wafic 2013 fitness research update
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Fitness Research 2013
Copyright ‐ Dr Mark McKean USC 1
Dr Mark McKean PhD AEP CSCS RSCC*E
RESEARCH UPDATE 2013
SPONSORED BY FITNESS RESEARCH
Current Issue: Vol. 2, No. 1 – July 2013
Next issue due out December 2013 Vol.2, No. 2
Open access
Free registration and subscription
No submission fees for authors
Part of the Fitness Research program in partnership with Australian Institute of Fitness, Australian Fitness Network, University of the Sunshine Coast.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
Group Exercise
Quantifying 4 different Les Mills Classes for energy expenditure, steps taken, HR.
Strength Training
6RM squat scores to determine quadricep and hamstring strength levels.
Biomechanics
Anterior knee shear and rotation during exercise in ACL injury
Wii‐Fit
Does 6 weeks of balance training on Wii‐Fit board improve balance in oldies
Nutrition
What do fitness members want from trainers regarding nutrition knowledge?
GROUP EXERCISE
Quantifying and Comparing Activity in Group Fitness Classes
Honours project: Aimee Harvey
RESEARCH AIM
Research aim
Evaluate and compare physical activity levels and physical responses from four different group exercise classes, using a single sensor device combined with heart rate data.
13 Males (27.9 ± 6.3 years, 177.4 ± 5.1cm and 78.7 ±4.8kg)
17 females (30.5 ± 6.7 years, 167.5 ± 4.67cm, and 63.8 ±9.2kg)
Fitness Research 2013
Copyright ‐ Dr Mark McKean USC 2
METHODOLOGY
Participants completed four Les Mills Programs; in a randomised order over a seven day period and completed a six question survey post participation.
BODYPUMP™, BODYCOMBAT™, BODYBALANCE™ and BODYATTACK™
Participants followed similar dietary patterns
All classes were performed in the same air‐conditioned group exercise studio (19 degrees Celsius).
Instructors were certified and registered exercise professionals with Fitness Australia.
METHODOLOGY
Participants wore a Polar RS400 heart rate monitor as well as a BodyMedia SenseWear Pro3 armband.
MEASUREMENTS
BodyMedia SenseWear MF‐SW Armband (SWA) measures
physical activity and movement data from a tri‐axial accelerometer – steps, force data
physiological sensors (skin temperature, heat exchange and galvanic skin response)
Heart rate measured through Polar HRM
RESULTS – ENERGY EXPENDITURE
ENERGY EXPENDITURE (kJ)
BODYCOMBATTM BODYPUMPTM BODYBALANCETM BODYATTACKTM
M 2498.1
(2303.8,2692.5)#*
1513.3
(1494.3,1612.2)#*
1068.2
(1009.9,1126.6)#*
2550.7
(2398.6,2702.8)#*
F 1890
(1751.2,2030.5)#*
1112.8
(1026.9,1198.7)#*
713.5
(636.6,790.3)#*
2035.8
(1890.2,2181.3)#*
STEP COUNT
BODYCOMBATTM BODYPUMPTM BODYBALANCETM BODYATTACKTM
M5575.5
(5344.6,5806.5)#*898.9
(783.8,1013.9) #*
171.9(126.8,217.1)*
5701.8(5528.3,5875.3) #*
F 5167.1(4964.3,5369.9) #*
747.2(640.8,853.6) #*
156.6(124.6,188.6)*
5516.5(5434.4,5598.7) #*
RESULT - STEPS
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Copyright ‐ Dr Mark McKean USC 3
.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
250.00
300.00
350.00
400.00
450.00
500.00
550.00
600.00
650.00
700.00
750.00
800.00
850.00
900.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Step Count
Step Count track by track for all four classesBODYCOMBAT MALE
BODYCOMBAT FEMALE
BODYPUMP MALE
BODYPUMP FEMALE
BODYBALANCE MALE
BODYBALANCE FEMALE
BODYATTACK MALE
BODYATTACK FEMALE
RESULTS
Confidence in classes helping participants to achieve goals – highest for BODYPUMPTM followed BODYATTACKTM
Most enjoyable classes ‐ highest for BODYPUMPTM
followed BODYATTACKTM
Order of complexity from complex to not at all –BODYCOMBATTM, BODYATTACKTM, BODYBALANCETM,
BODYPUMPTM
RESULTS
BODYATTACKTM and BODYCOMBATTM – Average METS for both classes fell into the vigorous category.
