walter trevisan monsanto central corn belt commercial corn breeding lead waterman-dekalb-il
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The importance of The importance of GEM for US Seed GEM for US Seed
CompaniesCompanies
Walter TrevisanMonsantoCentral Corn Belt Commercial Corn Breeding LeadWaterman-Dekalb-IL
Outline
Introduction
The Corn Genetic Diversity used in the US
How can Seed companies benefit from GEM efforts?– Large Seed Companies– Small Seed companies
What are the present main deliverables from GEM?
Why are we confident that GEM is going to evolve with the new trends/new challenges of the modern seed industry?
Conclusion
Introduction
The hybrid corn breeding milestones and bottlenecks over the years
Introduction
– Land Races and Varieties till early 20th century
– The Double Cross era– The Single Cross era– The recurrent selection era– The data driven/pedigree era
The hybrid corn breeding milestones and bottlenecks over the years
Introduction
– The T Cytoplasm and the H. maydis disaster of early 70’s
The danger of genetic uniformity
– The biotech era – The mergers and acquisitions– The traits boom
10-12 traits stacks by 2012?
The hybrid corn breeding milestones and bottlenecks over the years
Yield Gain/Year on the Farm Increases by 70% in Biotech Era
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
11000
1865
1875
1885
1895
1905
1915
1925
1935
1945
1955
1965
1975
1985
1995
2005Year
Average C
orn Y
ield
s (
kg/h
a)
0
20
40
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160
single cross
double crossopen pollinated
b=113.2/1.81
b=63.1/1.01
b=1.0/0.02
Average C
orn Y
ield
s (
bu/a
c)
biotech decadeb=194.7/3.11Troyer, F., Crop Sci. 46:528-543.
320 million additional acres would be neededto produce today’s crop @Civil War yield levels
The Organic Era
Introduction
– The Ethanol boom and its challenges Corn on Corn
– Disease pressure Foliar diseases Stalk rots More use of fungicides
– Nematodes? – More (more expensive) Nitrogen
How about P2O5?– Seedling vigor– Mechanization challenges
Planting over more corn debris Harvesting more stalk lodged plants
Storage challenges
The hybrid corn breeding milestones and bottlenecks over the years
Ethanol Plants in USA
Iowa corn processing & ethanol plants, current & planned, 10/26/06
63
Sac
Linn
Lee
Ida
Tama
Clay Kosuth
Jasper
Lyon
Page
StoryrJones
Fayette
Adair
Bentonn
Wapello
Pocahontas
Osceola
Jefferson
Audubon
Washington
BuenaVista
BlackHawk
Appanoose
CerroGordo
VanBuren
Mucatine
Dickenson
DesMoines
Winnebago
Montgomery
Iowa Corn Processing & Ethanol Plant Locations, Actual & Planned. 9/26/06,
PoweshiekPolk
BooneGreeneCarrollCrawford
Plymouth
O’Brien
Woodbury
Monona
Harrison Shelby
Wright Franklin
Floyd Chickasaw
Webster Hardin
Louisa
Emmet
Palo Alto
Hancock
Worth Mitchell HowardWinneshiek Allamakee
BremerButler
HamiltonGrundy
Buchanan
Delaware
Dubuque
Jackson
Clintonn
Guthrie Dallas
Johnson
Marshall
Pottawattamie
Mills
Fremont
Madison
Warren Marion Mahaska
Keokuk
Adams Union Clarke Lucas Monroe
Taylor Ringgold
Cherokee
Calhoun
Decatur Wayne Davis
Henry
Scott
Humboldt
Clayton
Cedar
Sioux
Cass
Iowa*
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Sac
Linn
Lee
Ida
Tama
Clay Kosuth
Jasper
Lyon
Page
StoryrJones
Fayette
Adair
Bentonn
Wapello
Pocahontas
Osceola
