u.s. history top 100

U.S. History Top 100

What every student should know to pass the U.S. History EOC.

Goals 1-12

1

Goal 1: The New Nation (1789-1820)

• The learner will identify, investigate, and assess the effectiveness of the institutions of the emerging republic.

2

Suffrage during the Federalist Era

• Who could vote?• White males who

owned property.

• Who could not vote?• White males who did

not own property• Women• African-Americans• Native Americans

3

XYZ Affair, 1797

• The American delegates told the French expected a bribe in order to meet with them.

4

Marbury v. Madison, 1803

• This case established the Supreme Court's right to judicial review.

5

Alien & Sedition Acts, 1798

• The Alien Act made it longer to become a citizen.

• The Sedition Act made it illegal to publish defamatory statements about the federal government.

• The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions opposed these laws and initiated the concept of "nullification“.

6

Louisiana Purchase, 1803• from France for $15 million. • The Constitution did not give the federal government the

power to buy land, so Jefferson used loose interpretation to justify the purchase.

7

Development of the two-party system

• Democratic Republicans

• Thomas Jefferson• states should have more

power• Farming• pro-French• strict construction of the

Constitution

• Federalists • Led by Alexander

Hamilton• Favored strong central

government• industry and trade• pro-British• a loose construction of

the Constitution

8

Whiskey Rebellion, 1794• Farmers rebelled against

Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey.

• The army put down the rebellion.

• government would strongly enforce its laws

9

Washington’s Farewell Address, 1796

• Warned against competing political parties• Warned against complicated

entanglements (alliances) of Europe

10

Goal 2: Expansion and Reform (1801-1850)

• The learner will assess the competing forces of expansionism, nationalism, and sectionalism.

11

Missouri Compromise, 1820• Missouri as a slave

state • Maine as a free

state. • territory north of

36°30" would become free states, and south would become slave states.

12

Indian Removal, 1838-1839• Moved to Oklahoma• The journey became known as the "Trail

of Tears".

13

Hudson River School of Art

• painted American landscapes.

14

Eli Whitney and the Cotton Gin

• 1798 - separate cotton from its seeds. • made cotton a profitable crop. • reinforced slavery in the economy of the

South.

15

Nativism• An anti-foreign • 1840's and 1850's in response to the influx of

Irish and German Catholics.

16

Henry Clay

• Clay helped heal the North/South rift by aiding passage of the Compromise of 1850.

17

Tariff of Abominations

• protected the North • harmed the South• South said that the tariff was

unconstitutional because it violated state's rights.

18

Monroe Doctrine, 1823

• Europe should not interfere in the Western Hemisphere

• a show of nationalism, the doctrine had no major impact until the late 1800s.

19

Women’s Reform Movement• Seneca Falls, NY Convention• Declaration of Rights and Sentiments

20

Goal 3: Crisis, Civil War and Reconstruction (1848-1877)

• The learner will analyze the issues that led to the Civil War, the effects of the war, and the impact of Reconstruction on the nation.

21

Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854• Popular sovereignty (vote of the people)

would determine whether Kansas and Nebraska would be slave or free states.

22

Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857

• sued for his freedom• The U.S. Supreme Court

decided he could not sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen.

23

Compromise of 1850• Admitted California as a free state• Organized Utah and N.M. without restrictions on slavery • Abolished slave trade in D.C. • Established tougher fugitive slave laws.

.

24

Causes of Secession, 1860• After Lincoln was elected, seven Southern

states seceded. • South said he was a President “whose

opinions and purposes are hostile to slavery.”

25

Battle of Gettysburg, 1863

• lasted three days and the North won• Considered a turning point of the Civil

War.

26

Emancipation Proclamation, 1862

• freed all slaves in states still in rebellion

27

Reconstruction Plans• Presidential Plans• Lincoln and

Johnson’s plans were leniant for the South

• Congressional Plan• “Radical Republicans”

wanted to force changes in south (three amendments, military control)

28

Compromise of 1877• Hayes promised to end Reconstruction in

exchange for the Democrats accepting his election results. He took Union troops out of the South.

29

Civil War Amendments

• 13th - slavery• 14th - citizenship• 15th - vote

30

Civil Rights Act of 1866

31

• Prohibited abridgement of rights of blacks or any other citizens.