BODYPUMPTM and BODYBALANCE – Average METs for both classes fell into the moderate category
AVERAGE METS
BODYCOMBATTM BODYPUMPTM BODYBALANCETM BODYATTACKTM
M 7.9
(7.5,8.3)#*
4.9
(4.8,5.1)#*
3.7
(3.5,4)#*
7.6
(7.4,7.9)*
F 7.5
(7.2,7.7)#*
4.3
(4.1,4.5)#*
3.2
(2.9,3.5)#*
7.5
(7.2,7.8)*
DISCUSSION
BODYATTACK™ and BODYCOMBAT™.
Both classes resulted in the highest readings for HR, step count, METS and TEE. Although order differs between males and females.
METs for the entire class set fell into the vigorous category of 6.0 – 9.0 METS, supporting claims made by Les Mills International.
DISCUSSION
Over 5000 steps taken for both males and females in
BODYCOMBAT™ and BODYATTACK™ .
The ACSM has suggested that 100 steps per minute for 30 minutes is a rough approximation of moderate intensity exercise.
BODYATTACK™, was 103.65 steps.min‐1 for males and 100.29 steps.min‐1 for females.
BODYCOMBAT™ resulted in 101.37 steps.min‐1 for males and 93.95 steps.min‐1 for, females
CONCLUSION
These results allow the authors to rank classes in the following order in terms of energy expenditure for males and females.
BODYATTACKTM, BODYCOMBATTM, BODYPUMPTM and BODYBALANCETM
No significant difference shown between BODYATTACKTM, BODYCOMBATTM.
Fitness Research 2013
Copyright ‐ Dr Mark McKean USC 4
STRENGTH TRAINING
Compare lower body 6RM strength scores and resultant ratios between female football players and strength athletes
Honours project: Dan Marshall
RESEARCH AIM
Research aim
Quantify and compare 6RM strength scores and subsequent ratios of various lower limb strength exercises, between female football players and female strength training subjects
15 Female amateur‐level football players (26.3 (6.4) years, 165.9 (6.9) cm and 64.4 (10.5) kg)
15 Female strength athletes (29.1 (4.5) years, 165.6 (4.4) cm, and 63.6 (5.2) kg)
No significant differences in populations for age, weight, height etc. ‐ groups matched
Ratios reported as right limb – no significant side to side strength differences between both dominant and non‐dominant limbs and groups
METHODOLOGY
Day 1 – subjects were tested for 6RM strength scores of back squat and single leg standing hamstring curl
Day 2 – subjects were tested for 6RM strength scores of stationary lunge and prone hamstring curl
Exercise order on each testing day was randomised. Subjects performed a standardised warm up for each exercise
Testing was supervised by an accredited Australian Strength and Conditioning certified coach to ensure correct exercise technique was adhered to
METHODOLOGY
• Back Squat Technique
METHODOLOGY
• Single Leg Standing Hamstring Curl Technique
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Copyright ‐ Dr Mark McKean USC 5
METHODOLOGY
• Stationary Lunge Technique
METHODOLOGY
• Prone Hamstring Curl Technique
RESULTS
MEAN 6RM STRENGTH SCORES (kg)
Back Squat
Single Leg
Standing
Hamstring
Curl (SLSHC)
Stationary
Lunge (SL)
Prone
Hamstring
Curl
Football 51.7
(42.8,60.5)
13.3
(11.2,15.5)
29.5
(23.9,35.1)*
32.0
(28.8,35.3)
Strength 60.9
(52.7,69.0)
15.1
(12.0,18.3)
36.5
(32.3,40.7)*
34.2
(30.6,37.8)
STRENGTH RATIOS
SLSHC to Back
SquatSL to Back Squat
Football0.28
(0.22,0.34)
0.58(0.51,0.65)
Strength0.25
(0.20,0.30)
0.62 (0.55,0.69)
RELATIONSHIPS
Strong linear relationship found between the 6RM back squat and 6RM stationary lunge in both groups (0.82 football, 0.79 strength athletes)
Moderate linear relationship (0.60) found between back squat strength and training frequency in the strength training group
RESULTS
MUSCLE SYMMETRYbetween dominant and non dominant limbs
Single Leg
Standing
Hamstring Curl
Stationary Lunge
Football -2.01% -2.35%
Strength 2.65% -0.55%
