verbals: infinitives, participles, gerunds

VerbalsInfinitive, Participles and Gerunds

VerbalsA verbal is a word formed from a

verb but functioning as a different part of speech.

Verbals include:◦Infinitives: “to love”◦Gerund: “loving”◦Participles: “loved”

Verbals: InfinitivesMr. Jet Hokin Paclar

InfinitivesAn infinitive is a verbal usually

formed by placing “to” before the simple present form or base form of a verb.

EXCEPT: when the infinitive follows these special verbs in a sentence; fear, hear, help, let, make, see and watch

“to” is dropped and the pattern will be like this:Special Verb + Direct Object + Infinitive –

tothe Infinitive is called a “bare

infinitive”

Examples of Bare InfinitivesAlthough Ms. Legaspi spent an

extra class period helping us understand logarithms, we still failed the test.◦Helping (SV) + us (DO) + understand

(I)Since Jose had destroyed Sylvia's

artwork while running and fooling around, she made him take her out for an expensive dinner. ◦made (SV) + him (DO) + take (I)

Functions of InfinitivesInfinitives can act as:NOUN: To act like that is childish.

ADJECTIVE: The clothes to iron are on my bed.

ADVERB: You came here to study.

INFINITIVES AS NOUNS

Noun- SubjectTo climb Mt. Everest is my

greatest ambition.

To sleep is the only thing Eli wants after his long trip.

To go, even after all that trouble, didn’t seem worthwhile anymore.

Noun- Direct ObjectDirect Objects are the receiver of action

of the main verb. They answer the questions “What? Who? and Which?”

 We all want to see. (what do we all want?)

I want to know the answer. (what do you want?)

He always refuses to look up. (what does he refuse to do?)

Barbara decided to leave. (what is the decision of Barbara?)

Noun- Subject ComplementSubject Complement is a noun

that appears with a linking verb and tells something about the subject.

My greatest ambition is to climb Mt. Everest.

My goal is to write.My plan is to travel.

INFINITIVESASADJECTIVES

AdjectiveA word or group of words that modifies

and/or describes a noun or a pronoun.Answers the question “what kind?”

General Rule: “Adjectival Infinitives always follow the noun they modify.”

Noun + Adjectival Infinitive

ExamplesShe didn’t have permission to

go. (modifies- permission)The doctor gave me some

vitamins to take. (modifies- vitamins)

That is not the way to speak to your elders. (modifies- way)

The clothes to iron are on my bed. (modifies- clothes)

INFINITIVESASADVERBS

AdverbsA word or group of words that

modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb. Answers the questions “why?” and “what extent?”.

You can always identify an adverbial infinitive by inserting the test words in order in front of infinitive.  If the words in order make sense, the infinitive is adverbial. 

ExamplesYou came here to study. (why did you come here? You came here in order to study.)

Mother went to the store to buy fruit. (why did mother go to the store? Mother went to the store in order to buy fruits.

He took the psychology class to understand human behaviour.

(why did he take the psych class? He… in order to understand…)

OTHER FUNCTIONSOFINFINITIVES

Appositive

My ambition to climb Mt. Everest has directed by whole life.

Our good intention to diet disappeared quickly.

Object of the Preposition

I was about to tell you my secret.

I was about to speak when he interrupted.

ACTIVITYONINFINITIVES

Answer directly Presentation A, 1-10 on page 168 of your Global Village book.

Verbals: ParticiplesMr. Jet Hokin Paclar

What is a participle?

A participle is a verbal that functions as an Adjective. It is also called Verbal Adjective.

Review:What is a verbal?

A verbal is a word formed from a verb but functioning as a different part of speech.

What is an Adjective?

An adjective is a word or group of words that modifies/describes a noun, pronoun or noun equivalents.

What are the usual forms of the Participle?

Present Participle◦Verb “-ing” such as loving

Past Participle◦Regular Verbs: Verb “-ed” or “-d” loved

◦Irregular Verbs: often Verb “-en” or “-n” spoken

Which is the Verb, Participle or Gerund?

My friends are traveling in India.

A traveling salesperson came to the door.

Traveling tires me out.

What is the difference between a Present Participle and a Gerund?

Present Participle acts as an Adjective, a modifier.◦Sen. 2; traveling salesperson

(traveling describes the noun salesperson.)

Gerund acts as a noun or pronoun.◦Sen. 3; Traveling tires me out.

(traveling serves as the Subject of the sentence, thus functioning as a Noun Subject)

Where is a one word Participle located in a sentence?

A one word participle is an adjective that precedes the noun, pronoun or noun equivalent it modifies.◦The burning sun is so beautiful. (“burning” modifies the word “sun”)

A participial phrase is a group of words that is started by a participle and acts as an adjective.◦They like the film shown during the program.

What is a dangling participle?

A dangling participle is a phrase that does not have a subject inside a sentence. The subject used in dangling participles is not the doer of the action expressed by the participle.◦Hiking the trail, the birds chirped

loudly.◦Hiking the trail, K and L heard birds

chirping loudly.

What is a Nominative Absolute?

A nominative absolute is a noun or pronoun followed by a participle or participial phrase that functions independently of the rest of the sentence.

Usually they express time;◦Three hours having passed, I decided

to wait no longer.Reason

◦My stomach growling with hunger, I made a sandwich.

Circumstance◦Many students missed final exams,

the flu epidemic having struck at the end of the semester.

Verbal: GerundsMr. Jet Hokin Paclar

GerundA gerund is a verbal that ends in “-

ing” and acts as a noun in a sentence. It is also called Verbal Noun.

Example:◦Getting◦Eating◦Running◦Understanding◦Napping◦Drinking

While Watching

Make 5 Review Questions from the video and write them on your group’s 1 whole sheet of paper.

(Note: Review Questions- are questions whose answers are found in the video.)

Functions of Gerunds..\..\English Grammar - 6 Ways to

Use Gerunds.mp4

FunctionsSubject

◦Reading is my hobby.Direct Object

◦He likes reading a lot. (likes what?)Object of a Preposition

◦He is prohibited from reading. (prep. from)

Object of a Possessive◦I don’t like your reading. (poss. your)

Functions cont.Subject Complement

◦My friends favorite pastime is reading.

Object Complement◦I heard Tom reading. (heard Tom

what?)

Appositive◦His favorite pastime, reading, is so

cool.

Gerund Quiz Bee..\..\..\GERUNDS QUIZ BEE.pptx

SeatworkSubmit your papers. Go back to your seats.Get ¼ piece of paperOpen your books on page 192.Answer Practice Activity 1-10

AssignmentIn a ½ crosswise, construct 7

sentences with gerunds functioning differently in each sentence.

Function as a:◦ Subject◦ Direct Object◦ Object of a Preposition◦ Object of a Possessive◦ Object Complement◦ Subject Complement◦ Appositive

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