Jefferson
Audubon
Washington
BuenaVista
BlackHawk
Appanoose
CerroGordo
VanBuren
Mucatine
Dickenson
DesMoines
Winnebago
Montgomery
,
PoweshiekPolk
BooneGreeneCarrollCrawford
Plymouth
O’Brien
Woodbury
Monona
Harrison Shelby
Wright Franklin
Floyd Chickasaw
Webster Hardin
Louisa
Emmet
Palo Alto
Hancock
Worth Mitchell HowardWinneshiek Allamakee
BremerButler
HamiltonGrundy
Buchanan
Delaware
Dubuque
Jackson
Clintonn
Guthrie Dallas
Johnson
Marshall
Pottawattamie
Mills
Fremont
Madison
Warren Marion Mahaska
Keokuk
Adams Union Clarke Lucas Monroe
Taylor Ringgold
Cherokee
Calhoun
Decatur Wayne Davis
Henry
Scott
Humboldt
Clayton
Cedar
Sioux
Cass
Iowa*
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Sac
Linn
Lee
Ida
Tama
Clay Kosuth
Jasper
Lyon
Page
StoryrJones
Fayette
Adair
Bentonn
Wapello
Pocahontas
Osceola
Jefferson
Audubon
Washington
BuenaVista
BlackHawk
Appanoose
CerroGordo
VanBuren
Mucatine
Dickenson
DesMoines
Winnebago
Montgomery
Iowa Corn Processing & Ethanol Plant Locations, Actual & Planned. 9/26/06,
PoweshiekPolk
BooneGreeneCarrollCrawford
Plymouth
O’Brien
Woodbury
Monona
Harrison Shelby
Wright Franklin
Floyd Chickasaw
Webster Hardin
Louisa
Emmet
Palo Alto
Hancock
Worth Mitchell HowardWinneshiek Allamakee
BremerButler
HamiltonGrundy
Buchanan
Delaware
Dubuque
Jackson
Clintonn
Guthrie Dallas
Johnson
Marshall
Pottawattamie
Mills
Fremont
Madison
Warren Marion Mahaska
Keokuk
Adams Union Clarke Lucas Monroe
Taylor Ringgold
Cherokee
Calhoun
Decatur Wayne Davis
Henry
Scott
Humboldt
Clayton
Cedar
Sioux
Cass
Iowa*
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*
* * **
Sac
Linn
Lee
Ida
Tama
Clay Kosuth
Jasper
Lyon
Page
StoryrJones
Fayette
Adair
Bentonn
Wapello
Pocahontas
Osceola
Jefferson
Audubon
Washington
BuenaVista
BlackHawk
Appanoose
CerroGordo
VanBuren
Mucatine
Dickenson
DesMoines
Winnebago
Montgomery
,
PoweshiekPolk
BooneGreeneCarrollCrawford
Plymouth
O’Brien
Woodbury
Monona
Harrison Shelby
Wright Franklin
Floyd Chickasaw
Webster Hardin
Louisa
Emmet
Palo Alto
Hancock
Worth Mitchell HowardWinneshiek Allamakee
BremerButler
HamiltonGrundy
Buchanan
Delaware
Dubuque
Jackson
Clintonn
Guthrie Dallas
Johnson
Marshall
Pottawattamie
Mills
Fremont
Madison
Warren Marion Mahaska
Keokuk
Adams Union Clarke Lucas Monroe
Taylor Ringgold
Cherokee
Calhoun
Decatur Wayne Davis
Henry
Scott
Humboldt
Clayton
Cedar
Sioux
Cass
Iowa*
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66 Planned + current in Iowa
11 Just across the borders
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Figure 1.
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Iowa corn processing & ethanol plants, current & planned, 11/20/06
63
Capacity: 129% of 2006 cropCapacity: 139% of 2006 Crop
Iowa Corn Processing Plants, Current & Planned, 3/16/07
74 Potential Iowa Plants 11 Just across IA Borders
Corn Prices – 3 years
70
75
80
85
90
95
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Mill
ion
Acr
es
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
$ pe
r B
ushe
l
Planted Acres Farm Price
Increase the area and increase the price? Unheard!!
Are we going to have enough corn?
The corn genetic diversity used in US
The corn genetic diversity used in US
Do we have enough variability to allow continuous genetic gains for yield and still have sustainable economic yields?