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Copyright ‐ Dr Mark McKean USC 6
DISCUSSION
Bilateral to unilateral compound ratio
Back squat to Stationary lunge
59.7%( 55.0% ‐ 64.4%)
Bilateral to unilateral knee flexor ratio
Back squat to hamstring curls (single leg)
26.5% (22.8% ‐ 30.3%)
BIOMECHANICS
Anterior knee shear and rotation during exercise in ACL injury
Investigators: Dr Sue Keays, Dr Mark Sayers, Mr Daniel Mellifont, Dr Carolyn Richardson
RESEARCH AIM
Research aim
to compare anterior tibial displacement (ATD; sometimes referred to as anterior shear), and internal tibial rotation during two commonly prescribed exercises in ACL‐deficient and healthy knees, namely:
open kinetic chain (OKC) seated knee extension
closed kinetic chain (CKC) single leg wall squatting
METHODOLOGY
3D motion analysis (Qualisys 3D‐Motion Analysis System tracking 17 infrared markers) of the knee during seated knee extension with 3kg weight and a unilateral wall squat was performed with eight ACL deficient patients and eight healthy subjects matched for age, gender and sports history.
Representative of some ACLD participants, possibly with more dynamically stable knees, and shows a similar profile to participants with healthy knees. Here the tibia moves posteriorly from 0°‐70° of knee flexion
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Copyright ‐ Dr Mark McKean USC 7
Representative of a possibly less dynamically stable group of ACL‐deficient participants. Here the tibia remains more anteriorly displaced throughout range more so in the CKC wall squat than the OKC seated extension.
RESULTS
significantly less control of knee shear (i.e. increased ATD) in the wall squat compared to the seated extension for both healthy and ACL‐deficient knees (p=.049).
Participants with ACL‐deficiency also showed abnormal internal rotation of the tibia with both exercises (i.e. the tibia was significantly more internally rotated (p=.003) in ACL‐deficient knees, irrespective of the exercise).
CONCLUSION
Do not assume that all closed chain knee exercises are safe. Seek advice from the treating clinician (e.g. physiotherapist) when prescribing exercises for people with ACL injuries or surgery.
Do not use wall squats or loaded open chain knee extension exercises for these clients unless you are certain they can maintain knee control (including knee shear/ATD and tibial rotation).
Exercises need to be individually assessed and carefully prescribed.
It remains essential to focus on the individual’s functional ability and control when prescribing and performing exercise.
WII-FIT
To determine the safety and effectiveness of Nintendo Wii‐Fit balance training in independent older adults.
PhD Project: Vaughan Nicholson
RESEARCH AIM
To determine the safety and effectiveness of a six‐week unsupervised Wii‐Fit based program for an aged population (65 years or older) who resided in an independent‐living retirement village setting
The pre‐ and post‐ outcome clinical measures included those commonly associated with falls risk (balance, lower limb strength, fear of falling).
METHODS
The intervention group completed 3 x 30 minute Wii‐Fit sessions per week for six weeks, the control group received no intervention.
Testing sessions were conducted at week ‐1 and week 7.
The Wii Fit sessions were held at two retirement villages where subjects completed the sessions within their respective community halls unsupervised. Subjects in the intervention group completed a logbook to document their playing time and games played on the Wii.
Fitness Research 2013
Copyright ‐ Dr Mark McKean USC 8
Participants played selected Balance games from Wii‐Fit Plus for at least 30 minutes three times per week, for six weeks.
