west side pond - woodridge lake
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2011 Survey Report
November 2011
West Side Pond
Prepared for: The Marshepaug Watershed Group c/o Woodridge Lake Property Owners Association, Inc. 260 East Hyerdale Drive P.O. Box 11 Goshen, CT 06756
Prepared by: Aquatic Control Technology, Inc. Eleven John Road Sutton, MA 01590
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TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS......................................................................................................................................................i INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND............................................................................................................................1 LAKE CHARACTERISICS ..................................................................................................................................................1 SURVEY METHODS: .......................................................................................................................................................1 SURVEY RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .............................................................................................................................2
Aquatic Plant Species Distribution .............................................................................................................................2 Percent Cover.............................................................................................................................................................3 Biomass......................................................................................................................................................................4 Water Quality ............................................................................................................................................................4
MANAGEMENT OPTIONS..............................................................................................................................................5
Hand‐Pulling, Suction Harvesting and Benthic Barriers.............................................................................................5 Mechanical Removal..................................................................................................................................................6 • Dredging ........................................................................................................................................................6 • Harvesting......................................................................................................................................................6 • Hydro‐Raking .................................................................................................................................................6
Drawdown .................................................................................................................................................................7 Biological Controls .....................................................................................................................................................7 Herbicide Treatment ..................................................................................................................................................8 Summary and Recommendations ............................................................................................................................10
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Frequency of Occurrence................................................................................................................ 2 Table 2: Temperature/ Dissolved Oxygen Profile and Secchi disk reading.................................................... 4 Table 3: Comparison of Manual Eurasian Milfoil Control Techniques........................................................... 5
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INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND In 2011 Aquatic Control Technology, Inc. (ACT) was contracted to conduct Initial Water Body Assessments of both West Side Pond and West Side Pond as part of an effort to monitor nuisance aquatic plant growth in the Marshepaug Watershed. These assessments will provide baseline measurements which can be used in the development of long‐term management strategies and in the assessment of the efficacy of those management efforts. Results of the survey at West Side Pond are provided in the following sections. LAKE CHARACTERISICS West Side Pond is located in Goshen, Connecticut (73°15'23.85"W 41°51'20.57"N). The pond has a surface area of approximately 42 acres as measured off the orthophoto coverage available from CT DEP. West Side Pond has a reported mean depth and maximum depth of 4.6 meters and 10 meters respectively. The retention time and flushing rate have been calculated to be 51 days and 7.2 times/year, respectively. West Side Pond has two major tributaries located along the north‐western shoreline. Water exits the Lake at the southern end, where it enters a stream that leads to West Side Pond (Canavan and Siver, 19951). SURVEY METHODS: The survey completed on September 19, 2011 was conducted using methods derived from the point intercept sampling procedure developed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Madsen 1999). The point intercept method is intended to document the spatial distribution, percent cover and biomass of individual aquatic macrophyte species at randomly generated data point locations. In the case of West Side Pond this methodology was used specifically to monitor the lake wide distribution and cover of Eurasian milfoil. This approach also yields a quantitative, historic record of plant species presence and distribution throughout the lake. Using ArcView 9x software, point intercept data points were created at the vertices of a 100 meter survey grid. A total of 79 data points were established (Figure 1). Each data point is navigated to by boat using a Differential/WAAS GPS unit. Information recorded at each data point included: water depth, plant species present and estimates of biomass and percent cover. 1 Canavan, Richard W. iV and Siver, Peter A. Connecticut Lakes: A study of thee Chemical and Physical Properties of Fifty-six Connecticut Lakes. 1995.Pp299. Connecticut College Arboretum, New London CT
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The cover/density and biomass of plant growth at each data point was estimated based on the results of the rake toss and visual inspection. Cover was estimated as the percent of the areal bottom supporting plant growth. A biomass index was assigned based the average height of the plants in the vicinity of the sample point.