The corn genetic diversity used in US
– One basic race used in most of the Corn Belt (and other parts of the world)
The 19th century origin race- Corn Belt Dent– The merge of two land races- Southern Dents and
Northern Flints- in different percentages narrowed down nowadays to
SSS in the female side Non SSS (C103; Oh43; Oh7) in the male side
– Southern Dents still used in the South but receiving more and more introgressions of either SSS or Lancaster
The corn genetic diversity used in US
– New techniques and increases in sizes and numbers have allowed us to keep genetic gains
Increase in nursery sizes (typical station)1950- X acres 1970- 3X acres1990- 7X acres2000- 10X acres2010- 15X acres
Increase in testing sizes1950- X acres1970- 2.5X acres1990- 5.0X acres2000- 7.0X acres2010- 15.0X acres
Better use of winter nursery- 2 or more gen/year Mechanization of planters, harvesting, processing
The corn genetic diversity used in US
– New techniques and increases in sizes and numbers have allowed us to keep genetic gains
Better understanding of GxE and GxExY interactions
Better statistical designs
Incredible increase in computer speed and computer usage
Utilization of molecular markers- breeding and BC
Insect traits helped lower CV’s
The corn genetic diversity used in US
– New techniques and increases in sizes and numbers have allowed us to keep genetic gains (cont)
The use of the Double Haploids techniques (old Chase’s monoploid techniques)
How many new techniques our breeding groups are “cooking” to improve efficiencies in our research?
But the bottom line is and will be ALWAYS:-
– How good our genetic base is– How good we are at moving up the yield
plateau and keep or increase genetic gains
0
50
1970
Avera
ge C
orn
Y
ield
(in
bu
sh
els
p
er
acre
)
100
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250
300
1990 2010 2030
Step-Changes in Grain Potential
Breeding and Biotechnology will drive yield increases
Molecular Breeding Benefit
Biotechnology Yield Benefit
Nat’l yields of
300 bu./ac are
possible
Historical Yield Projection
30-Year Trend, Based on Historical Yield Projection
Sizable Gains Will Be
Realized From Marker-
Assisted Breeding
The corn genetic diversity used in US
– How long can we keep increasing the genetic gains and expanding the heterosis with narrower and narrower variability, even with the use of molecular markers?
– Are we going to wait till most of the variability is exhausted in this single corn race to look for new germplasm from different parts of the world?
– These questions have always been in the mind of very few breeders.
– The competitive environment calls for more and more data driven decisions that normally narrows the genetic variability very fast
The corn genetic diversity used in US
– Some companies might reach its own yield plateau before others depending on how much infusion of different germplasm they have
– We need serious work on:-
Collecting what still is out there to be collected
Preserving and evaluating what has been collected
Increasing programs like GEM that systematically introgress new variability into an adapted genetic basis
How can Seed companies benefit from GEM efforts?
How US Seed Companies can benefit from GEM?
Monsanto strategically acquired different seed companies with different germplasm that used different methodologies for breeding
– The US Germplasm base acquired still allows good genetic gains for near future
– Very competitive and diverse Ex-US germplasm base Even GEM is benefiting from it- DK888; DK212;
XL370; DK844; etc; from different tropical areas of the world
– A pool of germplasm breeders very experienced in germplasm introgressions
The views of a large seed company (Monsanto)
Global Germplasm Resources Enable Deployment of Differentiated Product Portfolios
“Inter-company” breeding crosses are a routine part of our programStarting 2nd Breeding Generation of an integrated germplasm pool
Holden’s
DEKALBUSA
Asgrow USA
Cargill Int’l
Sensako Agroceres
DEKALB Int’l
AsgrowInt’l
Inter-companyCrosses
12 countries and 3 companies/country = 36 major germplasm acquisitions
How US Seed Companies can benefit from GEM?
Monsanto breeding strategy was/is to aggressively introgress Monsanto proprietary Ex-US germplasm into the Monsanto US heterotic pattern in a continuous and planned system
Results are piling!!
Recently several broad announcement:– Farmers Progress show
Demo of a hybrid launched in the Southern Corn Belt -25% Argentinean Flint in the male side-25% Brazilian germplasm in the female side
Monsanto’s CTO (Fraley) speeches to investors and media The Monsanto Ex-US germplasm allows tremendous
support for breeding and discovery projects
How US Seed Companies can benefit from GEM?
The seed companies introgression strategies are like “two lane highway”
The yield genes and heterosis accumulated in US has been more and more ”exported”.
More and more US germplasm is incorporated in other countries’ heterotic patterns
Intensive breeding in these countries is decreasing their exploited genetic variability
-Ex:- Thailand -1985- 95% varieties-2000- 90% Single Cross
Biotech era- export QTL’s to all the corn breeding around the world?
The introgressions that we will have in the future will have more and more of US germplasm (and US QTL’s).