Nine games from the balance component of Wii‐Fit Plus were chosen based on balance challenge, safety and enjoyment.
Participants were required to play at least three games from the nine options each session, and all nine games were to be played at least once in the first week of the study.
Participants undertook all gaming unsupervised within the community hall of their retirement village. Participants were encouraged to undertake the sessions in pairs.
COMPLIANCE & RESULTS
41 subjects completed follow up testing (19 Wii group, 22 control group; 27 females, 14 males),
mean age of 74.5 (5.4years) with an age range of 65‐84years.
19 subjects in the Wii group completed an average of 17.5 sessions over the course of the six‐week program and completed 32.3 minutes of game play per session.
Total sessions completed ranged from 12 to 21.
Overall adherence was 92%, comprising a total of 316 sessions out of the prescribed 342 (19 subjects x 6 weeks x 3 sessions per week).
Variable Group Baseline 6-weeks Mean difference
TUG (sec) Wii 7.85 (1.16) 7.24 (1.36) 0.54(0.79)*
Control 7.53 (1.86) 7.39 (1.63) ‐0.13(0.88)
Functional reach (cm) Wii 27.00 (5.03) 29.47 (4.46) 2.47(5.08)
Control 29.73 (4.37) 31.05 (4.31) 1.32(5.07)
Lateral reach left (cm) Wii 19.84 (5.67) 22.08 (4.97) 2.14(4.79)
Control 21.25 (4.47) 18.91 (3.52) ‐2.14(4.41)
Lateral reach right (cm) Wii 19.39 (4.68) 21.16 (3.44) 1.76(4.88)
Control 21.09 (3.14) 20.05 (4.42) ‐1.05(5.11)
Single leg stance left (sec) Wii 13.78 (13.48) 16.46 (15.99) 1.67(11.73)**
Control 19.89 (19.85) 13.37 (13.56) ‐4.03(10.28)
Single leg stance right (sec) Wii 16.29 (14.67) 19.18 (15.88) 4.03(11.6)**#
Control 16.78 (15.17) 14.83 (13.90) ‐1.72(12.33)
Repeated sit to stand Wii 15.82 (3.68) 17.72 (3.65) 1.65(2.16)
Control 15.09 (3.38) 17.05 (5.14) 1.71(2.97)
Gait (m/s) Wii 1.34 (0.15) 1.38 (0.17) 0.04(0.12)**
Control 1.41 (0.19) 1.37 (0.20) ‐0.05(0.11)
CONCLUSION
The six‐week unsupervised Wii Fit based program for an aged population (65 years or older) was found to be effective with significant group related improvements occurred in the Wii Fit intervention group for five out of eight clinical tests used to assess mobility and balance.
Participants were very competitive
Aged care homes invested in Wii Fit games post research
PT’s could prescribe Wii Fit games for elderly clients as additional activity in own home
FITNESS INDUSTRY
Type and scope of nutritional and lifestyle advice sought by Australians who utilise Exercise professionals and related services
Investigators: Dr. Mark McKean, Professor Brendan Burkett, Dr Gary Slater, Dr Florin Oprescu
RESEARCH AIM
To determine the type and scope of nutritional and lifestyle advice sought by
every day Australians who utilise Exercise professionals and related services:
what their fitness and lifestyle related goals were when joining the
fitness facility;
what information and advice they were seeking when they joined to
assist them with their goals;
what nutritional and lifestyle related information they received from
fitness professionals and does this information fit with what they were
seeking;
the participant’s confidence in the information provided and their
intention to use it;
Fitness Research 2013
Copyright ‐ Dr Mark McKean USC 9
METHODS
500+ respondents from regional and city areas of Australia
Online 200+ national coverage
Face to face 300 + regional clubs on Sunshine Coast Qld
iPads – SurveyMonkey
Average age 35 (20‐74 year range)
RESULTS
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
Number 1 goal (rated as a 5 Likert scale) as a percentage of total responses
0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
25.0%
30.0%
35.0%
Lessthan 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Per week, how many days do you attend your fitness facility? Less than 1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0.0%
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
10.0%
12.0%
14.0%
16.0%
18.0%
20.0%
Lessthan 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ormore
Per week, approximately how many hours do you train/work out towards achieving your health and fitness goals?
