· web viewbibliography: land degradation in south africa project. the following comprises a...
Post on 26-Dec-2019
5 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bibliography: Land Degradation in South Africa project
The following comprises a reference list of over 2200 entries relevant to the
subject of desertification and land degradation in South Africa. It was
produced as part of a collaborative project undertaken by the National Botanical
Institute and the Programme for Land and Agrarian Studies; acknowledging the
contributions of Environmental Monitoring Group, the Department of Environmental
Affairs and Tourism and the Department of Agriculture.
The original reference database is available in Reference Manager V.7.0
(Research Information Systems) format.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ref ID : 1593
1. Anonymous Combat desertification. Pretoria:National Department of
Agriculture. , 1919.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT; DESERTIFICATION CONTROL
Notes : This is a brief, easily readable pamphlet outlining: the definition of
desertification; what are its causes; its effects and how to combat it.
Ref ID : 2082
2. Anonymous Plant invaders: beautiful but dangerous. Stirton, C. Cape
Town:Department of Nature and Environmental Conservation, Provincial
Administration. , 1978.
Reprint : Not in File,
Ref ID : 2032
3. Anonymous Biology and Ecology of Weeds, The Hague:Junk, 1982.
Reprint : Not in File,
Ref ID : 1505
4. Anonymous Settlement in Botswana and the historical development of a human
landscape, Gaberone:Botswana Society & Heinemann, 1982.
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : BOTSWANA; ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY
Ref ID : 144
5. Anonymous Agriculture. In: Strategy and guidelines for the physical
development of the republic of Ciskei. edited by Page, D. 1982,p. 130-155.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT; COMMUNAL AREA; CISKEI; EASTERN CAPE;
SAVANNA; GRASSLAND; LAND USE
Notes : In this chapter the rural land use, production figures and general
characteristics of agriculture are described as well as the development schemes
presently underway.
Ref ID : 886
6. Anonymous Population growth and resource demands. In: Environmental concerns
in South Africa, edited by Fuggle, R.F. and Rabie, M.A.Cape Town:Juta & Co, Ltd,
1983,p. 23-29.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : POPULATION; CARRYING CAPACITY
Ref ID : 2161
7. Anonymous Invasive alien organisms in the terrestrial ecosystems of the
fynbos biome, South Africa. Macdonald, I.A.W. and Jarman, M.L. Pretoria:Council
for Scientific and Industrial Research. 85, 1984.
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : FYNBOS
Notes : South African National Scientific Programmes report no. 85, Council for
Scientific and Industrial Research.
Ref ID : 890
8. Anonymous The extent of infestations and past control operations for two
groups of woody invasive species. In: Management of invasive alien plants in the
fynbos biome, edited by Macdonald, I.A.W., Jarman, M.L., and Beeston,
P.Pretoria:Foundation for Research Development, 1985,p. 97-131.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : ALIEN PLANTS; DESERTIFICATION CONTROL; MAPS
Notes : The extent of alien infestations throughout the whole biome has never
been measured. Estimates of the extent of infestations of particular alien
species within portions of the biome have been made using aerial photographs and
ground surveys. Most of these surveys lack comparability, particularly in
respect of the minimum density which is considered to constitute an infestation.
Estimates have been made of the total extent of infestations within the biome
but these vary widely and are generally imprecisely defined. The latest
vegetation map of the biome shows transformed areas but does not discriminate
between dense alien infestations, plantations, agricultural fields and urban
areas. Low density infestations are not distinguished from natural vegetation.
In order to critically evaluate the current extent of infestation it is
necessary to know the extent of past control measures. In this workshop, an
attempt is made to develop a first biome-wide assessment of the extent of
infestations and of past control measures.
Ref ID : 626
9. Anonymous The karoo biome: a preliminary synthesis. Part 1 - physical
environment. South African National Scientific Programmes Report. Cowling, R.M.,
Roux, P.W., and Pieterse, A.J.H. Pretoria:Foundation for Research Development.
124:ii-115, 1986. This report, the first of three volumes, forms part of the
Karoo Biome Project. One of the aims is to synthesize existing knowledge of the
Karoo biome and so provide a foundation for further research in areas where it
is considered necessary. It is a multi-authored publication covering a wide
range of topics. This first volume summarizes what is currently known on the
physical environment of the biome; namely geology, soils, climate, hydrology,
geohydrology and soil erosion. Other aspects of the karoo biome will be covered
in the succeeding volumes.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : SOIL EROSION; NAMA KAROO; SUCCULENT KAROO; CLIMATE; SOIL NUTRIENTS;
HYDROLOGY; EROSION
Ref ID : 2049
10. Anonymous The ecology and management of biological invasions in southern
Africa, South Africa:Oxford University Press, 1986.
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : SOUTHERN AFRICA
Ref ID : 221
11. Anonymous The karoo biome: a preliminary synthesis. Part 2 - vegetation and
history. South African National Scientific Programmes Report. Cowling, R.M. and
Roux, P.W. Pretoria:Foundation for Research Development. 142:ii-133, 1987. This
volume is the second in a series of syntheses of existing knowledge of the karoo
biome. The first volume summarized what is currently known on the physical
environment of the biome namely geology, soils, climate, hydrology, geohydrology
and soil erosion. The focus of this volume is vegetation and its history.
Included are chapters on vegetation physiognomy, plant growth, vegetation
change, photogeography, palaeo-ecology, palaeontology and archaeology.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : SOIL EROSION; NAMA KAROO; SUCCULENT KAROO; ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY;
ARCHAEOLOGY; STOCKING RATE; ALIEN PLANTS; GRAZING EFFECTS; KAROO
DESERTIFICATION; VELD MANAGEMENT; CLIMATE; HYDROLOGY; EROSION; VEGETATION CHANGE
Ref ID : 2009
12. Anonymous Biological invasions. A global perspective. Chichester, UK:John
Wiley & Sons, 1988.
Reprint : Not in File,
Ref ID : 382
13. Anonymous An erosion hazard assessment technique for Ciskei.Rhodes
University. , 1989. Doctoral Dissertation.
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : SOIL EROSION; COMMUNAL AREA; EASTERN CAPE; CISKEI
Ref ID : 1507
14. Anonymous The shaping of South African society 1652 - 1840, Cape Town:Maskew
Miller, 1989.
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : POPULATION; POVERTY; BETTERMENT PLANNING
Ref ID : 2256
15. Anonymous Veld management in the Eastern Cape, Pretoria:Department of
Agriculture and Water Supply, 1989.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : VELD MANAGEMENT; EASTERN CAPE
Ref ID : 956
16. Anonymous Proceedings of the SARCCUS workshop on drought, June 1989, held
under the auspices of the SARCCUS Subcommittee for Agrometeorology and
Climatology. du Pisanie, A.L.Anonymous Pretoria:Southern African Regional
Commission for the Conservation and Utilisation of the Soil (SARCCUS). :1-63,
1990. Long term climate prediction based on the physical laws of nature remains
the ultimate goal of meteorologists. Progress has been slow but is promising
and some work on long term rainfall oscillations over southern Africa may be
used to predict rainfall anomalies on an decadel time scale. The relationship
between rainfall anomalies over SA and the phase of the Southern Oscillation
(SO) provided the stimulus for extensive research with the express purpose of
providing seasonal summer rainfall predictions. The first of these, valid for
the period December to March, were issued during October 1986. The predictions
referred to areas over central SA. Further drought was predicted for the
1986/87 summer season while normal to above normal rainfall conditions were
predicted for the next two summer seasons. The reliability of these predictions
are discussed. 06-1989.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : DROUGHT; SOIL EROSION; CLIMATE; RAINFALL; SOUTHERN AFRICA
Ref ID : 1298
17. Anonymous Giong Green: people, politics and the enviroment in South Africa.
Cape Town:Oxford University Press, 1991.pp. 1-262.
Reprint : Not in File,
Notes : availible in N.B.I. library.
Ref ID : 1297
18. Anonymous A harvest of discontent: the land question in South Africa, Cape
Town:IDASA, 1991.pp. 1-274.
Reprint : Not in File,
Notes : availible at E.R.C. library.
Ref ID : 1296
19. Anonymous Restoring the land: enviroment and change in post-apartheid South
Africa. London:Panos, 1991.pp. 1-216.
Reprint : Not in File,
Notes : availible in nbi library.
Ref ID : 1300
20. Anonymous Dune forrest dynamics in relation to land-use practices. Everard,
D.A. and Von Maltitz, G.Anonymous Pretoria:Foundation for Research Development.
:1-171, 1991. 0-7988-4952-5.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : LAND USE
Notes : availible in N.B.I library.