How US Seed Companies can benefit from GEM?
How we (Monsanto) see GEM helping a large seed company?– We see GEM as
A parallel effort to bring to US different genes that enhance the US corn germplasm diversity
A “repository” of the genetic variability that the competitive breeding burns
A continuous and dedicated effort to identify different traits that can enhance the US corn
A source of diverse adapted inbreds that are ready to be used in breeding programs
We don’t believe yet that one inbred directly out of GEM could be commercial in a large company. But chances are increasing.
Recent evaluations against our testers indicate that the new releases are a lot more competitive in plant quality and yield level
How US Seed Companies can benefit from GEM?
How do we see GEM helping a small seed company?
– Access to Ex-US Inbreds US adapted germplasm base Clear aligned heteroticaly Screened by industry’s standard heterotic
aligned testers No daylenght sensitivity
– Access to source populations with 25% or 50% exotic germplasm for breeding purposes
How US Seed Companies can benefit from GEM?
How do we see GEM helping a small seed company?
– Participation in GEM is easy and cheap
– Inbreds are released to cooperators two years ahead of non cooperators
– Recent inbreds released by GEM are more commercially competitive.
How US Seed Companies can benefit from GEM?
– How do we see GEM helping a small seed company?
Direct Benefits– Foliar Diseases resistance to
GLS Southern and Northern Corn Leaf Blight Common and Southern Rust Other minor diseases
– Stalk and/or Ear rot resistance Anthracnosis Diplodia spp Fusarium spp
– Drought stress tolerant inbreds– Heat stress tolerant inbreds– Grain quality- physical and nutritional– Nitrogen; Phosphorous; Aluminum efficiency– Other traits
What are the present main deliverables from
GEM?
Finished Inbreds released by GEM/GEM partners
Year # Lines Released Institution Germplasm Attributes
2001 1* USDA-ARS Ames Resistance to 1st brood ECB (non-DIMBOA)
2002 2* Univ. of Delaware Yield, resistance to anthracnose and GLS
2003 29** NC State Univ. Yield, earlier flowering, GLS, Fusarium
2003 1* Ohio State Univ. Yield, fusarium resistance
2003 1 Univ. of Delaware VAT
2003 42 USDA-ARS Ames Temperate adaptation, GLS, VAT
2003 9* NC State Univ. Yield, VAT, GLS
2004 14 USDA-ARS Ames Temperate adaptation, yield, VAT
2004 2 Texas A&M Stress tolerance, yield, CEW, grain mold resistance
2004 1 Univ. of Wisconsin Superior nutritional quality/yield
2004 9 NC State Univ. Yield, earlier flowering, VAT
2005 9 USDA-ARS Ames Temperate adaptation, yield, VAT
2005 1 Univ. of Delaware High protein
2005 19 NC State Univ. Yield, earlier flowering, VAT
2006 13 USDA-ARS Ames Yield, VAT
2006 3 NC State Univ. Yield, earlier flowering
2007 10 USDA-ARS Ames Protein, oil, high starch for ethanol
2007 10 NC State U. 50% exotics; disease resistance
2007 1* Truman St. High amylose line
Total 177
* Crop Science registered.
