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UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ
Gasification and Combustion research at the Renewable Energy programme
Jukka KonttinenUniversity of Jyväskylä
Renewable Energy programmewww.jyu.fi/renewableenergy
HighBio-seminar 3.11.2009
UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ
Renewable Energy Education and Research programme
Programme concentrates on the multidisciplinary renewable energy sector
It is a collaboration between researchers and educators from – the Faculty of Mathematics and Science, – the Faculty of Social Sciences – the School of Business and Economics
EDUCATION: The Master’s Degree Programme in Renewable Energy – provides education in the renewable and distributed energy production – one objective is to promote the utilization of sustainable energy sources
RESEARCH: – development of distributed energy technologies and uses demonstration
projects for promoting public awareness of renewable energy technologies. – Projects involve municipalities, research institutes, companies and farms
UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ
Research in Renewable Energy (RE) programme
Research both in basic and applied research areas
Most traditional: – Biogas production – Wood chemistry related with pulp and paper mills
RE-laboratory at Vaajakoski– Solar heat collectors– A micro-CHP device under construction (80 kWth )
NEW: Gasification
Demonstration projects on solar and wind energy and heat pumps
School of economics: Innovative business concepts– Biorefineries– Distribution network of biogas– Emission trade, taxation, energy efficiency and saving
Social sciences: local social effects of energy production
UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ
Energy solution of ABC Viitasaari
Target: 97 % of the heat and electricity from renewable sources. Also demonstration of renewable energy technology to public.
Means of realization: Distributed heat and power production using biomass, solar and wind energy, and heat from Lake Keitele.
Funding: Ministry of Trade and Industry, Keskimaa Osk., City of Viitasaari, the European Social Fund and the European Regional Development Fund, State Provincial Office of Western Finland
63.07°N25.86°E
UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ
Heating and cooling: Solar collectors and heat pump
Five south facing Wagner LB HT-AR 7,6 flat plate collectors:– Area: 38 m2
– Tilt angle: 35°– Zero-loss eff.: 83,2 %– Selective absorber (TiNOx);
covered by antireflective glass
290 kW Carrier heat pump: – Heating and cooling– Lake water for heat source– 7,5 km of tubing in lake
UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄElectricity generation:
Photovoltaic (PV) array and 10 kW HAWT
154 semitransparent ASITHRU- 30-SG thin-film solar modules– Total area: 92,4 m2
– Nominal power: 4,2 kWp (DC)
– Tilt angle: 5°– Grid connected
WT 10P wind turbine– Rated power: 10 kWp– Rotor diameter: 5,4 m– Cut in speed: 3,5 m/s– Rated speed: 12 m/s– Grid connected
UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ
Saarijärvi PV system demonstrates the feasibility of new PV technology in cold climate.HIT (Heterojunction with Intrinsic Thin layer) PV technology was chosen as it has shown top-level efficiencies in mass produced solar cells; possibly exceeding 20 %.
Cell and module efficiencies are 18,4 % and 16,5 %, respectively.
Source: SANYO/HIT Photovoltaic Module
Photo: Tuukka Rönkkö, 2005
UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ
RE-laboratory at VaajakoskiSolar heat collectors
- TiNOx -coated panel - Vacuum tube collector- Plastic tube collector- Rubber-coated collector
Test location for 6-10 m2
collectors
UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ
Power and heat directly from biomass in the scale of 50 kWth – 1 MWth ?
Stirling-techology: Energy is transferred from hot flue gases to the engine using liquid heat transfer medium– Efficiency with biomass close to 15 %
Key issue: the performance of the heat exhanger
UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ
Mikro-CHP-device at the RE-laboratory
’
• ’
Stirling9 kWe
Pelletfurnace
Fuel power60 kW
Stack
1300C
Heat exchanger 1
Heat exch 2
mass flow...prim. air(with pellets)
mass flow meterssek+ tert air
T1
P1T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
Flue.Gas.samplingO2, CO,particles
P2
Flue gas cleaning
Fan
T= temperature, P= pressure to PC control system!
Furnace:height. 1.3 m,i.d.0.5 m
flue gas recirculation +sek. & tert. air preheating
District heat
UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ
Research in gasification Author’s experience
- 1989-1995 Tampella Power Inc. and Enviropower Inc.o 15 MWth pilot plant testing of coal gasification and gas cleanup
Successful demonstration of the regenerative sulfur removal processo 20 MWth pilot plant testing of woody biomass gasification and gas cleanup o Engineering work for commercial-scale IGCC demonstration projects (USA: Clean Coal program,
Finland: Summan voima ) - 1996-2006 Carbona Inc., (1999-2006 as consultant)
o 20 MWth pilot plant testing, result analysis and reporting of alfalfa gasificationo Engineering work for gasification plants (IGCC, Skive plant). Developing computer models and
design tools.- 1999-2006 Åbo Akademi University
o 2002-2004 research program called “Peruskaasu”
Developing a gasification reactor simulation tool called “Carbon conversion predictor”
Estimating the fate of heavy metals in gasification and gas cleanup processes
Fate of fuel nitrogen in combustion of product gas- 2007-2008 Carbona Inc.
o UPM/Andritz/Carbona BTL-development project
Gasification and gas cleanup engineering calculations
Participation in the laboratory- and pilot-scale test run program in USAo Engineering calculations and data estimation for commercial gasification plants (Skive, lime kiln
gasification)o Participation in the board of the gasification R&D project for syngas production and cleanup,
coordinated by VTT- 2009 – Professor at the University of Jyväskylä
o Participation in the designed national technology program “Combustion plants” in the field of fuel thermal conversion (CLEEN Oy)
o On-going research on gasification reactivity of solid fuels (Poster in BIOENERGY2009 conference).
UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ
G
GBiomass Steam turbine
Processheat
Dryer
Flue gas
Clean-up
Combustion chamber
Gasifier
Design parameters for a future plant
Wood inputPower outputHeat production
Total efficiencyPower-to-heat ratio
150 MW60 MW70 MW
87%0.86
13 €/MWh7.5 €/MWh6500 h/a20 years 5%
Assuming: Price for heat Fuel cost Full-load operating time Economic lifetime Interest rate
Specific investment 550 €/kW fuelPower production cost 27 €/MWh
Ash
Steam
Air
Gas turbine
Biomass-based IGCC plant
Source: VTT (Kurkela et al., 2003)
UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ
Source: Carbona Oy (2008)
UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ
BtL production – one of the Finnish demonstration projects
UPM-Kymmene Oy, Andritz Oy and Carbona Oy– The production of syngas, gas cleaning and conditioning for F.-T.-
application– Testing program (5 MWth ) started near Chicago (Gas Institute of
Technology) in USA in spring 2007– The design and negotiations about a commercial-scale
biorefinery/BtL production plant are ongoing. Two pulp and paper mill sites in Finland have been taken in consideration:
• Kymi • Rauma
Other demonstration projects– Stora Enso & Neste Oil & Foster Wheeler & VTT– Vapo/VapOil– Choren– Chemrec
UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ
BIOFUEL GASIFIER FEEDSTOCK REACTIVITY –
EXPLAINING THE DIFFERENCES AND CREATING PREDICTION MODELS
In the project, a method is generated to predict the gasification behavior of biomass fuels in a gasification reactor– The method should be based on reasonable cost and effort
The results of the project will help to understand the differences in the gasification behavior of biomass fuels. – An essential hypothesis in the project is that the decrease of the
catalysis properties of biomass ash will decrease biomass char gasification reactivity and thus the final carbon conversion
Partners University of Jyväskylä, VTT and Åbo Akademi University
UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ
Research in gasification ”CARBON CONVERSION PREDICTOR”
FuelSamples
• Ultimate Analysis• Proximate Analysis • Char Reactivity (TGA)
CarbonConversion
FBG
• Pressure• Temperature
• Bed Volume
Kinetic Parameters for Char
• H2O• O2• N2• Volatiles (C, H, O) E
quilib
rium
com
posi
tion
COCO2H2H2O
**
**
Feeds:• Air• Steam• Fuels
Char
2H3
b1O2H
3
f1
O2Hf1OHC
Pkk
Pkk
1
PkR
2
CO3
b12CO
3
f1
2COf1COC
PkkP
kk1
PkR
2
UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ
BIOFUEL GASIFIER FEEDSTOCK REACTIVITY –
EXPLAINING THE DIFFERENCES AND CREATING PREDICTION MODELS
There are several subprojects with different objectives:
a) Tests with thermogravimetric analyzer to generate the experimental data. - Several biomass fuels with industrial interest will be selected- Samples will be taken during testing from the original fuels and from their leftovers after testing. - Also some tests will be interrupted to take samples from partly reacted materials
b) SEM analysis and chemical fractionation of the samples taken in subproject a)
c) Determination of kinectic parameters
d) The addition of kinetic parameters as parts of the Carbon Conversion Predictor. Modeling efforts with the predictor to simulate the behavior of the fuels in a large-scale fluidized bed gasifier
e) Gasification experiments (2-4 h) with 3 selected fuels in a bench-scale gasifier. The comparison of results with the lab-scale results and with the prections of the Carbon Conversion Predictor.
UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ
CONCLUSIONS
Thermal conversion of biomass by combustion or gasification – potential for many applications
– Power– Heat– Value-added chemicals– Liquid transport fuels
Industrial-scale applications require still demonstration– Biomass-based IGCC– Biorefinery in connection with pulp and paper mill the most important development
project by Finnish forest industry companies– Some success in CHP in the scale of distributed energy production (such as in Skive,
Denmark)
Biomass gasification and combustion can give new opportunities in small-scale applications
– Micro-CHP, woody fuels– hybrides (solar and/or windpower in integrated operation)
University of Jyväskylä, Renewable energy programme– Micro-CHP device in Vaajakoski RE-laboratory, wood pellet combustion– ”Carbon conversion predictor” - model development for fluidized bed gasifiers
} BIOREFINERY} CHP
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