Ref ID : 548
21. Anonymous Dune forest dynamics in relation to land use practices:
environmental forum report. Everard, D.A. and Von Maltitz, G.
Pretoria:Foundation for Research Development. , 1991.
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : VEGETATION DYNAMICS; LAND USE; VEGETATION CHANGE
Ref ID : 602
22. Anonymous A harvest of discontent: the land question in South Africa, Cape
Town:IDASA, 1991.
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : LAND REFORM; POLITICAL ASPECTS
Ref ID : 230
23. Anonymous Restoring the land. Environment and change in post-apartheid
South Africa, London:Panos, 1991.
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : RESTORATION; ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY; POLITICAL ASPECTS; LAND REFORM
Notes : See articles by Jacklyn Cock and Francis Wilson.
Ref ID : 834
24. Anonymous Going green: People, politics and the environment in South Africa,
Cape Town:Oxford University Press, 1991.
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY; POLITICAL ASPECTS; LABOUR; POLICY;
CONSERVATION; SOIL EROSION; EROSION; LAND REFORM; SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE;
MODELS; SUBSIDIES
Notes : The uncertainty and risks of change have contributed to the resistance
to sustainable agriculture. Farmers using the biological methods will need
expert advice on the timing of planting, cultivating, watering and pest control.
Sustainable methods might imply new crops and new machinery, or require better
trained labour. Farmers are unlikely to make these changes if there is no
research evidence that these methods will be successful. Farmers need economic
incentives too. What is required is not only a change in farming methods, but a
change in the economic policies which govern agriculture. Present research and
support services are geared to large-scale single crop farming. Tax incentives
and pricing policies favour large farmers, not small ones. It is a political
necessity to rethink agriculture to make it more sustainable. Much needs to be
done to convert unprofitable cropland to pastures, to cut down animal numbers in
many areas to match grazing capacity, and to use high potential land more
effectively, especially land in the 'homelands'. Appropriate crops need to be
investigated - for example, is surgarcane the best crop for the highly
productive Natal coast? Overall, attention must be paid to environmental
conservation and the prevention of soil erosion. Sustainable agricultural
methods are also politically desirable because they will create more employment.
They are better suited to poorer farmers, since they are labour-intensive and
require low cash inputs. Introduction of sustainable methods should therefore
be part and parcel of land reform as we move towards a more democratic society.
Having sustainable agriculture as a farming policy will mean that more small
farmers, many of them poor rural people, can make a living and a contribution to
the country's agriculture. However, farmers lacking in resources will not
automatically take up the methods of sustainable agriculture without incentives
and training. The present model of 'success' will lead them to try to imitate
methods of the richer, large-scale farmers of today. To gain widespread
acceptance of sustainable methods, state subsidies need to be redirected, new
research must be undertaken and extension workers retrained. Only this will
result in the popularization of sustainable agricultural systems.
Ref ID : 954
25. Anonymous Guidelines for land-use planning in communal areas in the SARCCUS
region. Wood, P.C.Southern African Regional Commission for the Conservation of
and Utilisation of the Soil (SARCCUS). :1-24, 1992.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : LAND USE; COMMUNAL AREA; SOUTHERN AFRICA; SOIL EROSION
Notes : This article concludes with the following. In undertaking land-use
planning projects SARCCUS members all broadly adhere to the planning procedures
as contained in the various SARCCUS recommendations, especially recommendation
4/1982. It is, however, important to note that a very significant change in
approach to land-use planning has taken place in the region as indicated by the
various papers on land-use planning in communal areas presented at the 15th
regular meeting of CONLUP in 1988. Very definite emphasis is now placed on the
need for and the responsibility of communities to be involved in their own
development right from the onset. This applies to all phases of the planning
exercise from identifying planning and development needs, through the survey,
design, planning and execution phases, to the on-going evaluation, review and
maintenance phases. Development and the associated land-use planning should be
viewed mainly as a community responsibility with government playing a
facilitating and supportive role.
Ref ID : 549
26. Anonymous Guidelines for landuse planning in communal areas in the SARCCUS
region: summary report on the theme session of the Fifteenth Regular Meeting of
the SARCCUS standing Committee for Conservation and Land-Use Planning (CONLUP):
Botswana 24-28 October 1988. Wood, P.C. Pretoria:SARRCUS. , 1992.
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : SOIL EROSION; LAND USE; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; PRODUCTION POTENTIAL
Ref ID : 523
27. Anonymous Geography in a changing South Africa, Cape Town:Oxford University
Press, 1992.pp. 1-306.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : LAND USE
Notes : During the 1980s a number of journal articles drew attention to the
nature of changes and controversies taking place within South African geography.
Nevertheless, no comprehensive book-length study was produced on this particular
theme. One goal of this essay collection is to fill this void by furnishing an
overarching perspective on recent disciplinary changes. More especially, what
is undertaken is a reflection on those changes through the lens of the new post-
apartheid era which opened as a result of the De Klerk reforms of the early
1990s. As such, this book hopes to contribute further to the important project
begun in the 1980s of decolonising the teaching and research agendas of South
African geography. For the international geographical audience, the aim in this
collection is to provide a comprehensive survey of the progress and contemporary
directions of local research. It is hoped that the readership abroad will be
stimulated by the indigenization of South African geography, which involves a
loosening of the traditional ties to the Anglo-American branch of the
discipline. Not only have conditions and the ground changed considerably in SA
during the 1970s and 1980s, but geographical perspectives on those conditions
have also been metamorphosed in the heat of political transformation.
Ref ID : 2189
28. Anonymous Fire in South African mountain fynbos: ecosystem, community and
species response at Swartboskloof, Berlin:Springer-Verlag, 1992.
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : FIRE; FYNBOS
Ref ID : 1532
29. Anonymous Common property resources and the rural poor in sub-Saharan
Africa. Centre for Development Cooperation Services. Amserdam:Free University,
Amserdam. , 1992.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : POVERTY; FOREST; RURAL DEVELOPMENT; IRRIGATION; SOCIOECONOMIC
ASPECTS; LAND DEGRADATION; LAND TENURE; ECONOMIC ASPECTS; FAUNA; WATER QUALITY;
POLICY; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS; GENDER ASPECTS;
GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES
Notes : This draft report was prepared for IFAD by the Centre for Development
Cooperation Services of the Free University, Amsterdam. It was found that there
is a causal link between environmental degradation and rural poverty in Africa.
Further, common property resources (CPR) in this relationship were identified.
The essence of CPR is tenure and common property regimes may become styled into
different forms of management, for better or worse. Different property regimes
can be characterised in a macroeconomic sense and there are plausible economic
reasons why they differ, based on the costs and benefits associated with each.
Apart from environmental degradation of the resource base, CPRs are under threat
for a number of reasons. The environmental threat is grave, and emanates from a
number of sources. There remains a strong rationale for building on the
tradition of CPRs where these still show signs of life - indeed, there is often
no sensible alternative. Forest resources are of particular importance to the
rural poor. Wildlife resources have only a limited and largely unrealised
contribution to rural development in sub-Saharan Africa. Provision of improved
water supply and the establishment of irrigation schemes have rarely met
development expectations. Both artisanal coastal and inland fisheries provide
valuable resources for great numbers of the rural poor. An intricate process of
social engineering is necessary to erect or reinforce the necessary CPR
management structures on the shifting sands of contemporary African society.
Successful support to sustainable CPR management depends on an understanding of
how to create or reinforce viable CPR institutions and an understanding of the
roles and requirements of the different participants in CPR use and management.
Indigenous CPR management institutions depend on a degree of social stability
for their successful operation. While there is little argument in theory about
the viability of CPRs, there can be less confidence about their ability to
function in contemporary socio-economic conditions. Women are key participants
in CPR sectors, but current trends are constricting their access to these
resources and are forcing them to over-exploit those they can still reach. In
many respect, the role of the State must be to disengage itself from CPR
management and then re-engage itself in a more supportive manner, facilitating
institutional development and communication at the community level. Analysis of
the primary CPR sectors suggests that an integrated approach to rural
environment and production will normally be the most effective way of achieving
sustainable progress. In order to achieve true participation, rather than
merely paying lip service to the idea, such programmes need to be sensitive,
flexible and long term in duration.
Ref ID : 1535
30. Anonymous Report of the UNEP/FAO expert meeting on harmonising land cover
and land use classifications. Earthwatch Global Environmental Monitoring System.