0 no plants 1 growth along bottom 2 growth halfway through water column 3 growth within 1‐2 feet of surface 4 growth to the surface
Separate cover and biomass estimates were recorded for all plants and for milfoil separately. In addition to surveying aquatic plant densities and distributions throughout the Lake, water quality samples, a secchi disk measurement and a temperature and dissolved oxygen profile were collected mid‐lake. SURVEY RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Aquatic Plant Species Distribution The presence or absence of aquatic plants at specific surveyed locations is a meaningful and unbiased measure of the distributions of an aquatic plant assemblage. Table 3 shows the frequency of occurrence values (percentages) for aquatic plant species encountered. Table 1: Aquatic Plant Species Frequency of Occurrence:
Ten native aquatic plant species were identified at the data points during the survey. The average species richness and maximum species richness (number of species observed per data point) were 1.2 and 6 respectively. Robbin’s pondweed (Potamogeton robbinsii) and Large‐leaf pondweed (Potamogeton amplifolius) were the most widespread native species at the data point locations. Qualitatively the assemblage along the shoreline generally consisted of rushes (Juncus sp) close to shore giving way to pickerelweed (Pontederia cordata), followed by watershield (Brasenia schreberi) and white
Macrophyte Species Common Name Frequency of Occurrence
Frequency of Dominance
Brassenia schreberi Watershield 20 0 Ceratophyllum demersum Coontail 13.3 0 Elodea sp. Elodea or Waterweed 6.7 0 Eleocharis sp. Spikerush 6. 7 0 Megalodonta beckii Water marigold 13.3 0 Myriophyllum spicatum Eurasian milfoil 0 0 Nuphar variegatum Yellow waterlily 6. 7 0 Nymphaea odorata White waterlily 13.3 0 Potamogeton amplifolius Large‐leaf Pondweed 13.3 13.3 Potamogeton robbinsii Robbins pondweed 26.7 20.0 Vallisneria americana Wild celery 6. 7 0
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waterlilies (Nymphaea odorata), then followed by a mix of submersed species dominated by Robbin’s pondweed and Large‐leaf pondweed further from the shore. Percent Cover During the survey quantitative estimates of the areal bottom cover were recorded for the total plant growth and for milfoil growth at each data point location. In general aquatic plant species occupied the Lake bottom where depths were less than 14 feet. The average percent cover for all data points measured was approximately 19% (n=15). In the littoral zone (< 14 feet) the average percent cover at the data points was approximately 56% (n=5). Eurasian milfoil was not observed at any of the data point locations during the survey. Widely scattered Eurasian milfoil points were observed in the southern end of West Side Pond, near the outlet covering an area of less than two acres.
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Biomass During the survey quantitative index values representing the biomass or height in the water column were assigned for the total plant growth and for milfoil growth at each data point location. As previously mentioned the index values utilized were 0: no plants; 1 = growth along the bottom; 2 = growth halfway through the water column; 3 = growth within 1‐2 feet of the surface; 4 = growth to the surface.
The average biomass index value for all species was 0.8 at all data points (n=15) and 2.4 when only littoral zone data points were included in the calculation (n=5). While no Eurasian milfoil plants were observed at the data points, qualitatively speaking the widely scattered plants observed in the southern of the pond were reaching the surface. As a result of their height in the water column these plants are highly susceptible to fragmentation. Water Quality Table 2: Temperature/Dissolved oxygen profile and Secchi disk reading for West Side Pond on September 19th 2011 Depth (meters) Temperature Dissolved Oxygen Surface 18.0 7.45 1 17.7 7.30 2 16.2 7.27 3 16.0 6.94 4 15.7 5.62 5 13.7 1.11 6 12.2 0.82 7 9.4 0.81 8 8.5 0.79 9 8.2 0.76 10 8.1 0.67 Secchi Disk Reading = 6.5 feet
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The results of the temperature and dissolved oxygen profile indicate that the water column in West Side Pond is well oxygenated through the epilimnion. The Pond was stratified with the thermocline located between 4 and 5 meters. A secchi disk reading of 6.5 feet is a typical water clarity measurement for a pond of this size in September. MANAGEMENT OPTIONS The following section discusses several aquatic plant management options. Each strategy is evaluated in reference to the current conditions found at West Side Pond, discussing both advantages and disadvantages of the particular technique. Non‐chemical controls are discussed first, followed by an evaluation of mechanical harvesting and chemical treatment options. Hand‐Pulling, Suction Harvesting and Benthic Barriers Hand‐pulling, suction harvesting (or DASH ‐ diver assisted suction harvesting) and benthic barrier installations are generally used to control small localized patches of dense plant growth or widely scattered aquatic growth such as that found along southern shoreline of West Side Pond. The efficiency and high per‐acre unit cost of these control strategies often limits their application to newly discovered, “pioneer” infestations or as follow‐up to a larger scale management strategy such as chemical treatment or drawdown. All three of these approaches have been utilized as primary Eurasian milfoil management strategies at other lakes in the Northeast with varied success, and while they can be effective they are often best utilized as part of an integrated management plan. Due to the low density and distribution of Eurasian milfoil observed at West Side Pond a combination of hand‐pulling or suction harvesting and benthic barriers may be sufficient for control.
