urban nature: the final frontier?
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Danny Czamanski21 March 2016
Urban nature
the final frontier?
complexcity.csregistry.org
ABC – The Science of the City
complexcity.csregistry.org 2
Is “urban nature” an oxymoron?
Urban scholars are concerned with the CBD and its surroundings
Traditional ecology is concerned with “natural” ecosystems
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The spatiotemporal resolution in the classical urban story –
cities are non-porous built-up spaces
Traditional ecologists and urbanists agree -there is no room for nature in cities…
1. Ecosystem services affect human well-being. 2. Ecosystems services change under various urban scenarios.3. The interactions between humans and ecosystems are time and
space dependent.
Humans and nature in cities interact through ecosystem
service
• Toger, M., I. Benenson, D. Czamanski and D. Malkinson. The connectivity of the Haifa urban open space network in Environment and Planning B, 47, 2015, pp 1–23
• Czamanski, D., D. Malkinson, D. and M. Toger. Nature in future cities – prospects and a planning agenda in Built Environment, 40:4, 2014, pp. 508-520
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There is nature us cities
cat
Dog
herpestes
fox
jacka
l
porcupine
wild
_boar Hyra
x
Badger
partridge
rodent
hedgehog co
w goat
Coypu
unrecognize
d
marte
s0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
1242
23582 6
3217
33
721
99 137 50
978
90 14910 28 33 2
Mammal species in Haifa area
BioGIS Our cameras
Apodemus flavicollis Yellow-necked mouseצהוב יערוןצוואר 1
Canis aureus Golden jackal זהוב תן 1 1Canis lupus Gray wolf מצוי זאב 1 Felis silvestris Wild cat בר חתול 1 Gazella gazella Mountain gazelle מצוי צבי 1 Herpestes ichneumon Egyptian mongoose מצויה נמייה 1 1Hyaena hyaena Striped hyena מפוספס צבוע 1 1Hystrix indica Indian crested porcupine מצוי דרבן 1 1Lepus capensis Cape hare מצויה ארנבת 1 Martes foina Beech marten הסלעים דלק 1 1Procavia capensis Rock hyrax סלע שפן 1 1 Rattus rattus Black rat מצויה חולדה 1 Suncus etruscus Etruscan shrew זעיר חדף 1 Sus scrofa Wild boar בר חזיר 1 1Vulpes vulpes Red fox מצוי שועל 1 1Erinaceus concolor Southern white-breasted hedgehog מצוי קיפוד 1Meles meles European badger מצויה גירית 1 1Myocastor coypus Coypu נוטריה 1 1
19 11http://www.biogis.huji.ac.il/
Animal city scape
Sourcesemi-
natural
Sinkopen
spaces
Transit agriculture,
yards
Hostile built,
paved, roads
2010201120122013
Boar sightings are a function of distance between patches
Frequency
Distance between patches
Over the years the distribution is becoming more “fat-tailed” (Lévy flights) compared to a “null” negative exponential
Perplexing question
Why are wild animals leaving natural open spaces and entering the “unfriendly” cities?
Where do they meander? Why?
ChallengesThree issues for theory of urban nature:
What is the most useful spatial resolution/scale for understanding cities/nature interactions?
At what distances do feedbacks among biodiversity, ecosystem services and the built environment operate?
What are the characteristic times that govern each of the relevant systems?
What is the most useful spatial resolution/scale for understanding cities/nature interactions?
•The environmental policy debate and land-use regulations are dominated by analyses of sprawl at a crude spatial resolution.
•The appropriate spatial resolution is much finer – buildings and not building-lots.
When growing cities consume land, what is left behind?
• Series of Haifa OS19451962198619992004
Series of Haifa OS Network evolution
194519621986199920042010
(data Balter 2010)
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 20100
50010001500
200025003000350040004500
811
2205
3614394938963814
Series1323
542806 877888 862
patches numberlinks
Patch importanceBetweenness centrality Component ID Node 1574 deleted Node 1584 deleted
NodeID=1581 BC=0.55NodeID=1574 BC=0.28
NodeID=1584 BC=0.37NodeID=0593 BC=0.01
Year 2004
Betweenness centrality is a good proxy for node importance in the network
At what distance do feedbacks among biodiversity, ecosystem services and the built environment operate?• Nature generates benefits for people at distances that
do not exceed several hundred meters.• People affect nature at much greater distances.
What are the characteristic times that govern each of the relevant systems?
Built environment - - - the time from the purchase of property rights until realization of return on investment.
The main component - - - planning board decisions concerning land-use variance decisions and building permits.
Analysis of pig movement based on cost minimization alone….
Urban consumption of land - - what is left behind?
Urban morphology is the key player
What is a link?
The unbuilt part of the lotenables passage
Indian crested porcupine
(Hystrix indica)
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Land-use and Land Cover
classification and cost values per
meter
code Land use Description cost category
30 Veg OS Semi-natural vegetated
0.001 OS31 Forest Semi-natural and planted forests and woodlands
32 Shrubs Mediterranean scrubland
33 Grassland Herbaceous vegetated areas, burnt land, grasslands
22 Orchard Vineyards and orchards 0.1
transit
13 GardenManaged vegetated areas: parks, gardens, lawns, sport facilities, monuments, recreation, and yards.
0.25
41 Wasteland Garbage, dunes, beach, mines wasteland open areas
42 Fallow Abandoned and fallow fields
11 Backyard Backyards, squares, logistic spaces around buildings
0.5
21 Field Agricultural cropland and cultivated open areas
63 Dirt road Unpaved roads
64 Foot path Paved foot paths
65 Trail Unpaved foot paths and trails
15 Transport Railroads, parking lots, transport logistic space, air and sea ports0.75
61 Roads paved roads
111 Buildings building footprints
∞ Obstacles
12 Industry Industrial areas, cemeteries, prisons, exurban commercial areas
14 Construction Construction sites
23 Built agriculture Greenhouses and warehouses
51 Water Water reservoirs, rivers, lakes and sea
999 NoData No Data
complexcity.csregistry.org 32
Cost minimizing behavior does not explain the movement of wild boars in Haifa
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Major processes in the model
Dusk: Food sources appear in the city… Pigs wake up in open spaces
Dawn:Pigs return to open spaces for the day
Dusk to dawn:Pigs detect food…Pigs go to foodand feed
complexcity.csregistry.org 34
Optimal foraging
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑑–𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑐ℎ–𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑑 ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑡𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑐ℎ + 𝑡𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑑 ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 Max net energy intake per unit of time
Model space
The space consists of actual Haifa morphology
Urban zone of urban uses
Open spaces
NetLogo platform
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Model basicsPigs are distributed randomly at the outer edges of the built areas
Food – garbage bins are distributed to reflect the distribution of households
Pigs enter the built-up area in search of food and obey 2 rules: first come first serve; No fighting – if site is occupied go to next site.
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Simulations without memory
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Depth of penetration of boars into the city
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Total distance traveled by boars
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Land-use/land-cover composition of the Haifa sample (LEFT) versus measured composition of the average path of pigs (RIGHT)
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Model improvementsInclusion of memory of sites visited;
Complex behavior due to group interactions;
Policy design issues and means;
43http://complexcity.csregistry.org/
Thank you!
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