UNEP. Geneva:UNEP. , 1993.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : LAND USE; MONITORING; INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS; VEGETATION DYNAMICS;
DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT; MODELS
Notes : There is a major interest in and need for better information on land
cover and land use and on the interrelations between them at global, regional,
national and local levels, both within and across disciplines. Many actors are
already involved in harmonising land cover and land use data collection and
classifications. UNEP and FAO organised this expert meeting to catalyse further
coordinated action towards such harmonisation efforts. Introductory
presentations were given on general, globally applicable principles related to
classifications, including draft land use classification prepared for the
meeting through a UNEP/FAO consultancy contract, followed by national
presentations on activities, interests and needs related to classifications at
national level. Four groups of cross-cutting issues emerged from these
discussions which were dealt with in more detail, after which suggestions for
follow-up action were formulated. The four cross-cutting issues were: users and
applications; land use and land cover, including change; data sources,
collection and spatial frameworks; and basis for definitions and
classifications.
Ref ID : 2258
31. Anonymous Range ecology at disequilibrium: new models of natural variability
and pastoral adaptation in African savannas, London:Overseas Development
Institute, 1993.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : MODELS; SAVANNA
Ref ID : 1538
32. Anonymous Desertification control programme activity centre: success stories
in desertification control. UNEP. 1993.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : DESERTIFICATION CONTROL; INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS
Notes : In the last decade, many national regional and international projects
have been launched in many parts of the world, with the aim of controlling
dryland degradation (desertification). Much has been heard about the projects
which have failed, but there have also been successful projects which have
contributed substantially to the control of dryland degradation
(desertification), which unfortunately have received much less attention. If
these 'successes' could be better publicised, these positive experiences could
contribute tremendously to educate people in more effective desertification
control. This could not only answer the question of what can be done, but also
help create a renewed mood of confidence that the problem of desertification can
be conquered. With this in mind, a sample format is attached. In response,
First "Saving the Drylands" awards highlight eight outstanding contributions to
combating desertification (1995), is attached. A further project, the "Jhanwar
Watershed Project: Evaluation Report" is also attached.
Ref ID : 1068
33. Anonymous Monitoring requirements for fynbos management: a collaborative
report of the Fynbos Forum Group. FRD Programme Series No11. Marais, C. and
Richardson, D.M. Pretoria:Foundation for Research Development. :1-136, 1993.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : FYNBOS; VELD CONDITION; ALIEN PLANTS; MONITORING; BIBLIOGRAPHY;
LEGISLATION
Notes : A two-day workshop was convened during March 1993 by the Fynbos Forum on
the topic of "Monitoring Requirements for Fynbos Management". The following is
a brief summary of the conclusions reached at the workshop. The working groups
felt that monitoring programs should be comprehensive but standardized. The
development of programs should be directly linked to formal goals, priorities
and requirements of user agencies such as CNC and the Department of Agriculture.
There was consensus between the groups that there is a need for a data catalogue
- a document that details the status, availability and locality of currently
available data sets that could be used for monitoring. Many participants knew
of data sets that have not been analysed and others that had been analysed but
not used or interpreted. The need for such a catalogue as a reference was
therefore identified. The proposed catalogue should be of such a nature that it
can be used as a working tool for managers. It was felt that an update of
fynbos literature should be included in the data catalogue. Once the catalogue
has been drawn up, it can be decided who will analyze the data that has not been
analysed, and how. The following needs were identified for the future: (1) an
inventory of all monitoring efforts; (2) monitoring should be 'monitored' to
evaluate methods, standards, techniques etc.; (3) a bibliography of projects
that have used surveying techniques, which could be used in monitoring programs;
(4) a co-ordinating institution or person, should be appointed to co-ordinate
all monitoring programs, or link up with such programs in the Fynbos region; (5)
client needs should be investigated. What does the public want and what can the
environment offer?; (6) the success of environmental education programs should
be monitored to evaluate the benefit of the effect of these programs on the
environment; and (7) it was felt that new legislation should make provision for
monitoring of the environment. A resolution was adopted by the Meeting stating
that the Foundation for Research Development (FRD) should be approached by the
Fynbos Forum to fund a project for the drawing up of a data catalogue. It was
felt that this is necessary to eliminate duplication and to assist in
identifying new research and monitoring projects. The catalogue will also put
the forum in a position to link up with the national monitoring program.
Ref ID : 1170
34. Anonymous Livestock production systems: principles and practice, Brooklyn,
South Africa:Agri-Development Foundation, 1993.pp. 1-403.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION; FARMING SYSTEMS
Ref ID : 1293
35. Anonymous Community perspectives on land and agrarian reform in South
Africa. Levine, R. and Weiner, D. University of the Witwatersrand:Johannesburg.
, 1994. Final report to the MacArthur Foundation.
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : COMMUNAL AREA; INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS; LAND REFORM
Ref ID : 1536
36. Anonymous Desertification treaty on the way. Science News 146(19):303(1),
1994.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : POPULATION; DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT; DESERTIFICATION CONTROL
Notes : The article reports that UNEP estimates that the welfare of up to 900
million persons may be in jeopardy from desertification. A worldwide growth of
dry lands also threatens many species with extinction. Hoping to slow or even
reverse desertification, representatives of 87 nations signed a convention in
Paris on October 14 and 15. First proposed at the June 1992 Earth Summit in Rio
de Janeiro, this document will become an international treaty when ratified by
50 of these countries.
Ref ID : 1173
37. Anonymous Kleinveesiektes/Livestock illnesses, Cape Town:Tafelberg, 1994.pp.
1-201.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION
Ref ID : 131
38. Anonymous WISE land use symposium. Proceedings of a workshop held on the 26-
27 October 1995. de Villiers, M.C.Anonymous Pretoria, South Africa:Agricultural
Research Council: The Institute for Soil, Climate & Water. :1-118, 1995.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : LAND USE; CLIMATE; MONITORING; REMOTE SENSING
Notes : This conference was concluded with the following paragraph: "The
research effort already put into development of water balance modelling, soil
water modelling, vegetative stress techniques and variable climate management
and monitoring could be largely lost if a concerted effort were not put into
making this information available to the farmers, agricultural managers and
planners. Here decision support would be various analytical tools that provide
an integrated framework to test management options at the individual farm level.
Economic trends, with financial management options would give farmers and
managers valuable alternatives for a scientifically formulated management
strategy. These systems should draw on the best available information. Remote
sensing techniques, with its monitoring facility, coupled with a real time
meteorological network, is well suited to play a vital role in the farmers' and
agricultural managers' campaign to make full and productive use of all available
resources in the formulation and functioning of management programmes.".
Ref ID : 107
39. Anonymous Proceedings of the National Research and Development Workshop on
the Assessment and Monitoring of desertification in South Africa. A report from
a National Workshop held in Pretoria, South Africa, 10-12 October 1995.
Badenhorst, N.Anonymous Pretoria:The Institute for Soil, Climate & Water. :1-
112, 1995. 10-10-1995.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT; MONITORING
Notes : Although it is well acknowledged that desertification is an extremely
diverse subject encompassing multidisciplinary facets like social sciences,
human dimensions, as well as economic, political and educational issues, the
scope of this workshop was to address issues pertaining to the natural resources
side of desertification specifically. The objectives were: to review current
knowledge on the status, extent and trends of desertification in South Africa
with emphasis on the following natural resources -vegetation, soils and water;
to facilitate networking of researchers involved in desertification studies; to
identify research and development priorities for addressing desertification; and
to discuss the implementation of operational monitoring and early warning
systems.
Ref ID : 1531
40. Anonymous Monitoring Environmental Progress.Anonymous Washington:The
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. , 1995.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : MONITORING; POLICY; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; POLITICAL ASPECTS
Notes : The empirical base for decision-making regarding environmentally
sustainable development is weak. This report arose from the realisation by the
World Bank that little was being done to improve the situation in ways that
would respond to policymakers' concerns. Despite some early work, there was
little prospect of policy relevant indicators even some years down the road.
The World Bank was a user rather than a compiler of indicators. Nevertheless,
it considered the issue important enough to play a more proactive role by
ensuring proper communication between users and compilers. To that end,
meetings were convened and studies were commissioned in particular areas. This
report spotlights the brighter picture that emerged for users, thanks to
unprecedented collaboration among international agencies, national authorities,
non-governmental organisations and academics active in this area.
Ref ID : 392
41. Anonymous Serving small-scale farmers: An evaluation of the DBSA farmer
support programmes, Johannesburg:Development Bank of Southern Africa, 1995.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION
Ref ID : 1534
42. Anonymous Report of the UNEP/RIVM workshop on UNEP's pilot global
environmental outlook project focusing on land degradation and food production.
