someone or something Sentences include a direct object
He wrote a novel. (Wrote what? A novel)
She paid the bill. (Paid what? The bill)
The doctor examined the patient. (Examined what/who? The patient)
Dogs ate all the meat. (Ate what? Meat)
Intransitive verbs Does not direct action to something
or someone named in the sentence. The birds flew south. (Flew what? None.) She sings for the Metropolitan Opera.
(Sings what? None.) They cringed in fear. (Cringed what?
None.)
Verb Phrases Verb with one, two, or three
helping verbs before it. SINGLE VERB: The firm employed a
new secretary. The firm will employ a new secretary. The firm should have employed a new
secretary. A new secretary might have been
employed by the firm today.
Adjectives Word used to describe nouns or
pronouns. Answer the questions:
What kind? He saw green fields. Which one? Open the left window. How many? She ate six lobsters.
Adverbs Word that describes a verb,
adjective, or another adverb They answer:
Where? The jurors sat there. When? She never cleaned the room. How? He officially announced it. To what extent? He always did it
right.
Adverbs describing adjectives
The solution was quite logical. How logical? quite
It was an extremely sour lemon. How sour? extremely
She was very late. How late? very
Adverbs describing adverbs
He worked very competently. How competently? very
I am not completely finished. How completely? not
The athlete ran quite quickly. How quickly? quite
Prepositions Relate the noun to another word in
the sentence LOCATION: The brush fire burned atop
the hill. DIRECTION: The brush fire burned
toward the campsite. TIME: The brush fire burned for three
days. CAUSE: The brush fire started because
of carelessness. POSSESSION: Smoke from the fire could
be seen for miles.
Common Prepositionsaboardaboutaboveacrossafter
against along
amongaround
atbefore
behindbelow
beneathbeside
betweenbeyond
bydown during except
for
fromin
intolikeofoffon
overpastsince
through
throughoutto
towardunder
underneathuntilup
uponwith
withinwithout
Prepositional PhraseA group of words that includes a
preposition and the object I walked slightly ahead of her. The shampoo bottle on the shelf was
almost empty. We fell in love with a lovable, brown-
eyed puppy. Our new house is located near stores
and schools.
Prepositional Phrases in Questions What were we talking about?
The phrase is broken up: about what. Where did this come from?
The phrase is broken up: from where.
Find the Phrases HINT: Find the preposition; then
find the object. As of today, he had become a
teenager. They drove down to the cabin on
the lake this weekend. Eat green beans instead of French
fries for a healthy diet. No one is supposed to drive by the
abandoned building.
Conjunctions Word used to connect other words
or groups of words. Three main types:
Coordinating Correlative Subordinating
Coordinating Conjunctions Connect similar parts of speech or items
of equal weight:and but for nor or so
yet With nouns and pronouns:
Inga and I attended the concert. With verbs:
She will run or jump at the track meet. With adverbs:
The man responded quickly but incorrectly.
Coordinating Conjunctions cont’d With adjectives:
The steak was tender, large, yet tasteless.
With prepositional phrases: I will go to Greece or to Spain.
With complete ideas: He seemed distressed, so we
discussed his problem.
Correlative Conjunctions Must work in pairs to correlate
ideasboth…andeither…orneither…nornot only…but alsowhether…or
Correlative Conjunctions cont’d With nouns and pronouns:
Call either Ed or me if you need help. With adjectives:
The rain was not only heavy but also cold. With prepositional phrases:
Put the check neither in the drawer nor beside the telephone.
With complete ideas: Whether they run or walk, they will arrive
eventually.
Subordinating Conjunctions
after becausealthough beforeas
even ifas if even
thoughas long as howas much as ifas soon as in order
thatas though lest
now that unlessprovided untilsince whenso that wheneverthan wherethat whereverthough whiletill
Two complete ideas by making one of the ideas subordinate or dependent upon the other.
Examples of Subordinating Conjunctions The referees watched carefully lest
they miss a key play. The termites remained, although
the fumigator sprayed. After the billboards were removed,
the area’s natural beauty was restored.
Conjunctive Adverbs
accordinglyagainalsobesidesconsequentlyfinallyfurthermorehowever
indeedmoreoverneverthelessotherwisethenthereforethus
Act as transitions between complete ideas by indicating comparisons, contrasts, and results.
Conjunctive Adverbs Examples The doctor did help my back
problem; however, I still experience occasional pain.
The earthquake damaged the wall. Moreover, it broke some water pipes.
My hay fever grew worse. I, nevertheless, refused to remain inside.
Interjections! An interjection is a word that
expresses feeling or emotion and functions independently of a sentence.
ah gracious psstaha hey tskalas hurray welldear oh whewgoodness ouch
wow
Interjection Examples Ouch! That bee sting hurts! Goodness, if you don’t leave now,
you will be late! ___________! What was that noise? ___________! Come over here! ___________! I’m exhausted.
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