water sanitation techniques
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7/23/2019 Water Sanitation Techniques
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Water Purification Techniques
• Boiling
• Sunlight Exposure• Chlorination
• Flocculation
• Filtration - Straining• Three-Pot Treatment
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Boiling
• Equipment/Skill equire!"
# Water container
# $ntense heat # fuel %&oo!' gas' etc( # Prefera)l* a fuel efficient sto+e
# ,ust )e a)le to pro!uce heat
• Process"
# Water shoul! )e place! in a container an! heate! until )oiling
# The &ater shoul! )e allo&e! to )oil for at least . minutes
# 0nce coole! the &ater &ill )e rea!* to use
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Boiling
• 1!+antages
# Simple an! effecti+e metho! of purification
# Will kill man* &ater)orne )acteria through the intenseheat
# 2ses local a+aila)le materials
• 3isa!+antages
# Can sometimes )e !ifficult' time consuming' an! cost inefficient )ecause of the high +olume of fuel use!
# Will not remo+e mu! from 4murk*5 &ater
# Will not remo+e suspen!e! or !issol+e! compoun!s
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Sunlight Exposure
• Equipment/Skill equire!"
# 3isposa)le clear plastic )ottles %glass )ottles shoul! not )e use! as the* !o not letenough sunlight into the &ater(
# Bright sunlight
• Process"
# Fill a clean )ottle' lea+ing a quarter empt*
# Put the top on an! shake the )ottle for 6 secon!s
# The )ottle! shoul! then )e left in sunlight%usuall* on the roof of *our home( for one !a*
%or t&o !a*s if the sk* is clou!*(
# 3rink the &ater straight from the )ottle to a+oi!cross-contamination
# $n the rain* season' paint one si!e of the )ottle )lack
This &ill increase the &ater temperature quicker
# The painte! si!e shoul! )e place! un!erneath
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Sunlight Exposure
• 1!+antages"
# 7ills harmful )acteria an! pathogens
# Simple' con+enient an! inexpensi+e # $f use! correctl*' the &ater is as clean as )oile! &ater
# Will not change the taste of &ater
• 3isa!+antages"
# Will not remo+e mu! from 4murk*5 &ater
# 1 8-.6 hour &aiting perio!
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Chlorination
• Equipment/skill require!"
# 9ousehol! )leach
# Water +essel # Stirrer
# Clearest &ater possi)le
• Process"
# Boil the &ater for : minutes
# 1!! the )leach to &ater
# Stir thoroughl*
# ;et it stan! for at least < minutes
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Chlorination
• 1!+antages"
# Eas* to use metho! of chemical purification of &ater
# Effecti+e at killing )acteria an! +iruses # $nexpensi+e
• 3isa!+antages"
# =ot effecti+e at killing all parasites # Complex compoun!s can form &ith organic material &hich o+er
time can )e ha>ar!ous to health
# $t is )est to use the &ater in a shorter perio! of time an! store it ina plastic container in a cool an! sha!e! place
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Coagulation an!
Flocculation• Equipment/skill require!"
# 1 coagulant %ex aluminium sulphate(
# Some skill/training
# 6 +essels # Stirrer
# Filter # a cloth
• Process"
# 1!! a coagulant to &ater an! stir rapi!l* # 1llo& to stan! for some time' an! continuousl* stir slo&l* to form
large flocs
# The forme! flocs clean the &ater )* attracting pathogens an! other
microorganisms
# emo+e the flocs using filtration an! )e careful to not re-contaminate the &ater
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Coagulation an!
Flocculation
• 1!+antages" # Pro+en re!uction of +iruses' )acteria' proto>oa
# Pestici!e an! hea+* metal remo+al # Simple technolog* an! use
• 3isa!+antages"
# ,a* )e toxic if use! improperl* # Coul! )e more expensi+e an! complicate! than other
metho!s !ue to increase! num)er of require! materials an!skill
# equires multiple steps
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Filtration -Straining
• Equipment/skill require!"
# Porous )arrier" cost an! efficienc* !epen!s on the )arrier" clean&o+en fi)ers %cotton cloth' linen' others( ,oringa tree see! press
cake' ceramic filter # Water +essel
• Process"
# Fix the )arrier on top of the &ater +essel
# $f using cloth it shoul! )e fol!e! ?-@ times to create a thicker )arrier
# Pour &ater through the )arrier into the +essel' trapping soli!s an! particles on top of the )arrier
# Take care to onl* allo& filtere! &ater to reach the )ucket
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Settling
• ;etting &ater collecte! !uring the !a* settle o+er night can )e an
effecti+e &a* of impro+ing the clearness of &ater )* re!ucing tur)it*
%+er* murk* &ater( an! is a cheap alternati+e to san! filtering
• 9o&e+er *ou must lea+e un!istur)e! for a sufficient perio! of time%at least . hours(' out of sunlight %at night(' in a seale! container is
)est
• Warning: Must be used in conjunction with Filtering. This is only
a pre-treatment to make Filtering more effective
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esources courtes* of 9ealth E!ucation to Aillagers' http"//het+org/resources/safe&ater/manual/ch:htmfigure:
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Filtering Water with !loth
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esources courtes* of 9ealth E!ucation to Aillagers' http"//het+org/resources/safe&ater/manual/ch:htmfigure:
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Filtration -Straining
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Filtration -Straining
• 1!+antages" # Cost effecti+e
# $mme!iate access to &ater
# Filters out all particles that are larger than the pores in the )arrier
# Can )e cleane! an! reuse!
# 3oes not alter taste of &ater
• 3isa!+antages" # 3oes not guarantee remo+al of all +irus particles an! infectious
contaminants' chemicals' pollutants' chemicals an! poor tastes
# Shoul! not )e use! as a sole purification metho!
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Three-Pot Treatment
• Equipment/skill require!"
# < &ater +essels/pots for processingD . for collection of !irt* &ater an! . forcollection of clean &ater
# if possi)le - a flexi)le pipe to siphon &ater as it !istur)s se!iment less than pouring
# if possi)le - a cloth or an* filtration )arrier
• Process"
# Pour &ater into the first pot %pouring it through cloth increases efficienc*(
# ;et the &ater settle for as man* hours as possi)le # a length of ust one !a* ckill of more than : of most )acteria
# Pour &ater into a secon! pot' let it settle again
# Then pour into the thir! pot an! let it settle again
# 3rinking &ater is !ra&n from the thir! pot onl*
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Three-Pot Treatment
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Three-Pot Treatment
• 1!+antages" # Cost effecti+e
# Eas* to use an! maintain # Bacterial contamination le+els !ecrease through
settlement an! o+er time
• 3isa!+antages" # 3oes not guarantee complete remo+al of some )acteria
an! micro-organisms
# Coul! take a fe& !a*s to treat &ater
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