Environment Assessment Programme. UNEP. Bilthoven:UNEP. , 1995.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : LAND DEGRADATION; MODELS; INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS; ENERGY
Notes : Conclusions and recommendations included findings on data issues; scale
issues; model/approach issues; and driving forces, processes and indicators.
Ref ID : 126
43. Anonymous Report of the ESA Working Group on Land Degradation. Arbuthnot,
J.D. Pretoria, South Africa:Department of Agriculture. :1-74, 1995.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : LAND DEGRADATION; DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT; DIRECTORY
Ref ID : 1175
44. Anonymous Desert Margins Initiative: an integrated national, regional, and
international research program for developing sustainable natural resource
management options to combat land degradation in sub-Saharan Africa.
Consolidated report on national workshops in South Africa, Kenya, Mali, Namibia,
Burkina Faso, Senegal, Zimbabwe, Niger, and Botswana, Niamey,
Niger:International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics
(ICRISAT), 1996.pp. 1-229.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT; LAND DEGRADATION; DESERTIFICATION CONTROL
Ref ID : 2044
45. Anonymous Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Low, A.B. and
Rebelo, A.G. Pretoria:Department of Environment Affairs and Tourism. , 1996.
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : LESOTHO; SWAZILAND
Ref ID : 1103
46. Anonymous Water resources in Southern Africa: constraints to development.
Proceedings of a symposium hosted by the Southern African Institute of
Ecologists and Environmental Scientists on 24 May 1996 in the Senate Hall at
UNISA in Pretoria. Davis, G.Anonymous :1-24, 1996.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : WATER CONSERVATION
Notes : The process of water availability, supply, quality and various
management options available are discussed. Some attempt is made to resolve the
fundamental dilemma by providing the following suggestions: technocratic
approaches alone do not provide long-term solutions; 'superficial' public
participation will fail; comprehensive and effective sharing is required; the
roles of stakeholders must be clarified and communicated; and there is a need to
create the capacity amongst stakeholders for effective participation.
Ref ID : 149
47. Anonymous Economic implications of different land use regimes in the Mhala
district. 1996.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : LAND USE; ECONOMIC ASPECTS; SOUTHERN AFRICA; CONSERVATION
Notes : This study was commissioned by the Development Bank of Southern Africa.
Abstract : This study focused mainly on the analysis of the different land use
options available to the people at the perimeter of Game Reserves in Mhala.
Impacts of the current land use options on the livelihood of the people involved
were quantified and future possible land use alternatives were analysed against
some criteria. Communal households perform poorly with regard to general
welfare of their members. Households with lower welfare positions are bigger
and own less livestock. These households support communal ownership of all
land. If something is not done to their general welfare, it will have
disastrous ripple effects for future generations. The wealthier respondents are
in favour of agricultural schemes for a selected few and of the enforcement of
rotational grazing. The Uthla commercial land use regime alternative succeeds
to support its households with larger incomes, but at the expense of those from
whom land was taken away. The Seville scheme has a positive impact on income
per household, but performs poorly per adult equivalent. Both schemes are highly
subsidised. A combination of communal and conservation land use alternatives
was found to be the best land use alternative through which the communities'
welfare will be maximised and the environment conserved.
Ref ID : 142
48. Anonymous Consultative process for Desert White Paper in South Africa. The
Circular on Desertification (15):5, 1996.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : POLICY; UN CONVENTION
Ref ID : 106
49. Anonymous Inventory of desertification projects in South Africa. Badenhorst,
N.C.Anonymous Pretoria, South Africa:The Institute for Soil, Climate & Water.
:1-49, 1996.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : DIRECTORY; MONITORING
Notes : This document is a summary of a questionnaire on desertification related
research conducted by participants in a workshop entitled "National Research and
Development Workshop on the Assessment and Monitoring of Desertification in
South Africa" held in Pretoria on 10-12 October 1995.
Ref ID : 130
50. Anonymous Agricultural land reform policies for the Northern Province. Land
Management and Rural Development Programme. de Villiers, A. Sovenga, South
Africa:University of the North. 1:iii-54, 1996. Political policies from the
previous government on the ownership and use of land led to a highly skewed
distribution of rural land in South Africa. Within the Northern Province the
policy of separate development resulted in the emergence of two distinct rural
worlds of large-scale commercial white farming, and subsistence black farming in
the former homelands. The land reform programme faces the challenge of
addressing political injustices of the past without damaging the productive
capacity of commercial agriculture. Land reform should thus focus on both equity
and production objectives. The report provides an overview of the present
political and legal framework for land reform in South Africa. The practical
experiences with land reform in Zimbabwe over the past fifteen years provide
useful lessons for South Africa. Note is taken of a range of viewpoints on land
reform issues from four interest groups in the Northern Province. A number of
policy issues affecting land reform are analysed, namely, the restoration of
land rights, market assisted land redistribution, the role of land tax, farm
size and production efficiency, guidelines for farmer settlement, and options
for land tenure reform. Finally, guidelines on the access to resources and
opportunities, maintenance of production capacity, conservation of natural
resources, and diverse land tenure arrangements, are used to formulate policy
proposals on land restitution, land redistribution, settlement of new farmers,
and land tenure reform for the Northern Province.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : LAND REFORM; AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT; NORTHERN PROVINCE; RURAL
DEVELOPMENT; POLICY; COMMUNAL AREA; SAVANNA
Ref ID : 536
51. Anonymous Global climate change and South Africa, Cleveland:Environmental
Scientific Association, 1996.-160.
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : CLIMATE CHANGE
Ref ID : 2259
52. Anonymous Vegetation in southern Africa, Cambridge:Cambridge University
Press, 1997.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : SOUTHERN AFRICA
Ref ID : 1105
53. Anonymous Maputaland: Focus on the Quaternary evolution of the south-east
African coastal plain. Field guide and abstracts, INQUA Commission on Quaternary
Shorelines, Africa subcommission workshop, 19-26 April 1997,
Pietermaritzburg:Council for Geoscience, 1997.pp. iii-104.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : PALAEOENVIRONMENTS; SAVANNA; KWAZULU NATAL
Notes : The concept of a multidisciplinary workshop on the coastal plain region
has been mooted for some time, but it was the availability of INQUA-sponsorship
which provided the impetus for scientists from diverse disciplines to interact
during a field-based workshop. The goal of the subcommission is to encourage
communication between persons interested in the evolution of the African
continental margin or castal zone during the past 2.4 million years. The
workshop theme draws attention to an area where significant research is being
undertaken, which can serve as a reference framework for less intensely studied
areas to the north. Discussion between scientiests involved in the Maputaland
region, including the southern Mozambique and northern KwaZulu-Natal coastal
plains, could encourage better understanding of the lithostratigraphic framework
and interpretations of sea-level change used in the respective areas.
Ecologists and wildlife conservationists were involved, as was a strong
delegation representing the commercial sector.
Ref ID : 799
54. Anonymous The terrestrial biosphere and global change: implications for
natural and managed ecosystems. A synthesis of GTCE and related research. IGBP
Science No.1. Walker, B. and Steffen, W.Anonymous International Geosphere-
Biosphere Programme (IGBP):Stockholm, Sweden. :2-32, 1997.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : CLIMATE CHANGE; GLOBAL CHANGE; BIODIVERSITY
Notes : This executive summary presents the major findings of the synthesis of
the first six years of the Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems (GCTE) Core
Project of the IGBP. It begins by identifying the major components and drivers
of global change. It then outlines the important ecosystem interactions with
global change, focusing on the functioning of ecosystems and the structure and
composition of vegetation. The executive summary then discusses the
implications of these ecosystem interactions with global change in terms of
impacts in three key areas: managed production systems; biodiversity; and the
terrestrial carbon cycle. The full synthesis, results and conclusions, with a
complete reference list, are presented as a volume in the IGBP Book Series No.
4, published by Cambridge University Press (Walker et al.). Here key references
only are included.
Ref ID : 801
55. Anonymous Questionnaire on SWC approaches: a framework for the evaluation of
soil and water conservation, Bern, Switzerland:Centre for Development and
Environment, WOCAT, 1997.pp. i-Q55.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : SOIL CONSERVATION; SOIL EROSION; METHODOLOGIES; WATER CONSERVATION;
CONSERVATION; MAPS
Notes : Three questionnaires are used to analyse and evaluate soil and water
conservation (SWC): (i) technologies (consisting of agronomic, vegetative,
structural and management issues), (ii) soil and water approaches (defines the
enabling ecological and socio-economic environment, and the ways and means which
are used to realise a SWC technology on the ground. Elements include:
participants, inputs and means, know-how and levels of intervention), and (iii)
a soil and water map. The questionnaires are complementary.
