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Village to Town
Hohokam, Ancestral Pue
(Anasazi), and Mogollo
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HohokamThose Who Have Gone
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Origins
Two Schools of Thought concerning origins Hohokam
1. They migrated into the area from NortheMexico.
2. They were descendants of local Archaichunters and gatherers.
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Villages
Hohokam villages located along riversgrew corn.
sedentary villages
developed sophisticated irrigation canal
Families lived in rectangular pit houses sura courtyard.
Cluster of 4to 6dwellings
Suggests a family or kin/lineage groups.
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Houses
Houses built of wattle-and-daub (Jaframework of poles covered with mand grass.
Covered with mud.
Roof - either thatch (for sloped roofsmud (for flat roofs).
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7/75Jacal structure, Moon House Pueblo, Utah
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Close up of
Jacal WallMoon HousePueblo,Utah
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9/75Pueblo Grande, Phoenix
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O'odham structure similar in design to
Hohokam pithouse (1901)
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Snaketown
Located on Gila River
Estimated maximum 250acresSurrounding by farmland and smasettlements
Canals provided water for 70,000a
Estimated population 1,000to 3,000
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Snaketown during excavation
http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Ung8XbJGT66SzM&tbnid=7nh8Jjeyom8GgM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://archive.archaeology.org/1103/insider/phoenix_water_crisis_hohokam.html&ei=NYNlUpf4G6zc4APPxIDACg&bvm=bv.54934254,d.dmg&psig=AFQjCNFlkKCK6Q5KLygPUoK42sW0e-H15A&ust=1382470812238961 -
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A.D.9751150Snaketown grewHousing according to status
Central plaza2installations identified as ballcourts time of excavation
The ballcourts were 60 meters long, 33
meters apart, 2.5 meters highOval shaped in plan and bowl shapedprofile with curved sides
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Some archaeologists argued the un
embankments on the long sides areunsuited for ball games.
However, they correspond perfectl
Papagos dance floors used for theiVikita ceremonies into the 1930s
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Casa Grande Ruins National Monum
Between 1150and 1200Hohokam began withdraw from surrounding villages into towhich became walled population centers
1300s began to build Great Houses.Casa Grande (in Phoenix) consists of the ru
multiple structures surrounded by a compoWide-scale irrigation farming
Extensive trade connections which laste
about A.D.1450
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http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=vM2941a1kUzH1M&tbnid=q1WA-p0lFCajrM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/cagr/adhi0b.htm&ei=d4JlUuz6G9L64AOvkYGQBw&bvm=bv.54934254,d.dmg&psig=AFQjCNGyfZn9yb3bzz_XBS16_jOyXrEtgg&ust=1382470640272264 -
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Are these great houses examplesChiefdom?
Segmentary Societies can coalesce as aChiefdom
This does not always happen
Chiefdoms are ranked or stratified socie
Hereditary Chief with religious dutiesHigh ranking warriors
Ritual Centers
Fortified towns surrounded by walls
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Walls completely or partially enclosed of contiguous plazas/courtyards
Each courtyard contained 14largerectangular adobe-walled pitrooms, poassociated with several utility structure
communities characterized by relativelcompact clusters of 525adobe-wallecompounds.
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Compounds grouped around a sinvery large and well-built compoun
often had some form of large comstructure, such as a platform mounGreat House.
Great Houses up to four stories,
Were probably used by the manaor religious elites.
May have also been constructed towith astronomical observations.
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Santa Cruz Red-on-buff jar,Burden-carrier motifs Hohokam,Gila Bend Province,ca. A.D. 850-950Colonial Period A.D. 775 to 975
Four Mile Site,Painted Rock Reservoir,Maricopa Co., Arizona
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Bell-shaped shoulder olla
with diagonal, geometricbands and scroll.A.D. 950-1150.Sedentary Period A.D.900 -1150.Southern Arizona,Hohokam;Sacaton Red-on-buff.
Examples of Hohokam Ceramics various time p
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Examples of Hohokam Ceramics, various time p
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Examples of Hohokam Ceramics, various time p
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HohokamShell JewleryShell was from theGulf of California
Sedentary PeriodA.D. 900 -1100
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Clay dog figurinesColonial Period
A.D. 500 - 900
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Stone Palettes
Began as flat stonesused for mixing or
pulverizing soft paintpigments.
Later palettes mayhave not been used to
mix paint, but insteadwere used to grindhallucinogenic plants.
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Ancestral Pueblo (Anasa
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PUEBLO I and II
Pueblo I: 700 - 900 A.D.Pueblo II: 900 - 1150 A.D.
Pueblo I
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Pueblo I
Increased use above ground architectur
Rectangular rooms made of jacal.
Toward end of Pueblo I, shift from jacal rectangular masonry rooms.
