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Federal Highway AdministrationOffice of Pavement TechnologyOffice of Pavement Technology
Warm Mix AsphaltWarm Mix Asphalt
Technical Working Group MeetingMarriott Hunt Valley Inn
Baltimore, MDDec. 12-13, 2007
Federal Highway AdministrationOffice of Pavement TechnologyOffice of Pavement Technology
Warm Mix AsphaltCharacterization
Binder PropertiesBinder PropertiesMixture PropertiesMixture Properties
Federal Highway AdministrationOffice of Pavement TechnologyOffice of Pavement Technology
AcknowledgementsMatt Corrigan – Program Manager
Jagan Guddimettla – Mix Project EngineerSatish Belagutti – Binder Project EngineerRaj Dongré – DLS, IncJustin Tesch – Mix TechJoshua Thompson – Mix TechDavid Heidler – Binder TechDarnel Jackson – Binder Tech
also:
TFHRC GroupNelson GibsonScott ParobeckFrank Davis
Federal Highway AdministrationOffice of Pavement TechnologyOffice of Pavement Technology
ProjectsWarm Mix Asphalt Projects
Location Mix Design Lab Compaction Level, gyrations
Base Binder Grade
Technologies
Hall St, St. Louis, MO 12.5mm Superpave 100 PG 70-22
Aspha-Min Evotherm Sasobit
I-70 w of Eisenhower Tunnel, Frisco, CO
9.5mm Superpave 75 PG 58-28
Advera Evotherm Sasobit
E Entrance Rd, Yellowstone National Park, WY
19mm Hveem 75 PG 58-34 Advera
Sasobit
Federal Highway AdministrationOffice of Pavement TechnologyOffice of Pavement Technology
FHWA Power Chart12.5 mm Superpave, MO 0672
1912.59.54.752.361.180.60.30.0750
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 .0
Sieve Size Raised to 0.45 Power
Perc
ent P
assi
ng
0
1
JMFMaximum Density LinePCS
Federal Highway AdministrationOffice of Pavement TechnologyOffice of Pavement Technology
FHWA Power Chart9.5mm Superpave, CO0777
1912.59.54.752.361.180.60.30.0750
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 .0 4 .0
Sieve Size Raised to 0.45 Power
Perc
ent P
assi
ng
0
1
Maximum Density LineProduction Average
PCS
Federal Highway AdministrationOffice of Pavement TechnologyOffice of Pavement Technology
FHWA Power Chart19 mm Hveem, WY 0778
0.075 0.3 0.6 1.18 2.36 4.75 9.5 12.5 25190.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
0 4
Sieve Size Raised to 0.45 Power
Perc
ent P
assi
ng
0
1
Maximum Density Line
JMF
PCS
Federal Highway AdministrationOffice of Pavement TechnologyOffice of Pavement Technology
Binder Characterization
Federal Highway AdministrationOffice of Pavement TechnologyOffice of Pavement Technology
Objective
• Evaluate the effects of three Warm Mix process namely Sasobit, Aspha-Min and Evotherm on M320-Table 2 Performance Grade
• To Compare the Performance Grades of Warm Mix processes with the base asphalt used in preparing warm mix asphalts
Federal Highway AdministrationOffice of Pavement TechnologyOffice of Pavement Technology
Study Approach
• Experiment Design– Base Asphalt PG 70-22– Base Asphalt + 1.5% Sasobit– Base Asphalt + 5.26% Aspha-Min– Evotherm – (emulsion)