Ref ID : 1541
56. Anonymous 1996 Audit of gender related data sources: a report. Development
Bank of Southern Africa. Halfway House:Development Bank of Southern Africa,
Development Information Business Unit, Publications Division. , 1997.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : SOUTHERN AFRICA; SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS; RURAL DEVELOPMENT;
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; ECONOMIC ASPECTS; GENDER ASPECTS
Notes : The overall aim of this audit is to contribute towards the aims of:
delivering services to meet basic needs; transform state and society; grow the
economy through the Growth and Development Strategy; and to develop our human
resources. A number of difficulties were encountered in attempting to complete
the audit, although the original intention of the Development Bank was to make a
commitment to maintaining and regularly updating the information. The relative
wealth of information generated by NGO sources was positive, but was hampered by
financial and resource constraints. Most disappointing was the lack of gender
information in government departments. The audit must be seen as a work in
progress.
Ref ID : 2004
57. Anonymous Vegetation of Southern Africa, Cambridge:Cambridge University
Press, 1997.
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : SOUTHERN AFRICA
Ref ID : 425
58. Anonymous White farms, black labour: the state and agrarian change in
southern Africa, 1910-1950, Heinemann and James Currey, 1997.-360.
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : POLITICAL ASPECTS; COMMUNAL AREA; SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS; POLICY;
ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY
Ref ID : 1210
59. Anonymous Geo-information for sustainable land management (SLM). Beek, K.J.,
de Bie, K.A.J.M., and Driessen, P.M.Anonymous Netherlands:International
Institute for Aerospace Survey and Earth Sciences (ITC). 3/4:205-363, 1997.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : REMOTE SENSING; SATELLITE IMAGERY; SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE;
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; LAND USE; MODELS; CARRYING CAPACITY; LEGISLATION
Notes : This is a special congress issue of the ITC Journal. Beek gives the
opening address and raises key questions for debate: how can the perceived needs
of land users be incorporated in the formulation of sustainability criteria?;
where do top-down and bottom-up land use planning processes meet?; how can the
physical and economic processes pertinent to sustainable land management, the
levels of spatial and temporal resolution, and the corresponding data to
characterize these processes be identified?; how can bridges be built between
the scientific disciplinary models of natural phenomena and the practical
integral land use planning models for management and decision support?; how can
the biophysical carrying capacity of the land be matched with socio-economic
sustainability?; how can we cover the last mile of the information highway to
the famers in the developing countries, who are hesitant to adopt
recommendations derived from externally defined systems of land evaluation,
preferring instead their own criteria and knowledge systems?; how can we
overcome institutional and administrative problems such as standardisation,
legislation and quality control, which are creating major bottlenecks in the
progress of information and communication technology?; is geo-information
currently adequate for sustainable land management?; and how can it be collected
in a cost effective and timely manner with remote sensing?
Ref ID : 1650
60. Anonymous Sustainable land management: some signposts for South Africa,
Sovenga:University of the North Press, 1998.pp. 1-176.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : RURAL DEVELOPMENT; LAND REFORM; LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION; AGRICULTURAL
EXTENSION; COMMUNAL AREA; FARMING SYSTEMS; INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS; SUSTAINABLE
AGRICULTURE
Ref ID : 1262
61. Anonymous Agricultural News.Anonymous Anonymous Pretoria:National Department
of Agriculture. (11):1-12, 1998.
Reprint : In File,
Ref ID : 1591
62. Anonymous Draft National Environmental Management Bill. Pretoria:Government
Printer. Government Gazette 19031(397), 1998.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : POLICY; LEGISLATION; ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
Notes : The stated principles of the Bill are: all policy emerging from any
organ of state should be consistent; the provisions of the Bill should provide a
general framework within which environmental management and implementation plans
should be formulated; it will serve as a guideline for any organ of state when
functioning concerns protection of the environment; any conciliator will be
guided by the principles contained in the Bill; and the Bill should guide the
administration and implementation of the Act.
Ref ID : 1643
63. Anonymous Communal rangelands in Southern Africa: A synthesis of knowledge.
Proceedings of a symposium on policy-making for the sustainable use of southern
African communal rangelands. de Bruyn, T.D. and Scogings, P.F.Anonymous
University of Fort Hare, Alice:Department of Livestock & Pasture Science. :1-
291, 1998. 07-09-1998.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : SOUTHERN AFRICA; COMMUNAL AREA; POLICY; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Ref ID : 1193
64. Anonymous Discussion document: A national strategy for integrated
environmental management in South Africa, Pretoria:Department of Environmental
Affairs and Tourism, 1998.pp. 4-57.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : POLICY
Notes : The authors suggest that a National Strategy for revision of the concept
of Integrated Environmental Management needs to be revised for the following
reasons: so that it can be brought in line with the White Paper on Environmental
Management Policy for SA (Government Notice R 1096 of 28 July 1997); so that it
can cater specifically for sensitive environments; so that it can facilitate
tiered decision-making through a hierarchy of procedures; so as to provide for
improved environmental management after Environmental Impact Assessments; and so
as to make better use of the range of available environmental management
instruments rather than relying on Environmental Impact Assessments alone. This
document explores these points in detail.
Ref ID : 1259
65. Anonymous Agricultural News.Anonymous Anonymous Pretoria:National Department
of Agriculture. (12):1-12, 1998.
Reprint : In File,
Ref ID : 1431
66. Anonymous A recommended carring capacity map for the Transkei & Ciskei.
1998. Transkei; Ciskei.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : MAPS; TRANSKEI; CISKEI
Ref ID : 2257
67. Anonymous Sustainable land management: some signposts for South Africa,
Sovenga:University of the North Press, 1998.
Reprint : In File,
Ref ID : 1260
68. Anonymous Agricultural News.Anonymous Anonymous Pretoria:National Department
of Agriculture. (10):1-16, 1998.
Reprint : In File,
Ref ID : 1261
69. Anonymous Agricultural News.Anonymous Anonymous Pretoria:National Department
of Agriculture. (9):1-16, 1998.
Reprint : In File,
Ref ID : 2443
70. Anonymous Anonymous , 1999.
Reprint : Not in File,
Ref ID : 2520
71. Anonymous 1999.
Reprint : Not in File,
Ref ID : 738
72. A'Bear, D.R., Henderson, C.M., Little, A.M., Louw, C.L., and Mander, J.J.
Management of natural and human resources through community development in north
eastern Natal, South Africa. Paper presented at the 1993 colloquium of the
International Association for Community Development in Banglamung, Thailand.
Occasional Paper 121.Anonymous Anonymous Scottsville:Institute of Natural
Resources. , 1993. The research shows that neither top-down, nor bottom-up
approaches to community development will be adequate if used exclusively. It was
found that in areas where underdevelopment exists, the possibility and scope of
forming equitable partnerships between local and national level institutions is
increased. Such partnerships lead to real empowerment of communities;
sustainable natural resource use and conservation; and a grasping toward the
common good rather than sectarian interest. In order to form these
partnerships, it was found that the top-down and bottom-up approaches have to
come together if there is to be effective and long-term development.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : KWAZULU NATAL; VELD MANAGEMENT; SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS; RURAL
DEVELOPMENT; CONSERVATION
Ref ID : 706
73. A'Bear, D.R. and McKechnie, J. State of the environment report for the
Izingolweni District in KwaZulu-Natal. A report prepared for Africa Co-operative
Action Trust (ACAT) KwaZulu-Natal. Investigational Report 138.Anonymous
Pietermaritzburg:Institute of Natural Resources, University of Natal. IR 138:1-
53, 1996. The Izingolweni area is one of the most isolated districts in the
Province. The rugged terrain makes accessibility and communications difficult.