Goal 4: The Great West and the Rise of the Debtor (1860-1896)

• The learner will evaluate the great westward movement and assess the impact of the agricultural revolution on the nation.

32

Helen Hunt Jackson

• A muckraker whose book exposed the unjust manner in which the U.S. government had treated the Indians. Protested the Dawes Severalty Act.

33

Motivation for Westward Movement

• Government Incentives

• Pacific Railway Acts• Morrill Land-Grant Act• Homestead Act

• Miners-49ers• Cattle ranchers• Farmers

34

Challenges of Westward MovementChallenges of Westward Movement• Lack of resources; wood and water• Severe weather, bugs, floods, prairie fires,

dust storms, drought• Conflicts with Native Americans

35

Transcontinental Railroad, 1869

• Connect east and west

36

Dawes Act, 1887

• It tried to dissolve Indian tribes by giving land to individuals

• Assimilation policy

37

Cross of Gold Speech, 1896• William Jennings

Bryan

• said people must not be "crucified on a cross of gold“

38

Improvements in Agriculture• Mechanized reaper – reduced labor force• Steel plow – cut through dense sod• Barbed wire – end of open range• Windmills – powers irrigation systems

39

Goal 5: Becoming an Industrial Society (1877-1900)

• The learner will describe innovations in technology and business practices and assess their impact on economic, political, and social life in America.

40

Jacob Riis

• Early 1900's writer who exposed social and political evils in the U.S. Muckraker novel.

41

Jane Addams’ Hull House, 1889

• founded Hull House in Chicago, the first private social welfare agency in the U.S.

• Assisted the poor, combat juvenile delinquency and help immigrants learn to speak English.

42

Gospel of Wealth, 1889

• Andrew Carnegie was an American millionaire and philanthropist who donated large sums of money for public works.

• His book argued that the wealthy have an obligation to give something back to society.

43

Social Darwinism

• Applied Darwin's theory of natural selection and "survival of the fittest" to human society -- the poor are poor because they are not as fit to survive.

• Used as an argument against social reforms to help the poor.

44

Influence of Big Business

• Business control over government

45

Laissez-faire

• A theory that the economy does better without government intervention in business.

46

Labor Unions

• Knights of Labor• noted as the first

union of all workers.

• American Federation of Labor

• It is a federation of different unions.

47

Labor Practices

• Collective Bargaining - Discussions held between workers and their employers over wages, hours, and conditions.

• Labor Unions – organization of workers• Strikes – refusal to perform work until

demands are met.

48

Thomas Nast

• Newspaper cartoonist who produced satirical cartoons,

• invented "Uncle Sam" and came up with the elephant and the donkey for the political parties. He nearly brought down Boss Tweed.

49

Credit Mobilier Scandal, 1872 • Union Pacific received a government

contract to build the transcontinental railroad

• It "hired" Credit Mobilier to do the actual construction, charging nearly twice the actual cost of the project.

• The scheme was discovered and the company tried to bribe Congress with gifts of stock to stop the investigation.

• This was the biggest bribery scandal in U.S. history, and led to greater public awareness of government corruption.

50

Goal 6: The emergence of the United States in World Affairs (1890-1914)

• The learner will analyze causes and effects of the United States emergence as a world power.

51

Alfred Mahan

• In order to protect overseas investments America built the "great white fleet" that had been requested by Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan.

52

Josiah Strong• One of the leading

proponents of imperialism was Minister Josiah Strong.

• it was our destiny to acquire new lands.

53

Causes of Spanish-American War, 1898

• An explosion crippled the warship Maine. • The U.S. blamed Spain for the incident

and used it as an excuse to go to war with Spain.

• Yellow Journalism– Pulitzer– Hearst

54

Seward’s Folly, 1867

• Seward was the energetic supporter of the Alaskan purchase and negotiator of the deal

• often called "Seward's Folly" because Alaska was seen as not fit for settlement or farming.

55

Annexation of Hawaii, 1898

• American businessmen arranged the removal of the queen from power

56

Roosevelt Corollary, 1904

• U.S. would act as international policemen. An addition to the Monroe Doctrine.