Less than 1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 or more
80%
0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
25.0%
30.0%
35.0%
Less than 1month
1 to 3months
3 to 6months
6 to 9months
9 to 12months
1 to 2 years 2 years ormore
What is the average length of time you have worked continuously with an Exercise Professional?
Less than 1 month
1 to 3 months
3 to 6 months
6 to 9 months
9 to 12 months
1 to 2 years
2 years or more
50%
Fitness Research 2013
Copyright ‐ Dr Mark McKean USC 10
0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
25.0%
30.0%
35.0%
40.0%
45.0%
50.0%
1 2 3 4 5
Describe the impact your exercise professional has had on your health and fitness goals. (1 = very negative, 2 = negative, 3 =
neutral or no impact, 4 = positive, 5 = very positive).
1
2
3
4
5
86%
0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
25.0%
30.0%
35.0%
40.0%
45.0%
From the list below select those reasons that prevent you from eating better. Please TICK ALL relevant boxes.
0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
25.0%
30.0%
35.0%
40.0%
1 2 3 4 5
Please rate how confident you are in all of the nutritional advice you received from your Exercise Professional.(1 = not
confident, 2 = low confidence, 3 = confident, 4 = very confident, 5 = extremely confident)
1
2
3
4
5
90%
0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
25.0%
30.0%
35.0%
40.0%
Stronglydisagree
Disagree Neither agreenor disagree
Agree Stronglyagree
I prefer to work with an Exercise Professional who offers advice on nutrition.
Strongly disagree
Disagree
Neither agree nordisagree
Agree
Strongly agree
55%
0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
25.0%
30.0%
35.0%
40.0%
Stronglydisagree
Disagree Neither agreenor disagree
Agree Stronglyagree
I prefer to work with an Exercise Professional who has specific qualifications in nutrition.
Stronglydisagree
Disagree
Neither agreenor disagree
Agree
Stronglyagree
57%
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
Exercise Professionalsare experts in nutrition
Exercise Professionalsshould be experts in
nutrition
Exercise Professionalsshould know a fair bit
about nutrition but do notneed to be experts
Exercise Professionalsdo not need to know
much about nutrition (nottheir job)
Exercise Professionalsshould refer clients to
nutrition experts
Based on your experience how do you see Exercise Professionals when considering their nutrition knowledge? Select one option from
below.
80%
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Copyright ‐ Dr Mark McKean USC 11
Do YOU OR an Exercise Professional currently monitor your body composition i.e. body fat, muscle
mass?
No
Yes 0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
Percentage of clients responded with rating these as a 4 or 5 on Likert scale for importance
SUMMARY
A large proportion of clients:
want to use a trainer with nutrition knowledge
Expect trainers to have a good level of day to day nutrition knowledge
Goals relate to body composition
Don’t have their body composition measured by their trainer
CURRENT PROJECTS
GROUP EXERCISE
Changes in Body Composition, Bone density, Balance in oldies after 6 months BodyPump.
Chief Investigator: Vaughan Nicholson(PhD Project)
RESEARCH AIM
Research aim
Explore the response to participation in a BodyPump program in apparently healthy independently living older adults
Aged 65yrs plus
Measured VO2 (predicted max),balance and mobility tasks, 1RM leg strength, Body Composition and Bone density (DEXA‐BodPod)
Fitness Research 2013
Copyright ‐ Dr Mark McKean USC 12
METHODS
Three stages of testing
Stage 1 – pretesting
Motion Lab – force plate data
Body Comp – DEXA‐BodPod
Gym – 1RM Leg strength incline leg press
Submax VO2 gas analysis with 3 lead ECG
Stage 2 ‐ BodyPump induction
Stage 3 – 3 months participation & mid stage testing
Stage 4 – additional protocol added – Body Balance
Stage 5 – final testing
PHYSICAL EDUCATION
Physical Literacy on Children
Honours project: Claire Tompsett
RESEARCH AIM
Research aim
Produce a screening tool that can be used by practitioners to improve movement and influence physical activity participation by all school aged children
Determine whether testing foundational movement capacities of children underpin the movements in skill based tests
Investigate relationships between scores on these tests and lifestyle factors such as BMI and participation hours in physical activity
Create a baseline of scores for movement improvement
Determine the inter‐ and intra‐reliability of the scoring
METHODS
A target of 300 participants, equal quantities from year 4, year 6 and year 8 across 5 schools
Collection of anthropometric data including height and weight to determine BMI.