Consequently, there are some very wild and remote areas which are, nonetheless,
densely populated. The population is growing steadily and resources in areas of
densest population, and flat land are unlikely to be able to sustain the
population adequately. There is land with good cropping soils, but these are
located in pockets and do not blanket entire areas. ACATK have 33 Savings Clubs
spread across the fourteen tribal authorities and are achieving an important
presence in the arerar because there are few NGO's working in the region. One
of the only others known is LIMA, which is also an agricultural service
provider. The Savings Clubs are clearly an important institution in an
otherwise poor district and the fact that ACATK targets the poorest people is to
be supported because if development happens at t hat level then it is likely
that development will filter through all levels in the society. There are
thirteen development committees in the district and these are represented on an
umbrella body called the Umzamo Wamakosi. The development committees are of
varying ages, some having started as long ago as 1985 but the majority are
recent and have only been in place since the 1994 general election. The
representation on Umzamo Wamakosi reflected a higher level of skills and
development experience than the Savings Clubs, emphasising the different
constituencies from which both groups are drawn.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : LAND DEGRADATION; KWAZULU NATAL; COMMUNAL AREA; POPULATION
Ref ID : 1520
74. Abel, N. Carrying capacity, rangeland degradation and livestock development
for the communal rangelands of Botswana. Pastoral Development Network
(December):1-9, 1993.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : CARRYING CAPACITY; BOTSWANA; COMMUNAL AREA; STOCKING RATE; POLICY;
VELD MANAGEMENT; LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION; MODELS; DESERTIFICATION CONTROL; SOIL
EROSION; PRODUCTION POTENTIAL; GRAZING EFFECTS; LEGISLATION; CONSERVATION;
POLITICAL ASPECTS
Abstract : Conclusions reached are: opponents in the debate over range
management and livestock development in the communal areas should drop dogma,
formulate hypotheses and test them. Modelling has a part to play in
understanding the behaviour of the complex systems being discussed; like de
Queiroz, the writer notes that range science is undergoing a paradigm shift, and
proponents of de-stocking should be sure they are not basing their case on
outmoded theory; the debate would be clarified if degradation were defined in
terms of an irreversible decline in output from a specified system of
management; the writer agrees with de Queiroz that degradation occurs in
Botswana, but the term is a relative, not an absolute one. At least in relation
to soil loss, there is no clear threshold of stocking rate at which degradation
begins or ceases - the process is continuous, and the curve relating to the rate
of degradation to stocking density smooth. Technical analysis cannot in these
circumstances set a 'carrying capacity', it can only estimate the costs and
benefits of de-stocking, and of the extension of soil life; as White (1992)
points out, in their pre-occupation with stocking density, policy makers are
neglecting the potential benefits of stocking strategies; theory, empirical
evidence and modelling all support White's (1992) contention that de-stocking
will lower the productivity of communal range. In the writer's study area the
costs of de-stocking to recommended levels would be unbearable to herd owners;
and when de-stocking is considered necessary to conserve range, the option cost
should be estimated. Scientists have a role to play in this. The actual
stocking density should be set, however, not by scientists but through political
debate which takes account of the needs of present and future generations.
Ref ID : 1521
75. Abel, N. and Stocking, M. A rapid method for assessing rates of soil erosion
from rangeland: an example from Botswana. Journal of Range Management 40(5):460-
466, 1987.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : SOIL EROSION; EROSION; BOTSWANA; RANGELAND DEGRADATION; RAPID RURAL
APPRAISAL; MODELS
Abstract : The erosion of rangeland soils is a widespread problem in Africa.
Yet, there are a few methods for estimating its rate. Using data from 2
catchments in Botswana, a technique for estimating erosion and sediment yield is
demonstrated. It involves low level photographic sampling of vegetation cover,
kriging to interpolate percentage cover from sample points, and the application
of a simplified soil loss estimation procedure called SLEMSA. This modelling
approach gives gross soil loss and allows the estimation of sediment yield. It
is easy and cheap to apply and gave results in line with field experience.
Ref ID : 2512
76. Abrahams, G. Unraveling tenure and administrative issues in a former
homelandtown: a case study of Alice in the Eastern Cape. Consultant
Report.Anonymous East London: 1997.
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : EASTERN CAPE; LEGISLATION; LAND TENURE; CISKEI; INSTITUTIONAL
ASPECTS; POLICY; ECONOMIC ASPECTS; LAND REFORM
Notes : The purpose of the study was to unravel the land tenure issues to create
some equity of tenure right across the municipality and to address the
administrative issues so that the local municipality can coherently govern its
area of jurisdiction into the next century. The consultant got most of the
information from literature review and through informal discussions with people
in the study areas. The findings reveal that in the township areas, the
National Minister of Land Affairs and Agriculture is the nominal owner of the
land and was responsible for the administration of these areas. Much of the
legislation has been delegated to the province to the effect administration. The
mechanics of it are, however, still largely unresolved. The local municipality
would like to administer the entire area within its boundary but is currently
hestitating in doing so due to legal, administrative, financial and technical
hurdles. The author suggested that there is a need to take a fresh look at
legal and institutional procedures, as it seems unhelpful to keep amending
sections of old apartheid laws in a piecemeal way. There has to be a mechanism
to integrate land development, land administration and tenure upgrading. This
report is obtainable from the Border Rural Committee Resource Centre, East
London. See also ID ref. no. 2339.
Ref ID : 159
77. Acocks, J.P.H. The Veld Types of South Africa. Memoirs of the Botanical
Survery of South Africa 8:1-128, 1953.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : BOTANICAL SURVEY; DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT; VEGETATION CHANGE; MAPS
Abstract : Earlier vegetation maps of the Union, those of Pole Evans (1935),
Adamson (1938) and Pentz (1949), are the broadest lines, recognizing only 19, 14
and 21 vegetation types respectively. In 1945 the present survey was initiated
and, for general utility, it was decided to drwa the vegetation boundaries on
the existing 1:1,500,000 Postal Communications Map. It has to be admitted that
the basic map contains certain inaccuracies, particularly as regards the
positions of country post offices. Thus in using the Veld Type Map, this must
be borne in mind in cases where a post office appears to be situation in the
wrong veld type. The western half of the Union is mapped in less detail than
the eastern half; so is the north-western Transvaal and Basutoland. The north-
western Transvaal was mapped by Irvine (1941), accompanied in the later stages
by the present writer, and Irvine's map has been taken over with minor
modifications. The collation of field-notes and other available information is
not yet complete, nor has it been possible to study all the relevant literature.
This account, therefore, is a preliminary description of the map, and is an
outline of the botanical and related agro-ecological problems and theories which
it is hoped to discuss in detail at a later date.
Ref ID : 3
78. Acocks, J.P.H. Karoo vegetation in relation to the development of deserts.
In: Ecological studies in Southern Africa. edited by Davis, D.H.S.The
Hague:Junk, 1964,p. 100-112.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT; KAROO DESERTIFICATION; NAMA KAROO;
SUCCULENT KAROO; GRASSLAND; VEGETATION CHANGE; RAINFALL; CONSERVATION; RUNOFF;
LEGISLATION
Abstract : Throughout the ges herdsmen have preferred short grass pastures to a
tall flowering sward. One of the reasons for this stems from the idea that tall
grass is less palatable than short grass. Although this may be true in the
cooler high rainfall regions, known as sour veld, it does not necessarily hold
true for the warmer regions which receive a lower rainfall. The manner in which
the natural vegetation has been kept short is by continuous close grazing. This
is one of the most destructive practices in the more arid sweet veld areas.
Considering the deterioration which has occurred in South Africa in a
comparatively short period of time, it is tempting to lay the blame for the vast
wastelands in North Africa and Arabia at the doorstep of poor management of the
natural vegetation. It is to be hoped, however, that in South Africa both
farmers and scientists are interested and willing enough to take steps to save
the arid and semi-arid regions from becoming wastelands. And example of this
awakened interest is seen in the recent conservation of the Swartberg Range in
the Cape. Some years ago the veld on the Swartberg was burnt in order to
facilitate rapid runoff of rain so that the dams in the Little Karoo could be
filled. Today, however, such burning of the mountains is controlled by
legislation.
Ref ID : 2234
79. Acocks, J.P.H. Non-selective grazing as a means of veld reclamation.
Proceedings of the Grassland Society of southern Africa 1:33-39, 1966.
Reprint : Not in File,
Ref ID : 158
80. Acocks, J.P.H. Riverine vegetation of the semi-arid and arid regions of
South Africa. Journal of the South African Biological Society 17:21-35, 1976.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : BOTANICAL SURVEY; DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT; KAROO DESERTIFICATION;
NAMA KAROO; SUCCULENT KAROO; VEGETATION CHANGE
Abstract : The former presence of the hippopotamus in the rivers of the
temperate semi-arid to arid western half of the Republic of South Africa
suggests that these reivers were not as they are now. The fact that an animal
could survive, whose daily intake of vegetation is to be measured by the
hundredweight, surely requires that what little is known of the surviving
remnants of the riverine vegetation should be collated in an attempt to
determine how this was possible.
Ref ID : 236
81. Acocks, J.P.H. The flora that matched the fauna. Bothalia 12(4):673-709,
1979.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : BOTANICAL SURVEY; DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT; KAROO DESERTIFICATION;
NAMA KAROO; SUCCULENT KAROO; VEGETATION CHANGE
Abstract : An attempt is made to reconstruct the vegetation of the plains,
plateaux, mountains and rivers of the semi-arid to arid western half of the
Republic of South Africa as it was before it came under the influence of any
type of man other than the Bushman and the Hottentot. Species of plants that
were likely to have been important are listed, even if they are rare today.
