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EGM on MIR in the Water Sector, UNCC Bangkok, ESCAP, 22-23 September 2011
Water-Food-Energy Nexus in a changing world:
Implication on investment in the water sector
Hongpeng LiuChief, Energy Security and Water Resources SectionEnvironment and Development Division
EGM on MIR in the Water Sector, UNCC Bangkok, ESCAP, 22-23 September 2011
Outline of presentations
Linkages between Water-Food-Energy
Some data about Water, Food & Energy
Challenges Address the challenges:
Investment implications in water sector
Monitoring of Investments and Results
Moving forward
EGM on MIR in the Water Sector, UNCC Bangkok, ESCAP, 22-23 September 2011
Linkages between Water-Food-Energy
EGM on MIR in the Water Sector, UNCC Bangkok, ESCAP, 22-23 September 2011
Some data – Water, Food & Energy
80% fresh water in Asia used for agriculture 50% of cost of delivering urban water for energy Huge amount of water consumed for power
generation and cooling Water for bio-fuels competes with water for
agriculture Crops for biofuels competes with food from
agriculture Energy production accounts for about 30% water
withdrawals in Europe & 40% in US Energy demand is projected to rise by 40 to 50% for
Asia by 2030, big implications on water
EGM on MIR in the Water Sector, UNCC Bangkok, ESCAP, 22-23 September 2011
Water for energy: primary fuels
Raw MaterialsRaw Materials
OilTraditional Oil
3-7 l/GJEnhanced Oil Recovery
50-9000 l/GJOil Sands
70-1800 l/GJ
OilTraditional Oil
3-7 l/GJEnhanced Oil Recovery
50-9000 l/GJOil Sands
70-1800 l/GJ
BiofuelsCorn
9000-100.000 l/GJSoy
50000-270000 l/GJSugarN/A
BiofuelsCorn
9000-100.000 l/GJSoy
50000-270000 l/GJSugarN/A
Coal5-70 l/GJCoal
5-70 l/GJ
GasTraditional Gas
Very small amountShale Gas36-54 l/GJ
GasTraditional Gas
Very small amountShale Gas36-54 l/GJ
Oil Refining25-65 l/GJ
Oil Refining25-65 l/GJ
Ethanol47-50 l/GJBiodiesel
14 l/GJ
Ethanol47-50 l/GJBiodiesel
14 l/GJ
Coal to liquids140-220 l/GJ
Coal to liquids140-220 l/GJ
Natural Gas Processing
7l/GJ
Natural Gas Processing
7l/GJ
Delivery of Natural Gas and Liquid Fuels to
Customer involves only
small amounts of water
Delivery of Natural Gas and Liquid Fuels to
Customer involves only
small amounts of water
TransformationTransformation Del. to CustomerDel. to Customer
EGM on MIR in the Water Sector, UNCC Bangkok, ESCAP, 22-23 September 2011
Water for energy: electricity generation
Raw MaterialsRaw Materials
Delivery to Customer through
electric grid involves very little
water consumption
Delivery to Customer through
electric grid involves very little
water consumption
TransformationTransformation Del. to CustomerDel. to Customer
Thermoel. FuelsCoal
20-270 l/MWhOil & Natural Gas
Wide varianceUranium
170-570 l/MWh
Thermoel. FuelsCoal
20-270 l/MWhOil & Natural Gas
Wide varianceUranium
170-570 l/MWh
HydroelectricHydroelectric
GeothermalGeothermal
SolarSolar
WindWind
Thermoelectric Generation(closed loop)
720-2700 l/MWh
Thermoelectric Generation(closed loop)
720-2700 l/MWh
Evaporation LossAverage: 17.000 l/MWh
Evaporation LossAverage: 17.000 l/MWh
5300 l/MWh5300 l/MWh
Concentrating Solar:2800-3500 l/MWh
Photovoltaic: Minimal
Concentrating Solar:2800-3500 l/MWh
Photovoltaic: Minimal
WindWind
EGM on MIR in the Water Sector, UNCC Bangkok, ESCAP, 22-23 September 2011
Energy for water: supply & services
Raw MaterialsRaw Materials
Survace Water0-2400 kWh/million lSurvace Water0-2400 kWh/million l
Groundwater37 meters
140 kWh/million l122 meters
530 kWh/million l
Groundwater37 meters
140 kWh/million l122 meters
530 kWh/million l
Municipal WastewaterMunicipal
Wastewater
Treatment to Drinking Water Standards
High Quality Groundw.26 kWh/million l
Brakish Groundw. Desalination
300-1400 kWh/million lSeawater Desalination