Federal Highway AdministrationOffice of Pavement TechnologyOffice of Pavement Technology
Hall St, St. Louis, MOM320 ContinuousPerformance Grade
M320, Table 2Performance Grade
Additive Rate, by wt of binder
Base 70.9 70.9 –– 24.824.8 70 70 -- 2222
Sasobit 76.5 76.5 –– 22.822.8 76 76 -- 2222 1.5%
Aspha-Min 72.4 72.4 –– 24.624.6 70 70 -- 2222 5.26%
Evotherm -recovered
(ASTM D 6934)66.6 66.6 –– 26.726.7 64 64 -- 2222
Federal Highway AdministrationOffice of Pavement TechnologyOffice of Pavement Technology
Hall St, St. Louis, MO
-24.8 -22.8 -24.6
70.9 76.5 72.4
-32
-16
0
16
32
48
64
80
Base Asphalt Sasobit Aspha-min
Asphalt Binders
Cont
inuo
us P
G
High TemperatureLow Temperature
Federal Highway AdministrationOffice of Pavement TechnologyOffice of Pavement Technology
PG Comparison - Evotherm
-23.3 -25.9 -26.6 -26.7
70.1 68.2 67.6 66.6
-32
-16
0
16
32
48
64
80
BASF Method-BASF BASF Method-FHWA British ASTM D6934
Asphalt Binders
Cont
inuo
us P
G
High TemperatureLow Temperature
Federal Highway AdministrationOffice of Pavement TechnologyOffice of Pavement Technology
I-70, Frisco, COM320 ContinuousPerformance Grade
M320, Table 2Performance Grade
Additive Rate, by wt of binder
Base 59.9 59.9 –– 30.330.3 58 58 –– 2828
Sasobit 64.2 64.2 –– 29.229.2 64 64 –– 2222 1.5%
Aspha-Min 61.1 61.1 –– 30.930.9 58 58 –– 2828
Advera 60.7 60.7 –– 30.430.4 58 58 -- 2828 4.33%
Evotherm NO DATANO DATA
Federal Highway AdministrationOffice of Pavement TechnologyOffice of Pavement Technology
I-70, Frisco, CO
-30.3 -29.2 -30.4 -30.9
59.9 64.2 60.7 61.1
0
-32
-16
0
16
32
48
64
80
Base Sasobit Advera Asphamin Evotherm
Asphalt Binders
Cont
inuo
us P
G
High TemperatureLow Temperature
Federal Highway AdministrationOffice of Pavement TechnologyOffice of Pavement Technology
East Entrance Rd, Yellowstone, WY
M320 ContinuousPerformance Grade
M320, Table 2Performance Grade
Additive Rate, by wt of binder
Base 60.2 60.2 –– 34.134.1 58 58 –– 2828
Sasobit 65.1 65.1 –– 32.032.0 64 64 –– 2828 1.5%
Advera 61.2 61.2 –– 33.233.2 58 58 –– 2828 5.2%
Federal Highway AdministrationOffice of Pavement TechnologyOffice of Pavement Technology
East Ent Rd, Yellowstone, CO
-34.1 -32 -33.2
60.2 65.1 61.2
-48
-32
-16
0
16
32
48
64
80
Base Sasobit Advera
Asphalt Binders
Cont
inuo
us P
G
High TemperatureLow Temperature
Federal Highway AdministrationOffice of Pavement TechnologyOffice of Pavement Technology
Findings
• Sasobit – increase of 1 high temp grade • Aspha-Min - no impact on PG grade• Evotherm - recovered at BASF, no effect on the
PG • Evotherm - recovered from the stored emulsion
was reduced by one grade
Federal Highway AdministrationOffice of Pavement TechnologyOffice of Pavement Technology
Findings• Emulsion recovery processes had no effect on
the PG. The PGs from all three recovery methods were found to be the same.
• ASTM D6934 was found to be the quickest and easiest process to recover the Evotherm residue from emulsion.