Particular attention is paid to the riverine vegetation. Features of the
vegetation and topography that might have influenced the fauna are noted.
Ref ID : 12
82. Adams, N.J. and Kerley, G.I.H. Domestic and indigenous herbivores: their
water use efficiencies and rangeland impacts. A hypothesis to address rangeland
degradation. Proceedings of the Second Valley Bushveld Symposium. Grassland
Society of Southern Africa Special Publication :52, 1996.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY; GRAZING EFFECTS; DESERTIFICATION CONTROL; SAVANNA
Abstract : Although the description and assessment of the impacts of domestic
and wild ungulate foraging has received some research attention, mechanisms
underlying different impacts, apart from noting differences in densities and
effective availability of favoured plants, have been little studied. It is
hypothesised that the greater water demands of domestic ungulates restricts
their foraging area and food choice options compared to wild ungulates, and
consequently they have a high potential for detrimentally impacting on
vegetation even at low densities. It is thus proposed to measure the water
budgets of selected livestock and wild ungulate species in natural rangelands.
Habitat use and food selectivity will be evaluated simultaneously using direct
feeding observations coupled with radiotelemetry. Recommendations will be made
with regard to stocking densities and provision of artificial water sources in
order that Valley Bushveld may be utilized in a more sustainable fashion with
these species.
Ref ID : 1205
83. Adie, H.R. Vegetation and ant dynamics in the southern Karoo.University of
Natal, Pietermaritzburg. , 1997. The aim of this thesis was to describe the
structure and dynamics of ant and plant communities in the southern Karoo and to
assess mechanisms of species coexistence in ant and plant communities. The role
of species interactions in structuring natural communities was emphasised.
Diversity indices were used to determine the importance of habitat in
maintaining ant species diversity. Ant species diversity was not predicted by
measurements of plant species diversity or vegetation structural diversity. Ant
species richness was correlated with vegetation structural diversity but not
with plant species diversity. Ant species appeared to respond to aspects of
vegetation height. Although vegetation complexity influences ant species
richness, competitive effects, particularly of dominant ant species, appear to
suppress sub-ordinate ant species influencing measures of richness and
diversity. Aggressive dominant ant species determine the distribution and
abundance of sub-ordinate ant species. Interference competition for space was
prevalent between dominant ant species and competitive success was a function of
vegetation. It was not clear whether ants respond directly to physical
conditions created by vegetation which then influences foraging activity or,
alternatively, whether ants respond to productivity gradients which are affected
by vegetation. Understanding vegetation dynamics is critical to interpreting
patterns of ant species distribution and abundance. A patchy habitat disrupts
the competitive dominance of aggressive dominant species, removing the potential
towards habitat monopolisation, and therefore maintaining ant species diversity.
In the Portulacaria afra rangeland, Pheidole sp. 2 was superior in well-shaded
microhabitats but Messor capensis nested successfully under woody shrubs and
several ant species (Tetramorium peringueyi, T. quadrispinosum, Monomorium
alamarum, Ocymyrmex barbiger) persisted on bare nutrient-rich patches. Rangeland
dominated by grass would favour Pheidole sp. 2 at the expense of other ant
species which would be unable to establish successfully. There is no evidence
supporting the notion that ant communities are at equilibrium. Rather,
dominance hierarchies lead to the replacement of species over vegetation
gradients with the tendency towards the aggressive acquisition and
monopolisation of space. The coexistence of dominant ant species at study sites
in the southern Karoo was a combination of territorial strategy and colonisation
ability. In the P. afra rangeland most ant species escaped the severe
competitive effect of Pheidole sp. 2 by persisting as fugitives on bare areas of
local disturbance where Pheidole sp. 2 was less successful. At Tierberg,
competitively inferior ant species with a decentralised territorial system
coexisted with competitively superior ant species in an unstable equilibrium by
pre-empting newly available space through the lateral expansion of territories.
Competitively superior species, however, replace the inferior competitor (yet,
superior coloniser) in time. Plant succession in the Portulacaria afra
rangeland follows a deterministic pattern of cyclical replacement. No single
mechanism adequately explains the coexistence of all plant species in this
community. Nurse-plant effects were important for the establishment of P. afra
and later-successional trees below woody shrubs and P. afra respectively. Soil
moisture and nutrient levels below nurse plants were favourable for the
successful establishment of seedlings but nurse plants also disrupt the
inhibitory effect of grass on seedlings and young plants. Linked to the
facilitative process is the directed dispersal of seeds by biotic vectors. Seed
dispersal by ants and birds moves propagules away from the harsh competitive
environment of established adult plants (particularly grass) to safe
establishment sites below nurse plants. Complementary root systems of seedlings
and nurse plants may facilitate the establishment of young plants but ultimately
competition will reduce nurse plant vigour leading inevitably to the death of
the nurse plant. At least two plant species (Lycium cinereum and Psilocaulon
absimile) persist in the P. afra rangeland as fugitives on areas of local
disturbance. The relatively cool and moist environment below P. afra clumps
supports a variety of detritivorous taxa that enrich the soil. Once the P. afra
clump collapses and dies, bare nutrient rich patches that favour the
establishment of L. cinereum and P. absimile, ahead of the competitively
superior grass component, remain. However, the replacement of the fugitive
plant species by grass is inevitable as the soil nutrient levels decline. The
competitive superiority of grass controls the dynamics of the P. afra rangeland
system. Disruption of the inhibitory effect of grasses by elevated nutrient
levels (e.g. detritivore activity, ant nests) permits plant species to establish
that which it would otherwise be unable to in the absence of disturbance.
Degradation of the grass component by overgrazing at the P. aftra rangeland site
has the same effect as disturbance by soil-nutrient enrichment and results in an
increase in plant species diversity. All stages of the cyclical process would
be relatively uncommon in a grass dominated system because of the inability of
plants to establish successfully in grass. Strong feedback links exist between
the ant and plant communities studied. Habitat patchiness maintains ant species
diversity by disrupting dominance hierarchies. Ants maintain plant species
diversity by moving seeds out of competitively harsh microhabitats into safe
sites (often below nurse plants) for establishment. Soil nutrient enrichment
(ant nests and various detritivore taxa) create disturbances which also
facilitates plant establishment. Overgrazing by domestic stock causes the
replacement of palatable by unpalatable plant species. Unpalatable plant
species, released of suppressive effects, develop into a monospecific stand that
inhibits the further establishment of seedlings. Loss of habitat patchiness
results in habitat monopolisation by one (or two) dominant ant species. Habitat
degradation therefore severs the complex feedback links between the plant
community and the important invertebrate component (dispersal agents and
detrtitivores) which disrupts the dynamic processes driving the system.Doctor of
Philosophy.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : EASTERN CAPE; KAROO DESERTIFICATION; LAND DEGRADATION; PLANT-ANIMAL
INTERACTIONS; RESTORATION; SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE; VEGETATION DYNAMICS; VELD
MANAGEMENT; SOIL NUTRIENTS
Ref ID : 268
84. Adler, E.D. Ons kwynende bodem. Ekos 3(1):2-27, 1981.
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : SOIL EROSION; LAND DEGRADATION
Ref ID : 1249
85. Adler, E.D. Soil Conservation in South Africa, Pretoria:Department of
Agriculture and Water Supply, 1985.pp. 1-44.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : SOIL CONSERVATION; CONSERVATION; POPULATION; POLICY
Abstract : A concise and general review of the problems surrounding conservation
and care of a resource to which man's survival is inextricably linked. Twenty-
two years have elapsed since the appearance of J.C. Ross's well-known brochure
Soil Conservation in South Africa in which inter alia, the history of the Soil
Conservation Act was explained. During this period the agricultural scene
underwent changes that were no less dramatic than those of the preceding three
centuries. Many of these changes not only influenced the framer's ability to
produce, but also the resources which form the farmer's basic means of
production. To try and maintain a balance between utilisation and conservation
of the agricultural resources in the midst of exponential growth in population
numbers and consumer demand, the policy of optimum resource use was accepted by
this department in the seventies. This is a long-term strategy which has had
remarkable succcess in some respects. But in the conservation and care of the
natural resources, it became equally clear that these facets will demand
sustained and dedicated attention from all concerned with agriculture. The
matter of soil conservation has in the interim also become part and parcel of
man's greater awareness of his environment. There is already greater
sensitivity towards the conservation and care of both the resources that provide
man with food and fibre and the other natural endowments within which man finds
himself and which are so vital to the quality of his daily existence.