** 20 of these 29 lines were Crop Science registered.
GRAND LIST Year Total *
Set Lines Released Lines
Set A 1999 62
Set B 2000 60
Set C 2001 50
Set D 2001 70
Set E 2004 87
Set F 2004 50
Set G 2004 30
Set H 2004 54
Set R 2004 72
Total 535* Mostly S3 bulk
Germplasm released by GEM till 2007
2007- Across Locations Means
PRODUCT NAMEMON
CODES TRAIT YIELD YM MST TWT STLP RTLP PHT EHT ERM
DKC64-23 Mon Check YG PLUS 213.0 11.2 20.2 56.8 0.0 0.0 90.0 38.5 113.3
DKC61-66 Mon Check TRIPLE 211.9 11.8 19.5 56.6 0.0 0.0 85.5 37.0 112.3
RX785RR2/YGPL Mon Check TRIPLE 208.4 11.9 18.7 55.8 0.0 0.0 88.5 32.5 112.7
DKC60-18 Mon Check TRIPLE 207.4 11.5 19.1 56.1 0.0 0.0 88.5 32.0 112.9
Mon SSS x GEM7 GEM GEM 205.6 10.5 21.5 55.1 0.0 0.0 102.5 50.0 113.8
Mon NSSS x GEM9 GEM GEM 205.0 10.6 19.8 55.1 1.9 0.0 89.0 33.0 114.0
Mon SSS x GEM17 GEM GEM 204.1 9.7 22.4 53.6 2.4 0.0 97.5 45.0 116.4
Mon SSS x Mon Exotic MON Exotic Mon Exotic 203.6 11.1 19.8 56.1 0.9 0.0 97.0 40.5 113.5
DKC60-18 Mon Check TRIPLE 203.5 11.2 19.5 55.6 0.0 0.0 86.5 34.0 113.5
Mon NSSS x GEM29 GEM GEM 200.7 10.2 22.3 55.7 0.0 0.0 92.4 36.1 113.7
Mon NSSS x GEM27 GEM GEM 200.1 12.0 18.2 55.4 1.8 0.0 96.5 43.0 111.1
Mon SSS x GEM34 GEM GEM 200.0 11.2 19.2 54.2 0.0 0.0 92.5 39.0 111.8
DKC61-72 Mon Check RR2 199.7 11.5 19.2 55.7 0.0 0.0 90.0 35.5 112.3
Mon NSSS x GEM19 GEM GEM 198.6 10.4 21.2 55.4 1.0 0.0 89.0 44.0 113.5
RX752RR/YG Mon Check RR2YG 198.4 11.0 19.9 55.1 0.0 0.0 91.0 35.5 113.7
Mon SSS x GEM2 GEM GEM 198.3 10.2 21.6 55.7 0.0 0.0 96.0 36.0 114.8
RX752YG Mon Check YG 198.3 11.2 19.9 55.3 0.3 0.0 86.5 31.5 112.4
Mon NSSS x GEM5 GEM GEM 198.0 11.3 19.1 55.6 0.9 0.0 90.0 38.0 113.1
Mon NSSS x GEM13 GEM GEM 197.9 10.0 20.4 55.0 1.7 0.0 97.4 52.1 115.3
Mon NSSS x GEM12 GEM GEM 197.6 10.8 19.2 55.9 0.9 0.0 97.0 46.5 112.7
DKC64-27 Mon Check RR2 197.0 10.6 19.8 56.3 0.3 0.0 92.0 33.5 114.6
Mon SSS x GEM32 GEM GEM 196.4 10.8 19.7 55.7 1.7 0.0 99.5 42.5 113.2
Mon SSS x GEM26 GEM GEM 194.9 10.4 19.9 54.5 1.7 0.0 98.0 50.5 114.0
Why we are confident that GEM is going to evolve with the new
trends/new challenges of the modern seed
industry?
GEM is adapting to the present and future breeding needs
Adapted MethodologyCooperatorsand testing
VisibilityExotic
-Elite Inbreds-Modern Hybrids-Temp. Adapted-Exchange
-Sub-committee-Known Het. Testers-Trait Testers?-Elite Found Testers -S.S. Descent-Dihaploids-Improved Assoc. Studies
-US-International-Exchange-”Liaisons”
-”Marketing”-ASTA-Breeder’s Meetings-GEM Newsletter Email
-Elite Early-Elite Central-Off patent
Adapted Germplasm– Use early for first cross (95RM?)– Better Elite Central Corn Belt
From Cooperators Off Patent Known heterosis with testers
Exotic Germplasm– Available Elite Tropical Inbreds- Cimmyt, CIAT, IITA, Asia, Africa, L. America.
Public Exchange
– Modern new Tropical Hybrids- Private or public– Temperate adapted Tropical sources- like FS
US Testers– Elite known heterosis – Off patent– Traits?
Continuous review of our Methodologies– Sub-committee– Single Seed Descent; Dihaploids; Land Races Relationship– Associations Studies- in planning
Cooperators– Attract more US and non-US companies and institutions
Visibility– USDA– ASTA
GEM is adapting to the present and future breeding needs
Conclusion
GEM is the best example of a successful cooperative effort among USDA, Universities and private sector to achieve the goals of increasing germplasm diversity and decreasing genetic vulnerability in the US Corn.
GEM is already producing some interesting inbreds/germplasm for the seed industry
GEM is adapting very quickly to the continuous needs of an evolving seed industry
GEM can benefit smaller and bigger seed companies
That’s all folks!
Questions/Comments?
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