Federal Highway AdministrationOffice of Pavement TechnologyOffice of Pavement Technology
Mixture Characterizations
Federal Highway AdministrationOffice of Pavement TechnologyOffice of Pavement Technology
Objectives
• When should performance specimens be tested
• What are the effects of reheating on performance test properties
• Approach– Immediate Testing– Delayed Testing– Reheated Testing
Federal Highway AdministrationOffice of Pavement TechnologyOffice of Pavement Technology
St. Louis Paving Schedule
• Control (12.5mm PG 70-22) – 5/17/06• Sasobit – 5/18/06• Sasobit – 5/19/06• Evotherm – 5/22/06• Evotherm – 5/23/06• Aspha-Min – 5/25/06
Federal Highway AdministrationOffice of Pavement TechnologyOffice of Pavement Technology
Sampling
• IMMEDIATE Testing– Next day after manufacture
• Truck bed ≈ every 2hrs of production– Volumetric
• Pb – Ignition• Gmm• Gmb
– SPT; TSR; Hamburg
Federal Highway AdministrationOffice of Pavement TechnologyOffice of Pavement Technology
Sampling
• DELAYED Testing– 2-3 weeks after manufacture
• Truck bed ≈ every 2 hrs of production– Volumetric
• Pb – Ignition• Gmm• Gmb
– SPT; TSR; Hamburg
Federal Highway AdministrationOffice of Pavement TechnologyOffice of Pavement Technology
Sampling
• REHEATED (TFHRC)• 1~2 tons
– 15 – 5 gallon buckets– SPT; TSR; Hamburg
• Nelson Gibson - TFHRC
Federal Highway AdministrationOffice of Pavement TechnologyOffice of Pavement Technology
SGC
• 6 nights - 366 specimens
Federal Highway AdministrationOffice of Pavement TechnologyOffice of Pavement Technology
Dynamic Modulus (E*)
• Test Temperatures– 4.4º C (40º F)– 21.1º C (70º F)– 37.8º C (100º F)– 54.4º C (130º F)
• Frequency Sweep– 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5, 10, 25 Hz
Federal Highway AdministrationOffice of Pavement TechnologyOffice of Pavement Technology
Master Curve – Arrenhius Fit
1
10
100
1000
10000
1.E-10 1.E-08 1.E-06 1.E-04 1.E-02 1.E+00 1.E+02 1.E+04 1.E+06
Reduced Time, sec
E*, k
si
4.4° C 21.1° C37.8° C 54.4° CFit
0.1 Hz1 Hz5 Hz25 Hz
Federal Highway AdministrationOffice of Pavement TechnologyOffice of Pavement Technology
E* - Master CurveHall St, St. Louis, MO
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1.E-09 1.E-07 1.E-05 1.E-03 1.E-01 1.E+01 1.E+03 1.E+05
Reduced Time, sec
E*,
MP
a
Control - ImmediateControl - DelayedControl - Reheated
Federal Highway AdministrationOffice of Pavement TechnologyOffice of Pavement Technology
E* - Master CurveHall St, St. Louis, MO
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1.E-09 1.E-07 1.E-05 1.E-03 1.E-01 1.E+01 1.E+03 1.E+05
Reduced Time, sec
E*,
MP
a
Sasobit - ImmediateSasobit - DelayedSasobit - Reheated
Federal Highway AdministrationOffice of Pavement TechnologyOffice of Pavement Technology
E* - Master CurveHall St, St. Louis, MO
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1.E-09 1.E-07 1.E-05 1.E-03 1.E-01 1.E+01 1.E+03 1.E+05
Reduced Time, sec
E*,
MP
a
Evotherm - ImmediateEvotherm - DelayedEvotherm - Reheated
Federal Highway AdministrationOffice of Pavement TechnologyOffice of Pavement Technology
E* - Master CurveHall St, St. Louis, MO
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1.E-09 1.E-07 1.E-05 1.E-03 1.E-01 1.E+01 1.E+03 1.E+05
Reduced Time, sec
E*,
MP
a
Aspha-Min - ImmediateAspha-Min - DelayedAspha-Min - Reheated
Federal Highway AdministrationOffice of Pavement TechnologyOffice of Pavement Technology
E* - Master CurveI-70, Frisco, CO
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1.E-09 1.E-07 1.E-05 1.E-03 1.E-01 1.E+01 1.E+03 1.E+05
Reduced Time, sec
E*,
MP
a
Control MixAdveraSasobit