Table 3: Comparison of Manual Eurasian Milfoil Control Techniques2
Approach Typical Application Advantages Limitations Approximate Unit Cost
Hand‐Pulling Widely scattered plants <500 stems per acre
• Highly selective • Can utilize trained volunteers in some cases
• Impractical for large areas with milfoil coverage greater than ~1‐5%.
• Reduced visibility from poor water clarity or suspended sediments from a mucky bottom
$500 ‐ $2500/acre
Suction Harvesting / DASH
Small scattered to moderate infestations (< 1 acre in size)
• More efficient than hand pulling for higher plant densities
• Equipment difficult to relocate • Additional staff required • Increased turbidity • Very high cost
$5000 ‐ $14,500 / acre
Benthic Barriers Small dense patches (< 0.25 acres)
• Quick control for small areas
• Prevents re‐infestation • Barriers can be reused
• Non‐selective, kills all plants and may impact macroinvertebrates and other non‐target organisms
• Barriers require routine maintenance
• High cost per acre
>$25,000 ‐ $50,000 /acre
2 Commonwealth of Massachusetts Executive Office of Environmental Affairs. Practical Guide to Lake Management Massachusetts (2004): 102-103.
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Mechanical Removal Several different approaches have been used to mechanically remove aquatic vegetation. The most commonly employed strategies in the northeast include dredging, harvesting and hydro‐raking. Other mechanical techniques like rotovating/rototilling have been used on a limited basis elsewhere across the country with anecdotal, if any, demonstrated project experience in New England. Mechanical control of Eurasian milfoil is generally not recommended in water bodies like West Side Pond where Eurasian milfoil is not already densely distributed throughout a majority of the littoral area. Unavoidable plant fragmentation resulting from mechanical harvesting or hydro‐raking will likely lead to increased milfoil distribution. There is also considerable qualitative evidence that suggests repetitive mechanical harvesting stimulates increases in Eurasian milfoil abundance. Major limitations of mechanical approaches at West Side Pond are presented below.
• Dredging ‐ Dredging involves the removal of bottom sediment to add water depth. Dredging can be accomplished by various means, including: conventional (dry) dredging performed after dewatering, wet‐dredging using drag‐line or long‐reach excavators or hydraulic (suction) dredging. It controls aquatic vegetation through physical removal of the plant and root structures and nutrient‐rich sediments, leaving nutrient‐poor sediments less suitable for plant growth. There can also be the added benefit of increasing water depth below the photic zone or the depth that light can penetrate to support plant growth. Permitting and design requirements are extensive and dredging costs can be significant.
Dredging is not a recommended strategy for aquatic vegetation control at West Side Pond.
• Harvesting ‐ Cutting and collecting aquatic vegetation with specialized equipment is
termed mechanical harvesting. Mechanical harvesters are barges propelled by paddle wheels and equipped with depth‐adjustable cutting heads and conveyor‐mesh storage areas. Plants are typically cut near the sediment and water interface, usually to a maximum depth of 7 feet. Once a full load is collected, the harvester travels to shore to off‐load. Complimentary shore‐conveyors and trailer conveyors are available to transfer the harvested material directly into dump trucks, or it can be stockpiled on shore to dewater before being loaded and hauled to a permanent disposal location.
With the exception of true annual plants that only propagate from seed, harvesting typically provides temporary control of aquatic plants. However, many aquatic plants re‐grow rapidly after being cut (much like cutting a lawn), necessitating two or more cuttings per summer to maintain open‐water conditions. Milfoil growth rates have been documented at more than one inch per day and re‐growth is usually fairly rapid following harvesting programs. Harvesting also poses a significant risk of spreading highly invasive species like Eurasian milfoil which propagate through vegetative fragmentation. As a result, harvesting is not a recommended technique to control low density or partial lake infestations of these plants and it is not recommended for Eurasian milfoil control at West Side Pond.