3600-4500 kWh/million l
Treatment to Drinking Water Standards
High Quality Groundw.26 kWh/million l
Brakish Groundw. Desalination
300-1400 kWh/million lSeawater Desalination
3600-4500 kWh/million l
Wastewater Treatment~ 650 kWh/million l
Wastewater Treatment~ 650 kWh/million l
~290kWh/million l~290kWh/million l
TransformationTransformation Del. to CustomerDel. to Customer
EGM on MIR in the Water Sector, UNCC Bangkok, ESCAP, 22-23 September 2011
Water for food
a kilogram of tomatoes requires 160 liters of water (Water Footprint Network)
Meat – 30,000 – 70,000 liters per kg
Sugarcane – 250 tons per ton of cane
Chocolate - 24,000 liters per kg (Ghana)
EGM on MIR in the Water Sector, UNCC Bangkok, ESCAP, 22-23 September 2011
Challenges
Multiple Challenges in water sector Increasing water scarcity threat, High water utilization,
Deteriorating water quality, natural disaster, ecosystem changes, cost recovery and performance management remain major challenges to improving sanitation etc
Climate change – exacerbate these challenges Populations & economic growth Agricultural sector & crop production decline Multiple competition of freshwater in developing
countries Growing interdependency of water, food &
energy Water – new factor for food & energy security;
central element in international relations (bilateral & multilateral)
EGM on MIR in the Water Sector, UNCC Bangkok, ESCAP, 22-23 September 2011
Address the challenges: Investment implications in water sector
Areas Water Supply and Wastewater Service Environmental Services and System Integrators Component Manufacturers and Solution
Providers Sanitation
Traditional investment Gov budget, aid, loans, equity, PPPs etc.
New trends Specialized infrastructure and water funds More tailored local currency lending strategies Securitization and second market trading
EGM on MIR in the Water Sector, UNCC Bangkok, ESCAP, 22-23 September 2011
Monitoring of Investments and Results (MIR) in Water Sector
MIR, the 4th of 5 Key Result Areas of APWF APWF an outcome of the 3WWF in Tokyo,
March 2003, launched at the 4WWF in Mexico, March 2006
1st MIR was reported to the 1st APWS, Beppu, Japan, Dec 2007
To provide an indication of the improvement made in the water sector in ensuring socio-economic development
EGM on MIR in the Water Sector, UNCC Bangkok, ESCAP, 22-23 September 2011
Monitoring of Investments and Results (MIR) in Water Sector
Very complex Cross-sector Involving public/private sectors and civil societies Within the public sectors
The various ministries and departments Federal, provincial/states and local levels
in a continuing worsening and challenged environment of pollution/urbanization, multiple global crisis and climate change impacts
Different levels of development will influence the different investments expanded for the various utilities and infrastructures as indicated
EGM on MIR in the Water Sector, UNCC Bangkok, ESCAP, 22-23 September 2011
Differences on Infrastructure and Utility Allocation, circa 2000 between Japan and Malaysia
Sources: Japan expenditure for 2000 and 2001Budget Allocation for Malaysia, 8th 5year plan (1996-2000)
Flood Mitiga-tion
Roads/Highways
Water supply Elecricity Drainage/Sewerage
Railway Ports0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2.96
27.01
7.65
48.54
3.05
7.87
2.89
20.8
38.4
3.2
8.8
17.6
1.6
9.6
Shares of Development Allocation for Infrastructure and Utilities
MalaysiaJapan
%
EGM on MIR in the Water Sector, UNCC Bangkok, ESCAP, 22-23 September 2011
Moving Forward
Recognize MIR as an effective tool
Develop a framework for MIR
Information exchange
Follow up activities towards the 2nd APWS
EGM on MIR in the Water Sector, UNCC Bangkok, ESCAP, 22-23 September 2011
THANK YOU
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