urban development in india
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Urbanization in IndiaAchievements
and Opportunities
Neeraj Mandloi, IASJoint Secretary
Ministry of Urban Development
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Presentation Outline
• Urbanization Scenario
• Urban Infrastructure - Demand & Supply
Gap
• Technology Challenges
• Urban Governance - Challenges
• Investment Needs
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India: Urban Scenario
Urbanization Scenario in India
India’s urban population has grown from 290 million in 2001 to 377 million in 2011 accounting to over 31.75% of the country’s population
Urban population is increasing at a rapid rate leading to gap between demand and supply of urban services
Urbanization Scenario in India
India is one of the fastest growing economies in the world today
India’s urban population is larger than the total population of United States and is second to China
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Approximately 60% of GDP of the country is derived from the Indian urban economy
Urbanization has thus emerged as a key policy and governance challenge in India in recent years
Larger cities are enhancing their participation in the global economy
Smaller cities are absorbing most of the rural-urban migration and strengthening linkages to the rural economy
Urbanization Scenario in India
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Urban Centers Growth
Type of Urban Units 2011 Census
2001 Census
Addition in 2001-11
1. Towns 7,935 5,161 2,774
(a) Statutory Towns 4,041 3,811 242
(b) Census Towns 3,894 1,350 2,532
2. Urban Agglomerations 475 384 91
3. Out Growths (OGs) 981 962 19
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Strength of Indian Cities
Strong democratic institutions;
Growing middle class and enhanced paying capacity;
High density of mobile phone users leading to a high potential of m-governance;
8-10% overall growth of economy in last decade: Cities leading;
Untapped but huge potential of partnerships with private sector; and
Friendly governmental policies on FDI, JV, PPP, Technology transfer, Twinning of cities.
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Urban Issues/Challenges
Revenue base of Urban Local Bodies;
Infrastructure and Service Delivery Gaps;
Urban and Regional planning: Sanitation, Transport, Heritage;
Use of ICT in governance;
Capacity gaps; and
Sustainable development.
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Urban Infrastructure:Gaps & Issues
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Status of Urban Services
• Drinking Water availability within the premises is 71.2%;
• Only 32.7% of the urban population has access to piped sewer system;
• Average duration of water supply ranges from 1 - 6 hours;
• Only 21% of waste water is treated ;
• Waste collection efficiency ranges between 70% and 90% in major Metro cities;
• Segregation of solid waste is around 30%;
• Organized public transport system operational in more than 65 class-I cities; and
• BRTS and Metro projects are operational in selected Mega and Metropolitan cities.
Source: Census 2011, MoUD*Construction Stage
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Service Levels Gap
Service Indicators National Benchmark
India Status
Water SupplyPer Capita supply of water 135 lpcd 69 lpcdExtent of metering of water
connections 100% 13%Extent of non revenue water (NRW) 20% 32%Cost recovery in water supply services 100% 39%Sewerage
Coverage of toilets 100% 70%Collection efficiency of the sewage network
100% 10%
SWM
Household level coverage 100% 35%Extent of scientific disposal of municipal solid waste
100% 10%
Storm Water Drainage
Coverage of storm water drainage network 100% 46%
Source: Service Levels in Urban Water and Sanitation Sector-Status Report(2010-2011)Ministry of Urban Development
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Slums
Out of 4,041 Statutory Towns in Census 2011 Slums reported from 2,543 Towns (63%)
Total Slum Enumeration Blocks (SEBs) in Census 2011 is about 1.08 lakh in the country
Parameter No. of Households (in Lakhs)
Urban Households
789
Slums 137 (17.4%) Source: Census 2011, MoUD
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Urban Governance
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Ground IssuesThough empowered by the Constitution, Cities are not self reliant Depend on grants from Central/State Governments
Cities lack financial viability and internal accruals are insufficient
ULBs’ revenue sources inadequately capture the economic buoyancy in the local area - leading to overall weak credit
worthiness
Large capital expenditure on non-revenue generating projects - leading to under investment and deteriorating service levels
Inadequate infrastructure in cities; cities unable to meet rising demand for services and unable to raise resources
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Urban Infrastructure Issues- Vicious Cycle
Paucity of Funds
Under -Investments
Inadequate Infrastructur
e
Poor Quality of Services
Lack of Cost Recoveries
Economic Losses
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Infrastructure Investments
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URBAN TRANSPORT
INDIA: The current plans, challenges and opportunities within Urban Transport in India
Urbanization challenges
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2nd Largest urban system60% GDP generated from urban areas7935 towns and cities as per 2011 Census
9 megacities (4 million + population)53 cities with million plus population
Urban Transport not listed in Constitution of India- Responsibilities distributed mode wise
Motorization rates are high
• Cities are Sprawling
• Environmental Degradation
• Declining PT & NMT
• Low Investments
• Supply Side Focus
• Poor Enforcement
• Multiple Institutions
• Education of People
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Urban Transport Challenges
In 6 Metro Cities, during 1981 to 2001
Population increased by 2 times BUT
Motor vehicles increased by 8 times !!!
Lack of institutional framework
Gaps in capacity
Low penetration of public transport
Urban Transport Challenges
Urban Transport Challenges
No enabling environment for
NMT
Poor road quality
Limited use of technology &
innovation
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Ministry Initiatives
Swachh Bharat Mission
AMRUT
Smart Cities
HRIDAY
Metro Funding
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THANK YOU
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