Objective measurement of 7 movement competencies’
Questionnaire ascertaining lifestyle factors
Ethics approval number A/13/440
DIABETES
The effect of two exercise bouts on fat oxidation rates and post prandial or 24‐hr glucose control in an insulin resistant population group.
Honours project: Rachel Luff
RESEARCH AIM
The research aims to identify if impaired rates of fat oxidation in the insulin resistant population can be improved by depletion of whole‐body carbohydrate stores via evening exercising, low carbohydrate feeding and exercise the following morning in a fasted state.
Secondly, the research seeks to identify if this strategy would help glucose control over a 24‐hr period.
The findings may provide clinicians, physicians and other health professionals with useful advice to giver their patients regarding glucose control and reductions in fat mass.
Fitness Research 2013
Copyright ‐ Dr Mark McKean USC 13
METHODS DAY 1
The study would use a repeated measures design
Day 1:No exercise
6.30pm, standardised moderate carbohydrate meal
Day 2
7am, 60 minute fasted‐state steady state low‐intensity exercise session while measuring fat oxidation rates
8.30am, post‐prandial glucose and other blood testing, such as lipids, or 24‐hr glucose monitoring.
METHODS DAY 2
Wash out period
Day 1
5pm, aerobic interval session
6.30pm, standardized low carbohydrate dinner
Day 2
7am, 60 minute fasted‐state steady state low‐intensity exercise session while measuring fat oxidation rates
8.30am, post‐prandial glucose and other blood testing, such as lipids or 24‐hr glucose monitoring.
TECHNOLOGY
The Use of Inertial Sensors to Study Surfing Manoeuvres: Does the Lower Body Force Profile Change with Age and Surfing Ability?
Honours project: Chris Wood
RESEARCH AIM
Research aim
quantify the acceleration of the surfboard during a ‘bottom turn’ and ‘carving turn’ in normal surfing conditions using inertial sensors;
quantify the forces generated by the lower limbs in performing a ‘bottom turn’ and ‘carving turn’ in normal surfing conditions using inertial sensors;
compare these forces with those generated by the lower body during tests of performance in the laboratory; and
determine if the lower body force abilities change with age, gender and/or surfing ability.
METHODS
20 semi elite juniors and 20 master surfers
Two testing sessions
Session 1: Motion Laboratory
Anthropometry, Postural sway control and Power jump tests
Session 2: Maroochydore/Coolum beach
Surfers fitted with three inertial sensors and one on the board
Ride four waves and perform two predetermined surfing manoeuvres
Force data of manoeuvres analysed
OTHER RESEARCH
Pullups V lat pulldown biomechanics
EMG activity of quads and hammies in split squats
Use of single leg vertical jump to determine asymmetry in legs
Nutrition & exercise prescription knowledge of AEP’s
Exercise prescription knowledge of dietitians
Qld OzTag – fitness profile of players and refs
Barriers to Swimming participation in disabled groups
Group exercise – class interventions
Aquatic therapies
Heart rate variability and use in training and recovery
Fitness Research 2013
Copyright ‐ Dr Mark McKean USC 14
SEND YOUR IDEAS FOR FITNESS
RESEARCH TO
mmckean@ucs.edu.au
JOURNAL OF FITNESS RESEARCH
Current Issue: Vol. 2, No. 1 – July 2013
Next issue due out Dec 2013 Vol.2, No. 2
DR MARK MCKEAN PHD
Research Fellow
University of Sunshine Coast ‐ Fitness Research
mmckean@usc.edu.au
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