u.s. california
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U.S. California
• Indigenous Nations• Spain• Mexico• United States
Treaty of Guadalupe-HidalgoCreating the Border
Article V (The Border)The boundary line between the two Republics shall commence in the Gulf of Mexico, three leagues from land, opposite the mouth of the Rio Grande, otherwise called Rio Bravo del Norte, or Opposite the mouth of its deepest branch, if it should have more than one branch emptying directly into the sea; from thence up the middle of that river, following the deepest channel, where it has more than one, to the point where it strikes the southern boundary of New Mexico; thence, westwardly, along the whole southern boundary of New Mexico (which runs north of the town called Paso) to its western termination; thence, northward, along the western line of New Mexico, until it intersects the first branch of the river Gila; (or if it should not intersect any branch of that river, then to the point on the said line nearest to such branch, and thence in a direct line to the same); thence down the middle of the said branch and of the said river, until it empties into the Rio Colorado; thence across the Rio Colorado, following the division line between Upper and Lower California, to the Pacific Ocean.
“The Border”
1,954 miles
Border in New Mexico
San Diego Tijuana
Tijuana San Diego
Nogales, Arizona Nogales, Sonora
“The Fence”
About 650 miles of fence
Background
Birth of the
State of California
Only the Mission Zone
had been heavily
impacted prior to the US takeover
Mission Zone
Early California
Early California
Early California
Early California
Early California
Early California
Monterey, 1850
California Constitutional ConventionColton Hall
California Constitutional ConventionColton Hall 2nd Floor
More than 350 Pages
More than 500 Amendmentsin 130 Years
California Constitution1849 CA Constitution 1879 CA Constitution
Who Wrote the California Constitution?
Roster of Delegates to the
California Constitutional Convention
in 1849
Debates at theCalifornia Constitutional Convention
In the File Cabinet on our course web site,
there is a link to this report.
Which Civil RightsShall People Have in California?
Read the debate on
Rights at the
California Constitutional
Convention
Civil Rights
California Constitution
1849
Who will be allowed to
Vote in California?
Read the debate on
Voting Rights at the
California Constitutional
Convention
Voting Rights
California Constitution
1849
US Takes Control
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
February 2, 1848
Gold Discovered in California
January 24, 1848
California Gold Rush1848-1855
(January 24, 1848)
Estimated
Population of CaliforniaMexicans Indians Whites Blacks Asians Total
1840s 10,000 150,000 2,000 NA 0 160,000
1850s NA 40,000 90,000 1,000 NA 130,000
1860s NA 18,000 325,000 4,100 35,000 380,000
1,872 People 4,739 People
Estimated
% Hispanics in Monterey County
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