• Hydro‐Raking ‐ Mechanical hydro‐raking involves the removal of aquatic plants and their
attached root structures. Hydro‐rakes are best described as floating backhoes. The barge is powered by paddle wheels similar to a harvester, and it is equipped with a hydraulic
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arm that is fitted with a York rake attachment. The rake tines dig through the bottom sediments, dislodging the plants in water depths up to approximately 12 ft. Most hydro‐rakes do not have on‐board storage, so each rake full needs to be deposited directly on‐shore or else onto a separate transport barge. Plants with large, well‐defined root structures like waterlilies and emergent species are most efficiently removed through hydro‐raking. In some cases, control of these and similar species can be attained for 2‐3 years or longer. This approach is also sometimes favored for annual weed maintenance of beach and swim areas but is not a recommended approach for West Side Pond.
Hydro‐raking is not well suited for control of Eurasian milfoil in West Side Pond. Removing the plant root structures may provide slightly longer‐term control of the submersed milfoil growth, but again there is a risk of creating and spreading plant fragments that could worsen the infestation. Disturbance of the bottom sediments may also stimulate re‐vegetation by opportunistic plants like Eurasian milfoil.
Drawdown Lowering water levels during the winter months to expose aquatic plants to freezing and desiccation (drying) is a commonly used management approach in northern climates. It can be a relatively low or no‐cost management strategy, provided that several key conditions are met. First and foremost, the target species must be susceptible to drawdown conditions. Eurasian milfoil is controlled by drawdown. Second, the lake must have a suitable low‐level outlet structure to facilitate gravity lowering. There are often other complicating issues associated with winter drawdown. Some of the more common issues raised include:
• Inability to sufficiently lower the water level due to limitations of outlet control structure and insufficient capacity and gradient of outlet stream
• Impacts to the recharge rate of the adjacent wells • Exposure of adjacent wetlands to freezing and drying conditions during winter months
which could alter hydrology and the plant community • Interference with recreational use of the lake during the winter months
There does not appear to have the adequate infrastructure for completing a drawdown capable of controlling the current milfoil infestation. Biological Controls The introduction of herbivorous insects and fish is often considered to be a natural and potentially long‐term management strategy to control excessive aquatic vegetation. Sterile or triploid grass carp (Ctenopharyngidon idella) that consume aquatic plants are regularly used as a management strategy in southern tier states. In the Northeast, they can only be used in New York and Connecticut waterbodies under site specific permits and provided that certain conditions are met. While they reportedly will feed on Eurasian milfoil, they do not show a feeding preference for Eurasian milfoil and are therefore not recommended for use in a productive lake with a diverse native plant and fish community like West Side Pond. Non‐selective large‐scale vegetation removal may have serious impacts on fish habitat and the overall lake ecology. The milfoil weevil (Euhrychiopsis lecontei) has shown promise as a potential long‐term time Eurasian milfoil management strategy but the results of weevil stockings have been mixed and maintaining suitable weevil densities for sustained control has proven difficult. The weevil is a small native insect
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that was discovered in Vermont to have a feeding preference for Eurasian milfoil over its native host species northern milfoil (Myriophyllum sibiricum). Weevil stocking as a potential Eurasian milfoil management strategy has generated a considerable amount of interest and study over the past two decades.
The weevil does not eradicate Eurasian milfoil, but instead destroys apical meristems (or growth tips) on the plant and reduces the buoyancy of the stems, causing the plants to collapse towards the bottom. Adult weevils live submersed and lay eggs on milfoil meristems. The larvae eat the meristem and bore down through the stem and pupate (metamorphose) lower on the stem. The consumption of meristem and stem mining by larvae are the two main effects of weevils on the plant and this damage can suppress plant growth, reduce root biomass and carbohydrate stores and cause the plant to sink from the water column.3 Weevil survival following stockings has been widely varied and the heath and proliferation of weevils has been linked to a number of factors including: sediment types, flow rates, water chemistry, fish predation, location of milfoil growth and availability of overwintering habitat. Due to the widely scattered distribution of Eurasian milfoil in West Side Pond, it will likely be difficult for weevils to move between plants. This may lead to the starvation of or predation on the weevils before all of the milfoil plants are controlled. Failure of most weevil stocking programs has been attributed to fish predation and lack of appropriate overwintering habitat.4 To successfully overwinter weevils need “natural” undeveloped shoreline where they can spend the winter in loose soil, plants or leaf litter; lawns and managed shoreline are inappropriate and limit the potential for overwintering survival.5 Weevil populations are also prone to fish predation and large populations of predatory fish (particularly sunfish) can severely diminish weevil populations. Loss of weevils to predation reportedly increases with the distance of the milfoil growth from shore, so smaller lakes