Federal Highway AdministrationOffice of Pavement TechnologyOffice of Pavement Technology
E* - Master CurveE. Entrance Rd, Yellowstone, WY
Pb - 5.3%, Mix Design Replication
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1.E-09 1.E-07 1.E-05 1.E-03 1.E-01 1.E+01 1.E+03 1.E+05
Reduced Time, sec
E*,
MP
a
Control Mix Advera
Sasobit
Federal Highway AdministrationOffice of Pavement TechnologyOffice of Pavement Technology
E* - Master CurveE. Entrance Rd, Yellowstone, WY
Average WMA Production
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1.E-09 1.E-07 1.E-05 1.E-03 1.E-01 1.E+01 1.E+03 1.E+05
Reduced Time, sec
E*,
MP
a
Control Mix Advera
Sasobit
Federal Highway AdministrationOffice of Pavement TechnologyOffice of Pavement Technology
Flow Number, Fn
• Test Temperatures– LTTPBind, Version 3.1 Software– Site pavement temperature @ 50% Reliability
• Pvmt Temp, ± 6° C
Federal Highway AdministrationOffice of Pavement TechnologyOffice of Pavement Technology
Flow Number, Fn
Hall Street, St. Louis, MO• Test Temperatures
– 46º C (115º F)– 52º C (126º F)– 58º C (136º F)
• Loading– 600 kPa – Deviator Stress– 0 kPa – Confining Pressure
Federal Highway AdministrationOffice of Pavement TechnologyOffice of Pavement Technology
Flow Number, FnImmediate and Delayed Test Specimens
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Contro
lSas
obit T
1Sas
obit T
2Evo
therm
T1Evo
therm
T2Asp
ha - M
inCon
trol
Sasob
it T1
Sasob
it T2
Evothe
rm T1
Evothe
rm T2
Aspha
- Min
Contro
lSas
obit T
1Sas
obit T
2Evo
therm
T1Evo
therm
T2Asp
ha - M
inFl
ow N
umbe
r, cy
cles
46° C 52° C 58° C
Federal Highway AdministrationOffice of Pavement TechnologyOffice of Pavement Technology
Flow Number, Fn
Immediate and Delayed Test Specimens
0
500
1000
1500
2000
Contro
lSas
obit T
1Sas
obit T
2Evo
therm
T1Evo
therm
T2Asp
ha - M
inCon
trol
Sasob
it T1
Sasob
it T2
Evothe
rm T1
Evothe
rm T2
Aspha
- Min
Contro
lSas
obit T
1Sas
obit T
2Evo
therm
T1Evo
therm
T2Asp
ha - M
in
Tota
l Cyc
les
@ 5
% S
trai
n
46° C 52° C 58° C
Federal Highway AdministrationOffice of Pavement TechnologyOffice of Pavement Technology
Flow Number, Fn
I-70 - Frisco, CO• Test Temperatures
– 36º C (97º F)– 42º C (108º F)– 48º C (118º F)
• Loading– 689 kPa (100 psi) – Deviator Stress– 69 kPa (10 psi) – Confining Pressure
Federal Highway AdministrationOffice of Pavement TechnologyOffice of Pavement Technology
Flow Number, Fn
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Control Advera Sasobit Evotherm
Flow
Num
ber,
cycl
es
36° C 42° C 48° C
Federal Highway AdministrationOffice of Pavement TechnologyOffice of Pavement Technology
Flow Number, Fn
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Control Advera Sasobit Evotherm
Tota
l Cyc
les
@ 5
% S
trai
n
36° C 42° C 48° C
Federal Highway AdministrationOffice of Pavement TechnologyOffice of Pavement Technology
East Entrance Rd - Yellowstone, WY• Test Temperatures
– 46º C (115º F)– 52º C (126º F)– 58º C (136º F)
• Loading– 689 kPa (100 psi) – Deviator Stress– 69 kPa (10 psi) – Confining Pressure
Flow Number, Fn
Federal Highway AdministrationOffice of Pavement TechnologyOffice of Pavement Technology
Flow Number, Fn
Federal Highway AdministrationOffice of Pavement TechnologyOffice of Pavement Technology
Findings
• Immediate vs Delayed Testing– Evotherm & Aspha-Min
• Performance testing - delayed after specimen manufacture
– Sasobit• Performance testing can be conducted
immediately after specimen manufacture
Federal Highway AdministrationOffice of Pavement TechnologyOffice of Pavement Technology
Courtesy of the FHWA Mobile Asphalt Laboratories
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