57

Open Door Policy, 1899

• assurance that other nations would respect the principle of equal trade opportunities in the China market.

58

Goal 7: The Progressive Movement (1890-1914)

• The learner will analyze the economic, political, and social reforms of the Progressive Period.

59

Muckrakers

• Journalists • publicized social and

economic problems• Sausage anyone?

60

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire, 1911• mostly women. • doors were locked• poor working conditions • led to federal regulations to

protect workers.

61

Causes of Progressivism• Ineffectiveness of government• Poor working conditions-child labor• Unequal distribution of wealth• Immigration• Urban poor• Corruption

62

Progressive Party Platform• women's suffrage, • social welfare legislation for

women and children• workers' compensation• farm relief,

63

Governor Robert LaFollette

• Reforms• leader of the

Progressive movement

64

Federal Reserve Act, 1913

• Regulated banking• A move away from

laissez-faire policies

65

Plessy v. Ferguson, 1886

• segregated facilities for whites and blacks were legal as long as they were of equal quality.

66

Booker T. Washington• economic independence before civil rights. • founded the Tuskegee Institute.

67

W.E.B. DuBois

• Demand social and civil rights

• Helped found the NAACP.

68

Disenfranchisement

• poll taxes and literacy tests, which took away blacks' right to vote.

69

New Marketing Techniques

• Advertising• Mail order catalogs• Consumerism

70

Goal 8: The Great War and Its Aftermath (1914-1930)

• The learner will analyze United States involvement in World War I and the war’s influence on international affairs during the 1920s.

71

U.S. - Neutrality to Involvement• May 1915 –Lusitania• Sept. 1915 – Germany promises not to sink unarmed ships• March 1916 –Sussex• May 1916 – Germany promises not to sink unarmed ships• Jan. 1917 – Zimmerman note• Feb. 1917 – Germany resumes unrestricted submarine

warfare• April 1917 – U.S. declares war on Germany

72

League of Nations, 1919

• Devised Wilson• the U.S. did not join

73

Fourteen Points, 1918

• wanted them included in TOV • included freedom of the seas and the

League of Nations.

74

Russian Revolution, 1917

• Communist• Russia out of WWI.

75

Eugene V. Debs• ran for president as a socialist• he was imprisoned for protesting WWI in

violation of the Sedition Act.

76

Sacco and Vanzetti

• Italian immigrants anarchist charged with murder.

• Some believed they were found guilty because of their anarchist activities.

77

Schenck v. U.S., 1919

• free speech case• In war, utterances tolerable in

peacetime can be punished.

• Hush Your Mouth.

78

Goal 9: Prosperity and Depression (1919-1939)

• The learner will appraise the economic, social, and political changes of the decades of “The Twenties” and “The Thirties.”

79

Causes of Great Depression• debt, • speculation, • buying on margin, • over-production and under-

consuming, • the stock market crashed.,

80

Stock Market Crash, 1929• selling occurred as investors realized the stock

boom was ending.

81

Assembly Line• equipment and workers in a direct line until

the product is assembled.

82

Impact of Mass Media

• Radio• Marketing and advertising• Jazz• Silent & “talkie” films• “Fireside Chats”

83

Lost Generation

• writers after WW I who thought the U.S. was materialistic and they criticized conformity.

84

Harlem Renaissance, Langston Hughes

• Harlem was a center for black writers, musicians, and intellectuals.

85

Fundamentalism

• Stressing literal adherence Biblical teachings

86

Scopes Trial, 1925• evolution. • the trial started a shift of public opinion

away from Fundamentalism.

87

New Deal Agencies- • Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)• Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)• Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)• Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)• Main GOAL: EMPLOYMENT

88

Flappers, 1920’s

• short skirts, bobbed hair, and more sexual freedom.

• abandon traditional female roles

89

Long Term Effects of New Deal Programs

• Expansion of the role of federal government

• Government responsibility for the welfare of its citizens

• Expanding government role in the economy

• Deficit spending

90

Dust Bowl, 1930s• dust storms caused major ecological and

agricultural damage

91

Bonus Army, 1932• WWI bonus due 1945• veterans marched on

Washington, D.C., and Hoover called in the army to disperse them.

92

Bank Failures• By 1933, depositors saw $140 billion

disappear through bank failures.