with milfoil beds near shore are more suitable for weevil stocking.6 Robert Johnson of the Cornell University Research Ponds has concluded after years of ongoing study that that while stocking E. lecontei at high densities can, in some cases, cause reductions of Eurasian milfoil, the process has not been perfected enough to be considered a dependable control strategy. “Although the milfoil weevil shows potential as a biological control for Eurasian milfoil more work is needed to determine which factors limit weevil densities and what lakes are suitable candidates for weevil treatments in order to implement a cost and control effective program.”7 Herbicide Treatment The use of chemicals to control nuisance aquatic plant and algae growth is probably the most widely used and cost‐effective management strategy for lakes with submersed aquatic plant infestations that are beyond effective control with non‐chemical techniques like hand‐pulling, suction harvesting or bottom barriers. Herbicides that are registered for aquatic use must meet strict federal guidelines and 3 University of Minnesota, Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, 12/9/10 <http://fwcb.cfans.umn.edu/research/milfoil/milfoilbc.html> 4 State of Washington Department of Ecology, Aquatic Plant Management - Milfoil Weevil, The Milfoil Weevil in Washington 12/9/10. < http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/plants/management/weevil.html>. 5 Cornell University Research Ponds Facility, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. 12/8/10. <http:www.eeb.cornell.edu/ponds/index.html> 6 Cornell University Research Ponds Facility, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. 12/8/10. <http:www.eeb.cornell.edu/ponds/index.html> 7 State of Washington Department of Ecology, Aquatic Plant Management - Milfoil Weevil, The Milfoil Weevil in Washington 12/9/10. < http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/plants/management/weevil.html>.
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demonstrate that there is not an “unreasonable risk” to humans and the environment when applied in accordance with their product label. According to Madsen (Madsen 2000), “currently no product can be labeled for aquatic use if it poses more than a one in a million chance of causing significant damage to human health, the environment, or wildlife resources. In addition, it may not show evidence of biomagnification, bioavailability or persistence in the environment”. Performing chemical treatments in lakes and ponds is a highly regulated activity. Aquatic herbicides and algaecides are subject to periodic re‐registration with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) where the latest technology and scientific studies are used to evaluate the potential impacts of these products. Most of the commonly used products have recently completed EPA’s more stringent re‐registration process. Aquatic treatments in Connecticut must obtain a site‐specific Permit for the Application of Pesticides in State Waters from the Department of Environmental Protection, Pesticide Program. Applications must be performed under the direct supervision of an Aquatic Applicator that is Commercially Certified and licensed in Connecticut. Additionally, in October 2011 new permit requirements under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) general permit took effect. When properly used, aquatic herbicides are capable of providing area and, to some extent, species selective plant control, often with less temporary disturbance than comparable mechanical or non‐chemical techniques. Herbicides are generally described as having either “contact action”, meaning that only the actively growing portions of the plants that the chemical comes into contact with are controlled; or “systemic action”, where the herbicide is internally translocated throughout the plant effectively killing the stem, foliage and root structures. Systemic herbicides are usually preferred for control of perennial nuisance weeds like Eurasian milfoil, since multiple‐year plant control can be achieved. This often helps in reducing the frequency of amount of chemicals that must be applied to achieve the desired level of control. Eurasian milfoil is susceptible to several aquatic herbicides. There are currently 10 different active ingredients registered for aquatic use by the EPA that control Eurasian milfoil. The size of the infestation, configuration of a treatment area, water flow, non‐target species, water quality and water use are some of the factors evaluated to determine which product is appropriate for a specific lake. Treatment programs can often be designed to selectively control milfoil, while preserving desirable native plant species. Herbicide treatment options for West Side Pond are limited since the pond is located in a drinking water supply watershed protection area. The current Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) between the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection and the Connecticut Department of Public Health only allows for the use of three chemicals for aquatic treatments in drinking water supply protection areas: fluridone, glyphosate and copper. Only fluridone and copper control Eurasian milfoil.
Fluridone – Fluridone (trade name Sonar) is often the herbicide of choice for managing lake‐wide infestations Eurasian milfoil. Its use for partial‐lake or “spot” treatments is limited due it is high solubility. Fluridone has demonstrated the ability to provide selective control of Eurasian milfoil at low doses and its systemic‐action typically yields multiple years of nuisance‐level control. Fluridone works by inhibiting the synthesis of carotenoids (yellow pigments) in plants, which in turn protect chlorophyll. Without carotenoids, the chlorophyll is broken down by sunlight and susceptible plants in effect starve to death.