Arranged as end to end blocs of rooms.
Evidence used as habitation includes hedomestic artifacts
Other special activities like food prep anmanufacture.
Larger Villages
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Larger Villages
Arc shaped
Pit houses
Above ground roomblocks
Exceptionally large pithouses used as Kivas
Middens
Pueblo I Villages
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Pueblo I Villages
All Villages of the Period:
Near good water sources.
Large populations, 100 or more people.
Short term occupation. Formed during
peak periods of rain, abandoned duringdrought.
Housing
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Housing
Pit houses deeper, roofs level with gro
Entry through roofLarge ventilation shafts
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Pit Houses
Interior layoutstill similar toBasket Maker IIIpit houses
However, noside entrypassage
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Pueblo I Ceramics
Corrugated Vessels
by 850A.D.
Continued useLino Gray
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White MoundBlack on White
700-900A.D.Sand tempered
Fine straight linesGeometric designs
Ki t thl
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Kiatuthlanna
A.D. 850-950Stairstep Patterns ofparallel lines.
Similar to white mound.
Temper different.
Crushed ceramic sherds.
Black painted rim.
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Red Mesa Black on White
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Red Mesa Black on White
Late Pueblo I, earlyPueblo II
A.D. 850-1050Sand tempered
Covered with brightwhite slip.
Decoration fine whitelines, solid triangles,
spirals dots
Hunting Technology
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Hunting Technology
Small arrowpoints
Cast of a tanged point
found near WallaceRuin, Montezuma,Colorado.
Pueblo I People
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Pueblo I People
Begin to use a new cradle board.
New board deforms heads of infants.
Does not cause damage to mental facu
Begins new fashion style.
For awhile archeologists thought this m
a new population moving in .but research has shown it was the sampopulation with new binding techniqu
the cradle boards
P bl II A D
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Pueblo II 900-1150A.D.
Drought in late Pueblo I forces peofrom the northern Colorado Plateauinto the Chaco Canyon Region.
Many Villages in the Mesa Verde reare abandoned, but region still retasome population.
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By 1100, climatic conditions better, p
return to area and settle in scatterfarmsteads with a community cent
Community Centers were large buthat were used for public ceremon
M V d d W t
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Mesa Verde and Water
During Pueblo II some Mesa Verdepeoples began to build waterreservoirs on the tops of the Mesa
One incorporated into Far ViewVillage on Chapin Mesa.
M V d d W t
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Mesa Verde and Water
The reservoirs and ditch systems Mesa Verde were dedicated asHistoric Civil Engineering Landma
on 26September 2004
M L k F Vi
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Mummy Lake/Far View
Stone-lined reservoir.approximately 90feet in diameter12feet deep.It was used to store the domestic wsupply.
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Far View Reservoir/Mummy Lake
Mummy Lake/Far View
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Mummy Lake/Far View
Two construction periods.
Between A.D. 900and 1100(Pueblo
And between A.D. 1100and 1300.
Filled through a gap on the west e
Mummy Lake/Far View
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Mummy Lake/Far View
Possible a ditch ran from lake to caimmediately above Spruce Tree Ho
Ditch possibly used to transportirrigation water five miles betweenFar View complex and Spruce TreeHouse.
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Diversion Ditch
Mummy Lake
Mesa Verde
Irrigation
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Irrigation
Irrigation begins to be used durinthis period.
Check dams and terraces used forwater control, also soil conservat
Prevents topsoil from washingaway.
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Pueblo II Diet
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Pueblo II Diet
Crops still maize, squash and bea
Wild plants and animals supplemdiet.
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Unit Pueblo" Form
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Unit Pueblo Form
Great deal of architecturalstandardization across very largregions
Standardization reflected in way
individual rooms and otherarchitectural features were built.
Farmsteads consisted of:
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Farmsteads consisted of:
one-story room block. a plaza area. a small, underground kiva.
Many early room blocks jacal.Later room blocks masonry.
Used both as dwelling and storagerooms.
Farmstead Housing
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Pueblo II Pottery DesignsM V d R i
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Mesa Verde Region
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Ceramics
Corrugated warescontinue to be made
Seed Jar
Chaco Canyon, New Mexico
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Local Production
Continued to makeblack on white pottery
Mineral Black-on-WhiteChaco Canyon, N.M.
T d W
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Trade Wares
Extensive trade networksare developed
Ceramics from San JuanRegion of southern Utah,northern Arizona found inChaco Canyon
Abajo Black-on-Orange
Lithic TechnologyP i t t h d d h t
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Points are notched and have tangs
Sh f S h
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Shaft Smoother
Chaco CanyonAD 750-1150
Ground Stone Axe
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Chaco Canyon , AD 1050-1100
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