93

Goal 10: World War II and the Beginning of the Cold War (1930s-

1963)• The learner will analyze

United States involvement in World War II and the war’s influence on international affairs in following decades.

94

Lend-lease Act, 1941• U.S. sent supplies and ammunition to the

Allies.

95

Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941

• attack by Japanese• The U.S. declared war on Japan, entering

World War II.

96

D-Day, June 6, 1944• Led by Eisenhower, stormed the beaches

at Normandy France • A turning point of World War II. • Others?

97

Korematsu v. U.S., 1944

• Upheld the U.S. government's decision to put Japanese-Americans in internment camps

98

G.I. Bill, 1944

• $13 billion in aid for former servicemen, ranging from educational grants to housing

99

Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962• quarantine of Cuba. • almost led to nuclear war,• Khrushchev agreed to

dismantle the launch sites.

100

Marshall Plan, 1947

• economic aid to rebuild Europe after WWII and help prevent the spread of Communism.

101

Korean War, 1950• Communist North invaded

the South. • The United Nations helped

the South• China helped the North.• This was the first time the

United Nations had intervened militarily.

102

Post-war Organizations• United Nations• NATO• SEATO, 1954 - Alliance of non-Communist Asian

nations

103

Containment, George F. Keenan

• confront the Russians wherever they tried to spread their power.

104

Rosie the Riveter

• Women found jobs, in heavy industry

105

Domino Theory, 1957

• It stated that if one country fell to Communism, others would also

106

Goal 11: Recovery, Prosperity, and Turmoil (1945-1980)

• The learner will trace economic, political, and social developments and assess their significance for the lives of Americans during this time period.

107

McCarthyism, 1950-1953

• Said the U.S. State Department had been infiltrated by Communists.

• accused the Army of covering up foreign espionage.

• Army-McCarthy hearings made McCarthy look so foolish that further investigations were halted.

108

Détente• A lessening of tensions between U.S. and

Soviet Union and China..

109

Brown v. Board of Education, 1954

• ordered all public schools desegregated.

110

Martin Luther King, Jr.

• President of the SCLC • promoted non-violent protest.

111

Malcolm X

• Malcolm X preached a message of self-reliance and self-determination.

112

Feminine Mystique, Betty Friedan, 1963

• Depicted how difficult a woman's life is because she doesn't think about herself, only her family.

113

War Powers Act, 1973• 90 days• 48 hours

114

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, 1964

• U.S. Navy ships reportedly fired on,

• gave the president power to whatever was necessary in Vietnam.

115

My Lai Incident, 1968

• An American unit killed many women and children.

116

Sputnik, 1957

• Satellite• launched by the

Soviets.

117

Watergate Scandal, 1972-1974

• breaking into the Democratic National Committee's executive headquarters in the Watergate Hotel.

• he resigned.

118

Cesar Chavez• leader of the United Farm Workers • Organized laborers to strike against fruit and

vegetable growers.

119

Goal 12: The United States since the Vietnam War (1973-present)

• The learner will identify and analyze trends in domestic and foreign affairs of the United States during this time period.

120

Camp David Accords, 1978• Peace talks between Egypt and Israel

mediated by President Carter.

121

Title IX, 1972

• "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance."

122

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 1992

• Open trade with Canada, Mexico and the United States.

123

Affirmative Action

• Policy that gives special consideration to women and minorities to make up for past discrimination.

• Attacked by the New Right as reverse discrimination

124

September 11, 2001

• The September 11, 2001 attacks consisted of a series of coordinated terrorist suicide attacks by Islamic extremists on the United States on September 11, 2001.

125

No Child Left Behind, 2002 (ESEA)

• President Bush signed the No Child Left Behind Act. The law helps schools improve by focusing on accountability. (aka tests)

126

Election of 2000

• In the presidential election of 2000 Republican George W. Bush was elected over Democrat Al Gore in one of the closest and most controversial presidential elections in the history of the United States.

127

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, 1978

• Barred colleges from admitting students solely on the basis of race, but allowed them to include race along with other considerations when deciding which students to admit.

128

New US Foreign Policy

• War on Terror– Pre-emptive strikes on any nation that

harbors terrorist cells and will not cooperate with international peacekeeping efforts

129