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Fluridone has a favorable toxicology profile. It is labeled for use directly in potable (drinking) water reservoirs at low concentrations (<20 ppb) with no restrictions on using the treated lake water for drinking or domestic purposes. The only water use restriction associated with fluridone is a precaution on using treated water for irrigation purposes until in‐lake concentrations drop to safe reuse levels. Eurasian milfoil is susceptible to low dose (5‐10 ppb) concentrations of fluridone, provided that adequate contact time can be maintained for 90 days or longer. This is usually accomplished by performing a series of low‐dose applications or by using time‐release pellet formulations. It is difficult to achieve adequate concentration‐exposure‐time when performing spot‐treatments along open shorelines and when treatment areas have a high edge to treatment area ratio. Based on the limited distribution of Eurasian milfoil in West Side Pond, treatment with fluridone herbicide is not recommended at this time. Copper – Liquid copper complexes (trade names Komeen, Nautique, etc.) are sometimes used for spot‐treatment of Eurasian milfoil. Copper is often applied directly to surface water reservoirs for algae control. Several liquid copper complexes are available that are formulated to control vascular plants. Water use restrictions associated with copper based products are limited. There are environmental concerns associated with potential impacts to non‐target benthic organisms following repetitive copper applications. Eurasian milfoil generally shows temporary and sometimes marginal response to copper herbicides. It is a contact‐acting herbicide that affects the actively growing stems and foliage, but not the root structures. Regrowth of Eurasian milfoil is usually evident within 1‐2 months following a copper herbicide treatment. Since copper herbicides are only expected to provide temporary control of Eurasian milfoil, they are not recommended for use at West Side Pond.
Summary and Recommendations West Side Pond contains a moderately diverse aquatic plant population within its small littoral zone. Scattered densities of Eurasian milfoil were only observed covering less than two acres of the pond. Given the results of our survey we recommend the following for active management of the Eurasian milfoil infestation at West Side Pond to prevent further spread: • Formulate long‐term management objectives and develop and integrated plan to be implemented
including but not limited to:
• Physical management techniques for small patches of milfoil growth (Hand‐pulling, suction harvesting and/or bottom barrier)
o Estimated cost to hand‐pull two acres of scattered Eurasian
milfoil growth (assumes the infestation would require 2‐4 days of work at an average estimate of $1500/day) ................................$3,000‐$6,000
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• Evaluation of alternate herbicides for spot‐treatment of Eurasian milfoil if the MOU between DEP and DPH changes in future years.
• Perform annual water quality and vegetation monitoring in order to evaluate the management
techniques employed and modify the management plan as necessary
FFiieelldd DDaattaa
Westside Lake: Survey Data 2011
Data Point # Depth (ft.) Overall Plant Biomass
Milfoil Biomass
Overall Plant
Percent Cover
Milfoil Percent Cover
E Ni Ms Nf Pz Pa V Nm Cd Fa Prae G I U Pr Ng Pper Nu Mb Ny B Fo El Pn Poly Sa Sp
1 5.5 4 0 100 0 D X X X X X2 14.5 0 0 0 03 16.5 0 0 0 04 8 2 0 40 0 X X D5 12 1 0 25 0 D X6 30 0 0 0 07 28 0 0 0 08 17.5 0 0 0 09 7.5 2 0 40 0 X D X10 29 0 0 0 011 29.5 0 0 0 012 23.5 0 0 0 013 15 0 0 0 014 16 0 0 0 0 D X X X X15 3 3 0 75 0
Page 1 of 1Notes: X = Present
D = dominant
Species List Used in Data Table - West Side Pond
Macrophyte Species Common Name Abbreviation used in data table
Brassenia schreberi Watershield BCeratophyllum demersum Coontail CdElodea sp. Waterweed EEleocharis sp. Spikerush ElMegalodonta beckii Water marigold MbMyriophyllum spicatum Eurasian watermilfoil MsNuphar variegatum Yellow waterlily NuNymphaea odorata White waterlily NyPotamogeton amplifolius Large‐leaf Pondweed PaPotamogeton robbinsii Robbins pondweed PrVallisneria americana Wild celery V
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