Ref ID : 1522
86. Agnew, C. Spatial aspects of drought in the Sahel. Journal of Arid
Environments 18:279-293, 1990.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : DROUGHT; RAINFALL; DESSICATION
Abstract : The incidence of drought in the Sahelian country of Niger is analysed
firstly through examination of annual rainfalls (meteorological drought) and
secondly by the determination of shortages of moisture leading to the failure of
millet, (Pennisetum typhoides), (agricultural drought). Meteorological and
agricultural drought appeared widespread and persistent during the 1970's in the
drier (less than 300 mm mean annual rainfall) regions where rainfalls appeared
to exhibit a trend towards increasing desiccation. In the wetter South (more
than 500 mm mean annual rainfall), meteorological drought was infrequent during
the 1970's, and there was little evidence for agricultural drought. Annual
rainfalls at some stations in this wetter regions showed no clear, recent
downward trend.
Ref ID : 2530
87. Ainslie, A. Managing natural resources in a rural settlement, Peddie
district.Rhodes University, Grahamstown. , 1998.
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : CISKEI; RURAL DEVELOPMENT; CONSERVATION; VELD MANAGEMENT
Notes : The objective of the research was to investigate how natural resources
were commonly managed by Gwabeni villager dwellers in the Peddie district. A
socio-anthropological method was used in gathering the data for the study. This
involves oral interviews and discussion. Several results or findings related to
the study have been presented in the document. This thesis is obtainable from
the Rhodes University library, Grahasmtown. See also ID ref. no. 2339.
Ref ID : 2513
88. Ainslie, A., Cinderby, S., Petse, T., Ntshona, Z., Bradley, P.N.,
Deshingkar, P., and Fakir, S. Rural livelihoods and local level natural resource
management in Peddie district. Technical Report: ISBN 9/887 14497.Anonymous ISBN
9/887 14497, 1997.
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : POLICY; CISKEI; VELD MANAGEMENT; RURAL DEVELOPMENT; SOCIOECONOMIC
ASPECTS; LEGISLATION; INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS; GENDER ASPECTS
Notes : The research study had four objectives. They were : 1. to
systematically identify and analyse those factors which currently impact on the
use and management of natural resources at four levels, namely the household,
village, district and provincial levels; 2. to investigate the relationships
between environmental factors and a range of social variables which interact to
have an impact on the management of natural resources in a specific rural area;
3. to conduct research that can make a substantial contribution to the debate
around natural resource management (NRM) policy formulation at national and
provincial levels; and 4. to make recommendations to SIDA regading approaches
for appropriate and successful NRM/ development interventions in semi-arid areas
of rural South Africa. In achieving objectives 1,2, and 3, extensive use was
made of both standard social research techniques such as a thorough household
questionnaire survey, a collection of life histories and participatory rural
appraisal techniques. For the fourth objective, a key intervention was made to
commit project resources to building the institutional capacity of village and
district level administrative bodies through formal training courses and
workshops on research findings. Pilot - NRM development projects were initiated
in two of the sample villages. The findings of this study include the following:
1. the study revealed that a wide range of natural resources available on the
village commons is used by all rural households to varying degrees; 2. no formal
natural resource management regimes were found to be in place; and 3.
consideration was given to the role of rural women in the management of natural
resources. This report is obtainable from the Rhodes University, Grahamstown.
See also ID ref. no. 2339.
Ref ID : 2456
89. Ainslie, A., Fox, R., and Fabricius, C. Towards policies for feasible and
sustainable natural resource use: the mid Fish river zonal study, Eastern
Cape.Anonymous Grahamstown:ISER, Rhodes University. , 1994.
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : POLICY; EASTERN CAPE; LAND DEGRADATION; DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT;
DESERTIFICATION CONTROL; CISKEI; LAND REFORM; LAND USE
Notes : The original brief to the Zonal study team of ISER was to: a. research
current natural resource use patterns; b. analyse the causes of natural resource
degradation; and c. make recommendations which would assist policy makers in
drawing up a feasible natural resource use regimes for the future. The overall
goal of the study was to provide basic information that will guide and advise
the process of natural resources management policy formulation, particularly in
the light of the post apartheid widening of access to land and other resources.
In order to avoid a repetition of the widespread land degradation and
unsustainable land use regimes in the future, the current natural resource
management regimes base was also analysed. The Mid-Fish river Zonal study was
conducted by multi-disciplinary team of researchers and academics, co-ordinated
and managed by ISER. The study was divided into various components.
Contributors to the Zonal study were given specific briefs and allocated
components of the study to research, although the regular workshops on findings
made evident the presence of unavoidable overlaps. The specific research
methods used during data collection included desk study and the collation of
existing data, but with a strong emphasis on fieldwork. Questionnaire surveys
were conducted in households in eight village settlements and on more than 10
commercial farms. Participatory workshops, key informant interviews and group
discussions were conducted in the course of the data collection. Regular
workshops were held so that contributors to the study could exchange ideas and
information. This report is available from the ISER, Rhodes University,
Grahamstown. See also ID ref no. 2339.
Ref ID : 2441
90. Ainslie, A., Hintsa, M.D., Palmer, A.R., and Zondani, V. Describing the key
attributes of successful rangeland management systems in the semi-arid
rangelands of the Eastern Cape. Rehabilitation ecology: veld rehabilitation,
reclamation and revegetation of degraded land.Anonymous Grahamstown:ARC-Range
and Forage Institute. Contract 5: 5.3, 1999.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : EASTERN CAPE; COMMUNAL AREA; POPULATION; AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT;
VELD MANAGEMENT; CISKEI; RURAL DEVELOPMENT; GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES; AGRICULTURAL
EXTENSION
Notes : There is a general assumption that people in rural communal areas (in
the former homelands) are ecologically ignorant and cannot be relied upon to
manage their natural environment. Most studies in the past have highlighted the
degradation of rangelands in these areas and the overall deterioration of the
natural resource base. Of course, there are areas which are badly degraded due
to heavy human and livestock population pressure that are often linked to a
breakdown in local controls and resource management strategies. In constrast to
this scenario, however, there appear to be some areas, such as Cizele and Tutra,
where some formal management and control of both grazing lands and the
utilisation of communal resources persists. It is also enlightening to note the
extent to which local people are informed about their natural environment.
Although local people claim that there have never been any veld rehabilitation
schemes introduced from outside, the grazing resources are still in good
condition. Goqwana (1998) suggests that the above argument and the persistence
of a management regime are clear indications that grazing is in a stable
condition. What is encouraging is the absence of a formal resource management
policing structure, like grazing rangers that are encountered in other areas.
Local people, both on their own and (sometimes) in conjunction with traditional
authorities are actively managing their rangelands. Problems encountered in
these areas, however, include the continued demarcation of residential and
arable sites in grazing lands. The youth in these villages are less involved in
agricultural activities. The demarcation of sites in grazing veld, rather than
to look for alternative lands is a clear indication of this. If government,
especially DALA, does not intervene in the coming five to ten years, there will
be a steady decline in the availability of grazing lands, especially at Tutura.
The second area of concern in the area is DALA itself: its role in promoting
agricultural development remains unclear at present. Although there are
development assistants and extension officers, these people are only visible in
their offices in towns. Agricultural officers no longer reside in villages to
give advice and direction to rural farmers on a daily basis. Neither of the two
areas of study have extension officers based in the area on a continuous basis.
There are, of course, numerous other concerns that people in both areas have.
While the short period of study did not allow for some of these concerns to be
raised, others are clearly outside the ambit of this study and indeed, outside
the line function of agriculture more generally. While interesting insights
have been generated during the course of this study, the overall research
questions of why grazing is in good condition in these communal areas has only
really begun to be addressed and more detailed research is still required.
Ref ID : 2497
91. Ainslie, A., Kepe, T., Cinderby, S., and Petse, T. Rural livelihoods and
local level management of natural resources in the Peddie district.Anonymous ,
1996.
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : POPULATION; EASTERN CAPE; CISKEI; RURAL DEVELOPMENT; ECONOMIC
ASPECTS; SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS
Notes : The purpose of the study was to investigate the factors which currently
impact on the utilization and management of natural resources at four levels,
namely the regional, district, village and household level. Questionnaires and
participatory rural appraisal were used in the study. The study revealed that
the battle for basic survival in the rural Peddie continues. Dependency on the
outside sources, such as welfare grants and remittances from family members in
the cities, does not augur well for the development of a strong rural economy in
the near future. The population of these villages appears, however, to be
sedentary with under 8% of the tota
top related